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Soluble organic matter had been separated from several palygorskite and bentonite samples in the Jiangsu-Anhui border area (across Jiangsu Province and Anhui Province) and Linze County in Gansu Province of China and was analyzed with the techniques and methods of organic geochemistry. The composition and distribution of hydrocarbons were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC). Organic stable carbon isotopic ratios (δC) in typical samples were determined. The abundance of soluble organic matter in all clay samples analyzed was low. In Jiangsu-Anhui samples, the preservation states of organic matter are different; hydrocarbons in organic matter have some features of aquatic plankton but are short of the input of terrigenous higher plants; organic δC in a palygorskite of Yongxiaoshan in Xuyi County, Jiangsu Province, is −6.72‰. These features may be typical of a sedimentary environment of closed or semi-closed and relatively isolated different waters near coast or seashore. On the contrary, in samples from Gansu, the preservation states of organic matter are good; the GC graphs of hydrocarbons show that the precursors of the organic matter are from a mixed source of aquatic organisms and land-sourced higher plants; organic δC of a palygorskite from Yangtai of Gansu is −15.62‰. It indicated that the sedimentary environment may be an inland salty lake. Preliminary results suggest that palygorskite minerals in the Jiangsu-Anhui area may be evolved from rapidly accumulated fine material or volcanic ash, but clays in Gansu Province may be transformed from terrigenous inorganic clastic components carried to the lake through river and then deposited. The generation process of the samples studied in the paper seems to be related to salty water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The distance between 4-H and adjacent H on the substitutional benzene ring in benzo[c]carbazole was calculated in terms of molecular structure parameters. The result showed that the distance is shorter than the sum of van der Vaals’ radii of two hydrogen atoms. This means that there is a steric hinderance between them. This effect will make the bond angle stretch and the bond length extend, or cause the molecule to distort, thus making benzo[c]carbazoles become unstable in thermodynamics. On the contrary there is no such effect for benzo[a]carbazoles. This conclusion has been confirmed by the result of calculation of the distance between the same two atoms with software GaussView. So the skeleton of benzo[c]carbazoles in sediments may be breached or isomerized with increasing maturity. It is consistent with the decrease of the ratio of benzo[c]carbazole to benzo[a]carbazole in hydrocarbon migration, suggesting that [c]/[a] not only changes with the distance of migration, but also may be influenced by maturity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chartrand and Pippert proved that a connected, locally k-connected graph is ( k + 1)-connected. We investigate the lengths of k + 1 disjoint paths between two vertices in locally k-connected graphs with respect to several graph parameters, e.g. the k-diameter of a graph. We also give a generalization of the mentioned result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrogen isotopic ratios of crude oils with different physical and chemical properties in several basins of China have been measured and their geochemistry has been studied elementally combined with molecular organic geochemistry methods. The data indicate that δ15N is in the range of -6‰–20‰. They vary with the oils in different sedimentary types of basins. The oils forming in the limnic environment have lower δ15N with the value of about 1‰–5‰ whereas the oils in saline or semi-saline environment have higher δ15N, with most samples being above 10‰ and some exceeding 17‰. The average nitrogen isotopic ratio of oils from the Ordovician formation in the Tarim Basin is the lowest, with most samples having δ15N below zero, which reflects possibly the characteristic of the oils originating mainly from the organic matter formed in marine carbonate sedimentary environment. The δ15N distribution can be altered by fractionation. It increases obviously because of biodegradation and decreases during hydrocarbon migration. However, the effect of nitrogen isotopic fractionation in the short distance migration is unconspicuous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We say that a graph G is quasi claw-free if every pair ( a1, a2) of vertices at distance 2 satisfies { u∈ N ( a1)∩ N ( a2) | N[ u]⊆ N[ a1]∪ N [ a2]}≠∅. A cycle C is m-dominating if every vertex of G is of distance at most m from C. We prove that if G is a κ-connected (κ≥2) quasi claw-free graph then either G has an m-dominating cycle or G has a set of at least κ+1 vertices such that the distance between every pair of them is at least 2m+3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]