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Copyright of Der Hautarzt is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Der Hautarzt is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Der Hautarzt is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Der Hautarzt is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Der Hautarzt is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A prospective, randomized, controlled monocentric trial was performed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of once daily ceftriaxone 2 g plus gentamicin 5 mg/kg in comparison to cefepime 2 g t.i.d. plus gentamicin 5 mg/kg q.d. in the treatment of neutropenic fever. In case of fever (oral temperature ≥38.5°C on one occasion or ≥38.0°C twice within 24 h) and a granulocytopenia (neutrophil count below 500 or below 1000/µl when expected to fall below 500 within 72 h), patients with hematological malignancies or solid tumors were assigned to ceftriaxone or cefepime, each with gentamicin. The primary endpoint was defined as defervescence on day 4–6 followed by at least 7 afebrile days. Secondary endpoints were overall response, defined as defervescence on day 28 and toxicity. Two hundred eleven episodes were included. Fever of unknown origin (FUO) accounted for 124 episodes (58.8%), microbiologically defined infection (MDI) for 39 (18.5%), clinically defined infection (CDI) for 25 (11.8%), and both clinically and microbiologically defined infection (CMDI) for 19 episodes (9%). On an intent-to-treat basis 207 episodes were evaluable for the primary endpoint. Ceftriaxone plus gentamicin and cefepime plus gentamicin were successful in 49.5% and 51%, respectively. Overall response was achieved on study day 28 in 92.5% and 91%, respectively. Diarrhea was more frequent with ceftriaxone/gentamicin (6.5% vs 17%), while nausea/vomiting was less (12.1% vs 5%). Once-daily ceftriaxone plus gentamicin was not inferior to cefepime t.i.d. plus gentamicin q.d. in the empirical treatment of neutropenic fever. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three different species of Sphagnum mosses originating from a bog ('Hochmoor') were examined with respect to their behaviour of accumulation of heavy metal ions lead and cadmium. A strong bond of double charged Pb could be found independent of the Sphagnum species. When competitive reactions were performed in test solutions, with two ions (Pb and one alkali or one earthalkali ion) or three (Pb and one earthalkali and one alkali ion) Pb was always accumulated too. This leads to a suppression of exchange of the other ions. Cadmium is by far less strongly bound than lead. Cadmium was tested in combination with two or three ions as was done for lead. The behaviour of cadmium adsorption is similar to that of calcium. For a number of ions typical tendencies were observed, which give insight in the quantity and strength of their binding to the exchanging material. The following series of accumulation was found: Pb>Cd≥Ca>Mg>K>Na≥NH. (Accumulation was determined in test solutions containing each ion in the concentration 0.01N.) Differences in this series selectivity could not be found within the three Sphagnum species. But there exist typical differences in the total amount of adsorbed ions per unit dry weight. This species specific value corresponds with total capacities for ion exchange of the three species. Furthermore acid strength as well as pH-dependence of the ion exchanging Sphagnum material were investigated. Its physico-chemical behaviour may be described as that of a weak acid polyelectrolyte with variable charge, depending on ionic strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical equilibrium of ion exchange reactions of Sphagnum mosses was investigated for four different combinations of ions. These combinations were: Pb/Ca; Cd/Ca; Pb/K; Cd/K. Based on the law of mass action one can find mathematical descriptions of ion exchange reactions which permit one to calculate a state of equilibrium. As a measure of ion selectivity a rational coefficient of selectivity can be used. For culture experiments three different species of Sphagnum originating from a bog ('Hochmoor') in southern Bavaria were used. With these species coefficients of selectivity of the mentioned heavy metals were determined in solutions of different total ion content. Furthermore for each test solution of fixed total concentration the portions of the ions were altered. The Sphagnum material shows the behaviour of a relative ideal ion exchanger, whose states of equilibrium can be well described by the mathematical equations. The coefficients of selectivity are independent of Sphagnum species. In all cases they reflect the preferred binding of lead to the exchanger. Cadmium and calcium are adsorbed in approximately equivalent amounts. Representative limit isotherms permit an estimation of the errors caused by variation of the rational coefficients of selectivity. The applicability of the determined interactions and regularities on heavy metal monitoring programs is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a measurement technique designed to accurately measure small flow rates near atmospheric pressure, and demonstrate the ability to measure flows on the order of 10-10 mol/sec. The technique is based upon a modification of a constant-volume mass accumulation scheme where the flow rate is measured by monitoring the change in pressure of a known volume of gas. We identify two phenomena, thermally-induced fluctuations and thermodynamically-induced fluctuations, which will affect the resolution and dynamic range of the instrumentation and discuss how the problems associated with them can be mitigated. We estimate the resolution to be approximately 2.0×10-13 mol/s, and the maximum measurable flow rate to be to the order 2×10-9 mol/s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The calibration of high-bandwidth sensors is typically carried out in an steady environment or at least a well-controlled unsteady flow. A simple technique for calibration of sensors in flow fields with arbitrary unsteadiness (such as a turbulent field) is described. Although the method requires a DC reference measurement at each calibration point, the resulting calibration is accurate for both average and unsteady measurements up to the full bandwidth of the sensor. Applications and limitations of the technique are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]