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We tested whether difficulties in emotion regulation mediated the association between family functioning and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI), and whether associations between family functioning, emotion regulation, and NSSI were moderated by social support. University students (N = 846, 75.8% female, 35.5% with a history of NSSI, Mage = 20.76) completed an online questionnaire including well-validated measures of family functioning, emotion regulation, social support, and NSSI. Poor family functioning was positively associated with history of NSSI, but not past 12-month frequency of NSSI. Difficulties in emotion regulation were positively associated with both history of NSSI and frequency of NSSI in the past 12 months. Social support from friends moderated the relationship between difficulties in emotion regulation and history of NSSI; the association was stronger at higher levels of support. Poor family functioning had an indirect effect on both history of NSSI and frequency of NSSI via difficulties in emotion regulation; however, for frequency the indirect effect was only observed when social support from friends and significant others were low. Poor family functioning, difficulties in emotion regulation, and social support work together to predict NSSI engagement among university students. Findings inform potential integration of current theories and design of targeted interventions. Highlights: We investigated family functioning, difficulties in emotion regulation, social support, and NSSI among university students. Poor family functioning and emotion regulation difficulties were positively associated with NSSI. Emotion regulation difficulties mediated relationships between poor family functioning and history and frequency of NSSI. This mediated effect was only present for NSSI frequency when social support from friends and significant others were low. Early intervention may target family functioning; intervention for university students may target emotion regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research into nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) has primarily focussed on the experience and regulation of emotion. Recently, NSSI-specific cognitions, including self-efficacy to resist self-injury, have been explored to further understand the behaviour. However, within these studies self-efficacy to resist NSSI has been assessed broadly using an adapted measure of self-efficacy to avoid suicide. There is a need for a NSSI-specific measure of self-efficacy, which considers specific contexts that may influence confidence in the ability to resist self-injuring. This paper reports the development of such a measure. An initial item pool (125 items) was generated from interviews with people with lived experience of NSSI and experts in the field of self-injury. These items were then administered to 650 participants aged 18–40 years (M = 21.14, SD = 2.32, 45.69% with a history of NSSI). Analyses revealed a three-factor structure representing: contexts in which it would be difficult to resist NSSI (risk contexts); contexts which make it easier to resist NSSI (protective contexts); and contexts in which people are reminded of self-injury (reminders of NSSI). To reduce the number of items, eight items with the highest loadings on each factor were retained. The final 24 item (three subscales) scale fit the data well and demonstrated invariance across individuals with and without a history of self-injury. Correlations with related but distinct constructs (e.g., self-esteem, locus of control) supported convergent and discriminative validity. This measure could be used to further theoretical understanding of NSSI and may be useful in clinical settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potentiation of neural activity in lateral prefrontal regions via transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) can reduce patterns of biased attention for threat and may facilitate intentional emotion regulation. The current study sought to determine whether left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex tDCS, in combination with intentional down-regulation of emotional responses would reduce negative appraisals of aversive content during emotional regulation (assessed during online tDCS), reduce patterns of biased attention and attention bias variability (assessed offline), and attenuate spontaneous (uninstructed) emotional reactivity to negative content (assessed offline) above tDCS or intentional down-regulation of emotions in isolation. Healthy participants (n = 116) were allocated to one of four experimental conditions involving either active or sham tDCS, combined with an either a down-regulate or maintain emotion regulation task. Attention bias/bias variability was assessed with an attentional probe task, and emotional reactivity was assessed in a negative video viewing task. tDCS did not affect the appraisals of negative stimuli during emotion regulation, and there were no effects on attention bias/bias variability. However, tDCS did attenuate emotional reactivity. Those receiving active stimulation showed smaller elevations in negative mood in response to viewing aversive video content compared with sham. The present findings are consistent with the potential of left frontal tDCS to attenuate negative emotional reactions to aversive content but provide no support for tDCS enhancement of emotion regulation, nor its impact on attention bias or attention bias variability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]