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Anthropogenic pollution of the aquatic environment with microplastics is one of the most urgent but least studied problems of modern ecotoxicology. This review, based on recent literature data, provides an analysis of studies in the field of absorption, bioaccumulation, and biological effects of microplastic exposure in freshwater bivalve mollusks (Bivalvia). A total of 22 studies have been conducted so far, which were performed on representatives of three families: Cyrenidae (45), Unionidae (25), and Dreissenidae (30%). The studies are made up of field observations (43.5) and field (8.7) and laboratory (47.8%) experiments. It has been shown that freshwater bivalves, as active filters, are able to absorb and accumulate in soft tissues (gills and hepatopancreas) microplastic particles from both water and bottom sediments, perceiving them as food objects. The bioaccumulation of microplastics in mollusks leads to functional and structural disorders in the body. The joint action of microplastics and other pollutants (cadmium, polychlorinated biphenyls, and pharmacological drugs) can cause both synergistic and antagonistic effects in the biological responses of mollusks. Based on these studies, it is suggested to use bivalve mollusks as bioindicators of freshwater pollution with microplastics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biological effects of different particle sizes of bioflocs on Litopenaeus vannamei remain unclear. A 4-day short-term stress response experiment was conducted with small-sized group (SG), medium-sized group (MG), and large-sized group (LG), which were treated with bioflocs, and a control group (CG) treated with clear water. The diameters of the median particle size of SG, MG, and LG were 93.19 μm, 139.83 μm, and 173.09 μm, respectively; besides, the diameters of the coarse telomere of SG, MG, and LG were 181.40 μm, 279.60 μm, and 372.52 μm, respectively. The pathological observation of paraffin sections indicated varying degrees of tissue damage in SG, MG, and LG when compared with CG, with SG exhibiting more evident damage characterized by the presence of high-density vacuoles in the gill lumen. The activity of alkaline phosphatase and phenol oxidase exhibited varying degrees of fluctuation in all groups, with SG exhibiting a consistent downward trend. The activity of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase, was enhanced by the influence of bioflocs. Additionally, the content of malondialdehyde in SG was significantly higher than that in MG and LG after 2–4 days of stress (P < 0.05). Gill transcriptome analysis showed that CA, PDIA3, V-ATPase, and genes related to oxidative phosphorylation pathway and tricarboxylic acid cycle were significantly up-regulated under the stimulation of bioflocs. Compared with MG, MHC, TnI, and GS were significantly down-regulated in SG. Compared with LG, DanjC9 was significantly down-regulated in SG. Overall, the results showed that the short-term biological effects of small-sized bioflocs on L. vannamei were the strongest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Osteosarcoma is the most common malignant bone cancer in pediatric patients. Patients who respond poorly to chemotherapy experience worse clinical outcomes with a high mortality rate. The major challenge is the lack of effective drugs for these patients. To introduce new drugs for clinical approval, preclinical studies based on in vitro models must demonstrate the potency of the tested drugs, enabling the drugs to enter phase 1 clinical trials. Patient-derived cell culture is a promising testing platform for in vitro studies, as they more accurately recapitulate cancer states and genetic profiles compared to cell lines. In the present study, we established patient-derived osteosarcoma cells (PDC) from a patient who had previously been diagnosed with retinoblastoma. We identified a new variant of a germline mutation in the RB1 gene in the tissue of the patient. The biological effects of this PDC were studied to observe whether the cryopreserved PDC retained a feature of fresh PDC. The cryopreserved PDC preserved the key biological effects, including cell growth, invasive capability, migration, and mineralization, that define the conserved phenotypes compared to fresh PDC. From whole genome sequencing analysis of osteosarcoma tissue and patient-derived cells, we found that cryopreserved PDC was a minor population in the origin tissue and was selectively grown under the culture conditions. The cryopreserved PDC has a high resistance to conventional chemotherapy. This study demonstrated that the established cryopreserved PDC has the aggressive characteristics of osteosarcoma, in particular the chemoresistance phenotype that might be used for further investigation in the chemoresistant mechanism of osteosarcoma. In conclusion, the approach we applied for primary cell culture might be a promising method to generate in vitro models for functional testing of osteosarcoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sialyllactoses (SLs) primarily include sialylated human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) and bovine milk oligosaccharides (BMOs). First, the safety assessment of 3′-sialyllactose (3′-SL) and 6′-sialyllactose (6′-SL) revealed low toxicity in various animal models and human participants. SLs constitute a unique milk component, highlighting the essential nutrients and bioactive components crucial for infant development, along with numerous associated health benefits for various diseases. This review explores the safety, biosynthesis, and potential biological effects of SLs, with a specific focus on their influence across various physiological systems, including the gastrointestinal system, immune disorders, rare genetic disorders (such as GNE myopathy), cancers, neurological disorders, cardiovascular diseases, diverse cancers, and viral infections, thus indicating their therapeutic potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This report describes bone marrow abnormalities arising as a consequence of therapeutic ultrasound diathermy, which are an uncommon diagnostic entity. Over the period from 2018 to 2023, 11 patients were identified that showed abnormalities of the bone marrow on MRI, as a direct result of ultrasound diathermy treatment. These abnormalities displayed consistent imaging features, characterized by areas of low T1W and high T2W signal intensity with well-demarcated geographic margins and central fatty areas, as can be seen in bone infarction. The imaging findings were localized in the superficial aspect of the bone, near the skin surface, corresponding to the site of ultrasound insonation. The clinical relevance of this report stems from the scarcity of documented cases and the unfamiliarity of this diagnostic entity among radiologists and orthopedic surgeons. The specificity of the imaging findings, their typical location, and the potential for resolution with cessation of the diathermy therapy reinforces the importance of this report. Recognition of this condition enables understanding potential adverse effects of ultrasound diathermy, increasing awareness regarding the importance of adhering to safe techniques and the use of this physical treatment modality in clinical practice. This information is also useful to athletic trainers, physical therapists, physical medicine and rehabilitation clinicians, and anyone who might perform ultrasound diathermy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses coastal and marine pollution in the Anthropocene, focusing on the various pollutants that are present in these ecosystems. Land-based activities, maritime traffic, accidental spills, and offshore mining contribute to the pollution, which includes metals, persistent organic pollutants, pharmaceuticals, nanomaterials, microplastics, and other emerging contaminants. The occurrence, fate, and biological impact of these pollutants depend on environmental and oceanographic variables influenced by global change patterns. The article emphasizes the importance of research on emerging issues, monitoring, long-term trends, and risk assessment to support environmental policy makers and managers. It also highlights the need for international cooperation, standardized methodologies, and a better understanding of the transport, life cycle, distribution, and ecotoxicology of microplastics. The article concludes by mentioning the potential future topics that will be covered in the journal Anthropocene Coasts, including ecosystem and human health, sustainability, and other threats related to coastal and marine pollution. [Extracted from the article]

Objective: To assess the knowledge and practical attitudes of ultrasonography physicians regarding the biological effects of ultrasound in French-speaking sub-Saharan Africa. Materials and methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study carried out over a period of 03 months (from 1st August to 31st October 2019) which included doctors carrying out ultrasound examinations in French-speaking sub-Saharan African countries via an electronic survey form. Results: The 137 ultrasonography physicians came from 13 different countries and included 58% radiologists, 15% gynecologists, 14% cardiologists and 13% general practitioners. The majority of ultrasonography physicians had less than 10 years of professional experience (87.60%) and performed more than 25 ultrasonographies per week (65.69%). The biological effects of ultrasound were known by 69.34% of ultrasonography physicians. Only 44% were able to cite the two biological effects of ultrasounds; 59.13% were unaware of the existence of thermal and mechanical indexes and 66.42% had no idea about the normal values of these indexes. They were unaware that their devices showed mechanical or thermal index in 48.91% of cases, consulted these indexes at the beginning of ultrasound explorations in 26.92%, and had no idea about the practical attitudes to adopt in the face of an increase in these indexes in 54.74% of cases. Half of the gynecologists and general practitioners and 55% of the radiologists affirmed that they avoid using Doppler as much as possible to explore the embryo. Conclusion: The level of knowledge of ultrasonography physicians about the biological effects of ultrasound was unsatisfactory in French-speaking sub-Saharan Africa and good attitudes to ultrasound safety were not always adopted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of ultra-high-voltage (UHV) direct-current (DC) transmissions, the impact of static electric fields (SEF) in the vicinity of overhead UHV DC transmission lines on health has aroused much public concern. This study explored the effects of 56.3kV/m SEF on the spleen of mice. Results showed that SEF exposure of 21days significantly increased malonic dialdehyde content, superoxide dismutase activity, calcineurin activity, nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity, and the mRNA expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in the spleen and caused the separation of nucleus and nuclear membrane, the disappearance of mitochondrial membrane, and the deficiency of mitochondrial cristae in splenic lymphocytes. By analysis and discussion, it was deduced that SEF could induce oxidative stress of the spleen by increasing the activity of NOS. Oxidative stress could further cause ultrastructural changes of splenic lymphocytes. Moreover, oxidative stress could cause the increase of the mRNA expression levels of TNF-α and NF-κB, which contributed to the occurrence of spleen inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Common fragranced consumer products, such as cleaning supplies and personal care products, emit chiral compounds such as limonene that have been associated with adverse effects on human health. However, those same compounds abound in nature, and at similar concentrations as in products, but without the same apparent adverse human health effects. We investigated whether different types of limonene may elicit different biological effects. In this study, we investigated the mortality rate of mosquito larvae in response to changes in their environment. Specifically, we tested different sources of naturally occurring R-limonene and chemically synthetized limonene, containing one of its enantiomeric forms (R-, S-) in mortality bioassays with Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae. We found that a natural source of limonene extracted from oranges induced lower mortality of mosquito larvae compared to synthetic sources at the same concentration. However, enantiomeric forms did not differ in their effects on mortality. Our results provide novel evidence that natural sources of a chemical can cause lower rates of mortality than synthetic sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of long-term studies of the radiobiological effects in plants and animals inhabiting territories contaminated as a result of the Chernobyl accident are summarized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing use of nanoparticles and their many applications increases the likelihood of their presence in the environment. This possibility of presence necessitates the study of the effect of these substances on aquatic species. In this research, CoWO4 nanoparticles were synthesized by the ultrasonic method. Various conditions in the synthesis process were investigated to obtain the appropriate size of the nanoparticles. After selecting the optimum particles, these nanoparticles were used to investigate their effect on the growth of Dunaliella salina. For this purpose, the algal cells were subjected to three different concentrations of nanoparticles (15, 30, and 60 mg/L). The study results on algae growth parameters showed that these parameters depend on the value of nanoparticles. At 15 and 30 mg/L concentrations of the nanoparticles, numbers of cells, specific growth, biomass, and pigments showed a significant boost compared to the mentioned parameters of the control treatment. Measurement of malondialdehyde (MDA) showed that this parameter was directly related to the increase in the concentration of nanoparticles. At 60 mg/L of the nanoparticles, the MDA level was higher than the control and other treatments. This increase reflects the destructive effect of the nanoparticles on algal cells. Finally, the results showed that algae could be useful for studying the environmental effects of nanoparticles and their safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jujubae Fructus (ZJF) [called Dazao (大枣) in Chinese], the fruit of Ziziphus jujuba Mill. (ZJ), is utilized as a food and traditional medicine in China. In TCM use, ZJF is traditionally used to treat and nourish the stomach, tonify the spleen, and nourish the blood, as well as for overall nourishing and strength. According to the available literature from 1974 to March 2019, more than 278 compounds have been isolated and identified from ZJ. Local books, papers and dissertations were also searched. The aim of this review was to examine this plant's traditional uses, botany, phytochemistry, pharmacological effects, toxicity, pharmacokinetics, quality control and economically important uses. In vivo and in vitro scientific investigations have initially confirmed its pharmacological potential by showing anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, gastrointestinal protective, cardiovascular, neuroprotective, anticancer, anti-HIV, sedative-hypnotic and anxiolytic effects. Bioactive metabolites belonging to different classes are responsible for these activities, including triterpenoid acids, saponins, cyclopeptide alkaloids, flavonoids and neo-lignans, which are considered the characteristic and active components of ZJ. The TCM use of ZJF, including tonifying and replenishing the middle Qi and nourishing the blood to tranquilize, is based on its gastrointestinal protective, cardiovascular, neuroprotective, sedative-hypnotic and anxiolytic properties. Its detoxification effects are attributed to its anti-inflammatory, antiviral, anticancer and antibacterial activities. Moreover, the TCM characteristics of ZJF (sweet flavour; warm nature; and spleen, stomach, and heart meridian effects) support its traditional uses and pharmacological effects. We encourage more studies to further clarify the relationship between modern applications and traditional uses in the future. Furthermore, no one has studied ZJ blossoms, and researchers should allocate more time to the study of ZJ blossoms. Additionally, unsolved problems include the scientific principle of the Chinese material medica processing [CMMP (中药炮制) in Chinese] of ZJF, the molecular mechanisms of the biological activity of ZJ and its other medicinal parts, the overall pharmacokinetics rather than single molecule pharmacokinetics, the efficacy and the toxicology. All of the unsolved problems noted above require further study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review deals with the influence of gold nanoparticles on physiological processes (responses) in higher plants. Gold nanoparticles can affect a lot of processes in the plant organism, including growth rate, parameters of water exchange, activity of the photosynthetic apparatus and the antioxidant system, and expression of some genes important for the functioning of plants under optimal and adverse conditions, which was shown in plants belonging to different taxonomic groups. Analysis of literature data suggests that gold nanoparticles may be used not only as stimulators of growth and development but also as adaptogens improving plant resistance to various adverse influences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural and anthropogenic processes contribute to the formation of excessive concentrations of nitrogen compounds in the biosphere. As a result of chemical reactions, this may lead to the synthesis of nitrosamines. Nitrosamines are toxic agents that show carcinogenic, mutagenic and teratogenic properties and have a negative effect on living beings. The data on the content of these substances in aquatic biota, primarily in fish, the dependence of their accumulation in aquatic organisms on seasonal factors, species and biological characteristics of fish, as well as on environmental conditions, including anthropogenic load are presented. Examples of the manifestation of carcinogenic, mutagenic and toxic properties of nitrosamines in aquatic and terrestrial organisms are given. Methods and techniques for assessing the ecological risk of nitrosamines in the natural environment and in aquatic biota, as well as the hazard to human health are shown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is an increasing interest to study the interactions between atmospheric electrical parameters and living organisms at multiple scales. So far, relatively few studies have been published that focus on possible biological effects of atmospheric electric and magnetic fields. To foster future work in this area of multidisciplinary research, here we present a glossary of relevant terms. Its main purpose is to facilitate the process of learning and communication among the different scientific disciplines working on this topic. While some definitions come from existing sources, other concepts have been re-defined to better reflect the existing and emerging scientific needs of this multidisciplinary and transdisciplinary area of research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integrated geological, geophysical, geochemical, and botanical studies in the Kuraika River Valley (Kurai Ridge, Gorny Altai) have revealed sharp changes in the growth environment of blue honeysuckle (Lonicera caerulea) at the conjunction zone of the regional Kubadra and local active faults. A high-gradient magnetic field is accompanied by the increased variability of the concentrations of radionuclides and macro- and micro-elements in soil, an increased mercury content in soil and surface air, and an increased γ-radiation exposure rate. Depending on combinations of geoenvironmental factors, the micropopulations of blue honeysuckle have produced increased or decreased fruit size and seed productivity. The observed tripling of accumulated biologically active phenol compounds in fruits, the simultaneous decrease in their concentration in leaves, and the reduction in the ratio between the content of some polyphenol classes in leaves and fruits are considered a response to the stressing impact of environmental factors associated with active tectonic processes in this area of Altai. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review discusses the current state of research concerning the effects of terahertz (THz) radiation on living cells in the context of biosafety of THz radiation for the human organism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrochemical discharge machining (ECDM) is a non-conventional machining process which is highly susceptible for machining of various materials irrespective of their properties. This process is successfully attempted for machining of micro-holes and micro-channels on ceramics, composites and super-alloys for micro electromechanical system, lab-on-chip devices and aerospace applications. However, since the development of ECDM process, the environmental aspects and its effect on human health are least reported. Therefore, the analysis and characterization of fumes particles, gases and compounds generated in breathing zone of ECDM process is the key route for its conversion to sustainable and green manufacturing process. This paper describes the fumes mass concentration, morphology of fume particles, average size and chemical composition in ECDM process with alkaline electrolytes such as KOH. The morphological analysis of fumes particles in ECDM process exhibits different shapes such as spherical, irregular, rectangular, agglomerations and flower shell structure. The energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) is carried out to predict chemical composition of fumes particles generated in ECDM process. The EDS analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of fumes particles reveal the presence of different toxic elements and compounds such as Cr, Mg, Ti and Fe, which have carcinogen effects on environment as well as on human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new series of silver compounds could be of interest on designing new drugs for the treatment of leishmaniasis. The compounds [Ag(phen)(imzt)]NO3(1), [Ag(phen)(imzt)]CF3SO3(2), [Ag(phen)2](BF4)·H2O (3), [Ag2(imzt)6](NO3)2(4), and imzt have been synthesized and evaluated in vitro for antileishmanial activity against Leishmania. (L.) amazonensis (La) and L. (L.) chagasi (Lc), and two of them were selected for in vivo studies. In addition to investigating the action on Leishmania, their effects on the hydrogen peroxide production and cysteine protease inhibition have also been investigated. As for antileishmanial activity, compound (4) was the most potent against promastigote and amastigote forms of La (IC50 = 4.67 and 1.88 μM, respectively) and Lc (IC50 = 9.35 and 8.05 μM, respectively); and comparable to that of amphotericin B, reference drug. Beside showing excellent activity, it also showed a low toxicity. In the in vivo context, compound (4) reduced the number of amastigotes in the liver and spleen when compared to the untreated group. In evaluating the effect of the compounds on Leishmania, the level of hydrogen peroxide production was maintained between the lag and log phases; however, in the treatment with compound (4) it was possible to observe a reduction of 25.44 and 49.13%, respectively, in the hydrogen peroxide rates when compared to the lag and log phases. It was noticed that the presence of a nitrate ion and imzt in compound (4) was important for the modulation of the antileishmanial activity. Thus, this compound can represent a potentially new drug for the treatment of leishmaniasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

5-Oxo-hexahydroquinoline (5-oxo-HHQ) represents a biologically attractive fused heterocyclic core. Various synthetic analogs of 5-oxo-HHQ have been synthesized and assessed for different biological activities. Some derivatives have exhibited myorelaxant, analgesic, anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal, antitubercular, antimalarial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, multidrug resistance reversal, anti-Alzheimer, neuroprotective, antidiabetic, antidyslipidemic and antiosteoporotic activities. This review provides a comprehensive report regarding the preparation and pharmacological characterization of 5-oxo-HHQ derivatives that have been reported so far. This information will be beneficial for medicinal chemists in the field of drug discovery to design and develop new and potent therapeutical agents bearing the 5-oxo-HHQ nucleus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study characterized changes in biomarker responses in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) upon exposure to effluent water discharged from a sewage treatment plant (STP) under real conditions. Fish were exposed to contamination in Cezarka pond, which receives all of its water input from the STP in the town of Vodnany, Czech Republic. Five sampling events were performed at day 0, 30, 90, 180, and 360 starting in April 2015. In total, 62 pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) were detected in the polar organic chemical integrative sampler. Compared to a control pond, the total concentration of PPCPs was 45, 16, 7, and 7 times higher in Cezarka pond at day 30, 90, 180, and 360, respectively. The result of oxidative stress and antioxidant enzyme biomarkers indicated alterations in the liver and intestine tissues of fish from Cezarka pond at day 30 and 360, respectively. High plasma vitellogenin levels were observed in both exposed females (180 and 360 days) and males (360 days) compared with their respective controls. However, only exposed female fish had higher vitellogenin mRNA expression than the control fish in these periods. Exposed female fish showed irregular structure of the ovary with scattered oocytes, which further developed to a vitellogenic stage at day 360. Low white blood cell levels were indicated in all exposed fish. Despite numerous alterations in exposed fish, favorable ecological conditions including high availability of food resulted in a better overall condition of the exposed fish after 1 year of exposure compared to the controls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pisum sativum L., (Fabaceae), commonly known as dry, green or field pea, is one of the most popular and economically important legumes. It enjoys a worldwide culinary, folk, and medicinal reputation owing to its ubiquitous health-promoting nutrients, e.g. proteins, complex carbohydrates, and dietary fibres, along with a myriad of valuable phytochemicals, mostly phenolics, terpenoids, and nitrogenous compounds. Long ago, the phytochemical composition of pea plants has received considerable interest, and a vast array of phenolic principles, including flavonoids, isoflavonoids, phenolic acids, as well as other minor phenolics and phytoalexins have been characterized. The contribution of these valued metabolites to the biological potential and health outcomes of pea has also been recently approached. Therefore, this review provides a critical overview of the current phytopharmacological knowledge regarding the phenolic profile of pea, highlighting the current gaps and future research perspectives, in order to best appreciate its beneficial consumption and possible contribution to the pharmaceutical field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Areas with large gradients and anomalous variations in geomagnetic and radiation fields have been revealed and mapped at the northwestern foot of the Katun ridge, within an active seismic zone of its junction with the Uimon Depression (Altai Mountains). Six micropopulations of Lonicera caerulea are specified in areas with contrast geophysical parameters. The effect of a combination of undifferentiated geological-geophysical factors related to seismotectonic activity on the intensification of mutation of L. caerulea has been analyzed. It consists of a greater variability of the genome size and higher mitotic activity and frequency of pathological mitoses of seed generation. We have revealed a significant difference between micropopulations of L. caerulea in the genome size and reproductive characteristics (pollen fertility and morphometry; fruit mass; and production, viability, and energy of germination of seeds). A teratic form of L. caerulea (with numerous disturbances of microsporegenesis, resulting in formation of sterile pollen), is revealed in the zone of concentration of the fault network, which is mapped in a magnetometric and radonic survey. Most plants here produce seeds, which cannot germinate or are characterized by very low germination energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present a comprehensive discussion of the results obtained after in vitro exposure of human fetal fibroblasts and human adult fibroblasts to pulsed radiation in a wide band between 100 and 150 GHz and to continuous wave radiation at 25 GHz. In order to assess potential effects of exposure, the genome integrity, cell cycle, cytological ultrastructure, and proteins expression were evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molecular effects of various ablative and non-ablative laser treatments on human skin cells-especially primary effects on epidermal keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts-are not yet fully understood. We present the first study addressing molecular effects of fractional non-sequential ultrapulsed CO2 laser treatment using a 3D skin model that allows standardized investigations of time-dependent molecular changes ex vivo. While histological examination was performed to assess morphological changes, we utilized gene expression profiling using microarray and qRT-PCR analyses to identify molecular effects of laser treatment. Irradiated models exhibited dose-dependent morphological changes resulting in an almost complete recovery of the epidermis 5 days after irradiation. On day 5 after laser injury with a laser fluence of 100 mJ/cm2, gene array analysis identified an upregulation of genes associated with tissue remodeling and wound healing (e.g., COL12A1 and FGF7), genes that are involved in the immune response (e.g., CXCL12 and CCL8) as well as members of the heat shock protein family (e.g., HSPB3). On the other hand, we detected a downregulation of matrix metalloproteinases (e.g., MMP3), differentiation markers (e.g., LOR and S100A7), and the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL1α.Overall, our findings substantiate the understanding of time-dependent molecular changes after CO2 laser treatment. The utilized 3D skin model system proved to be a reliable, accurate, and reproducible tool to explore the effects of various laser settings both on skin morphology and gene expression during wound healing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review summarizes the species distribution of the genus Artemisia in the Iberian Peninsula and the Canarian and Balearic Archipelagos, describing their conservation status according to the European and the Spanish Red List. Furthermore, this review covers recent studies on the phytochemical composition of species from the genus Artemisia distributed in the targeted geographical area, their biological effects if described, and points out the need of further research in the phytochemistry and activity of some Iberain species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From regulatory perspectives, there has been a debate in the scientific literature as to whether or not metallic engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) should be treated as new chemicals in terms of their toxic effects upon biological species. This debate has prompted us to examine the scientific evidence to validate those paradoxical claims. Investigations covering the effects of metallic ENMs and metal-based ions in the same study were included in this research. The findings reported herein suggest that the different arguments are valid if a wider perspective takes into account the common, different and unique effects of metallic nanoparticles versus metal-based ions. This perspective has been evident from investigations of aquatic (lower organisms such as Daphnia magna and higher organisms like zebra fish) and other organisms (e.g., microbes, nematodes, animal and human cells). It is suggested that the regulation of metallic nanomaterial-based products be transformed to a tier-based approach as a function of the common, different and unique effects to manage the complexity brought into light due to the infinite combinations of the particle physical-chemical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review discusses a whole plant's chemical nature and biological effects of Artemisia sieversiana Ehrhart ex willd ( ASS). Several types of chemical compositions have been isolated from A. sieversiana, including 26 terpenoids (21 guaiane-type sesquiterpenes, 3 germacrane-type sesquiterpenes, 1 muurolane-type sesquiterpene, and 1 diterpenoid), 16 sesamin-type lignans, 9 flavonoids, 3 steroids, and 3 alkaloids. Some of them have shown promising bioactivities, such as anti-tumour, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant functions and so on. Herein, we have summarized the phytochemical and pharmacological progress of ASS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With focused ultrasound (FUS) and microbubbles, BBB can be transiently disrupted with a localized and non-invasive approach. BBB disruption induced by FUS has made progressions to move forward on delivery of therapeutic agents into a brain in a specific area of brain for better treatment of neurological diseases. In addition to be used as an improvement of drug delivery, BBB disruption has been found to induce biological effects such as a clearance of protein aggregation which cause Alzheimer's disease, regulation of proteins which facilitate drug uptake, and modulation of neuronal function and neurogenesis. In this review, we discuss overview about the principles of BBB opening with FUS and milestones in these biological effects of FUS-induced BBB disruption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic and metal contaminants and biological effects were investigated in flounder, mussels, and sediments in the southern Baltic Sea coastal area in order to assess environmental quality status in that area. Four sites were selected, including two within the Gulf of Gdańsk (GoG). In biota and sediment at each site, DDTs dominated over PCBs and PBDEs were the least abundant among organic contaminants. Their concentrations decreased progressively outward from GoG. Among metal contaminants, the levels of Hg, Pb, and Cd were elevated in GoG. Biomarkers in flounder, EROD activity and DNA SB, showed moderate positive correlations with organic and metal contaminants. In flounder, the integrated biomarker index (IBR/n) presented a spatial trend coherent with chemical pollution index (CPI), but there was no clear spatial correspondence between IBR/n and CPI in mussels nor between sediment toxicity index (STI) and sediment CPI. The integrated assessment of contaminant and biological effect data against available assessment criteria indicated that in biota, the contaminant assessment thresholds were most often exceeded by CB-118, heptachlor, PBDE, and Hg (in the GoG sediments by p, p′-DDT, Hg and Cd), while of the biological determinants, the threshold was breeched by AChE activity in mussels in GoG. Applying the ICES/OSPAR traffic-light approach showed that of the 50 parameters assessed at each site, there were 18% of determinants in the red color category in the two GoG sites and 8% of determinants in the two sites outside GoG, which indicated that none of the four investigated sites attained good environmental status (GES). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cell surface of aquatic organisms constitutes a primary site for the interaction and a barrier for the nano-TiO biological effects. In the present study, the biological effects of nano-TiO on a unicellular green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii were studied by observing the changes of the cell surface morphology and functional groups under UV or natural light. By SEM, the cell surface morphology of C. reinhardtii was changed under UV light, nano-TiO with UV light or natural light, which indicated that photocatalysis damaged cell surface. It was also observed that cell surface was surrounded by TiO nanoparticles. The ATR-FTIR spectra showed that the peaks of functional groups such as C-N, -C=O, -C-O-C and P=O, which were the important components of cell wall and membrane, were all depressed by the photocatalysis of nano-TiO under UV light or natural light. The photocatalysis of nano-TiO promoted peroxidation of functional groups on the surface of C. reinhardtii cells, which led to the damages of cell wall and membrane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zinc concentrations and distribution have been fully studied within Bahía Blanca estuary, an area which is strongly influenced by urban and industrial stress. Not only metal dissolved in estuarine water were measured but also measured were sediments and suspended particulate matter (SPM), as well as associated with estuarine organisms. In all cases, internationally standardized protocols were applied to metal measurements, including analytical quality check test through analysis of certified reference materials. Total metal contents from surface sediments and SPM were compared with those from a historical database of the area, as well as with values representing the natural geochemical baseline within the system. Results showed that heavy metal pollution is mainly localized in the areas close to both industrial effluents discharge system and urban sewage outfall discharge. Data from sequential extractions indicate that metals from anthropogenic sources are potentially more mobile than those inherited from geological parent material. The influences of other potential sources of metals (i.e., streams, runoff) were also considered. SPM was clearly identified as the main carrier of the studied heavy metals within the system, and its significance to metals input into sediments and/or biota was verified. Zinc has been accumulated within the different biological species from Bahía Blanca estuary, and their kinetics of accumulation have also been considered. Finally, the combination of the obtained results allowed suggesting the maintenance of a surveillance program to assess the environmental quality of this environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: A major focus of this manuscript is to investigate the molecular environment of soil where organic pollutants including an active functional group, such as amine, are bound to humic acids (HA). Close consideration has been taken to binding and biological effects of organic pollutants in natural soil mediated by HA in dependence on the amine base. Materials and methods: The investigation is carried out using a method of spin labeling electron paramagnetic resonance (SL EPR). Spin labels (SL) 2,5,5-trimethyl-2-(3-aminophenyl)pyrrolidin-1-yloxy (Anilino-SL) and 4-Amino-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (4-Amino-TEMPO), as well as extracellular fungal laccase from Trametes versicolor, are applied to samples of chernozem, its HA and standard HA, such as Elliott Soil HA, Pahokee Peat HA, leonardite. Results and discussion: It is shown that HA mediate the interaction of amines with soil through the partitioning of them among the different compartments of soil in dependence on the amine base. Both aliphatic and aromatic amines become immediately bound to soil organic matter but via different mechanisms. HA bind only the aromatic amines. Their binding sites are located in the hydrophobic and anaerobic compartments of soil. Moreover, spectroscopic analysis evidenced that a number of binding sites are limited, and aromatic amines attracted to hydrophobic compartments in the soil environment form here the ordered structure. Kinetic analysis of a temporal change in the concentration of bound and non-bound aromatic amines points at a pronounced diamagnetic effect of compartments where aromatic amines become bound. In contrast to amine with a weak base, the aliphatic amines are not influenced by HA and remain in an active soil part. Conclusions: Manuscript concludes that mediating effects of HA are first realized through their electrochemical property. They define and isolate pollutants with a definitive base that can be described using the Octanol-Water Partition Coefficient. This binding in turn defines a biological effect of organic pollutants including amine with a weak base via the oxygen factor that results in a decrease in the magnitude of aerobic soil biota and disbalance of the soil microorganism community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surface sediments of rivers can exhibit spatial and temporal variations in contaminant concentrations that may significantly affect risk evaluations. As to pollution control and remediation of watershed, large-scale and further background data on PAHs in China were required urgently. Spatial distribution and compositional characteristics of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface sediments from Haihe River Basin were investigated. A method based on effects range (ER) was used to assess ecosystem risk of ΣPAHs (the total of 16 PAH) sensitively and accurately. The results indicated that ΣPAHs content levels ranged from 257 to 16901 μg·kg dry weight. The lower rings predominated in the samples, and 2-, 3-, 4-, 5- and 6-ring PAHs accounted for 12%, 21%, 30%, 30%, and 7% respectively in total PAHs. The ratio of Fl / (Fl + Py) uniformly distributed in the interval 0.20-0.80, indicating that it may be affected by petroleum origin, oil combustion, biomass and coal combustion jointly. ΣPAHs in Cetian (S6), Dongwushi (S19), Handan (S20), Aixinzhuang (S21) and Tianjin (S37) exceeded effects range low (ERL), in which biologic effects were in a medium level with an adverse effect on biologic organisms. Thus, it is necessary to strengthen the PAHs monitoring and research of the Haihe River Basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper reports results of experiments to estimate the mortality of ocean bottom dwellers, ostracoda, against underwater shock wave exposures. This study is motivated to verify the possible survival of ocean bottom dwellers, foraminifera, from the devastating underwater shock waves induced mass extinction of marine creatures which took place at giant asteroid impact events. Ocean bottom dwellers under study were ostracoda, the replacement of foraminifera, we readily sampled from ocean bottoms. An analogue experiment was performed on a laboratory scale to estimate the domain and boundary of over-pressures at which marine creatures' mortality occurs. Ostracods were exposed to underwater shock waves generated by the explosion of 100mg PETN pellets in a chamber at shock over-pressures ranging up to 44MPa. Pressure histories were measured simultaneously on 113 samples. We found that bottom dwellers were distinctively killed against overpressures of 12MPa and this value is much higher than the usual shock over-pressure threshold value for marine-creatures having lungs and balloons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sediment contaminants were monitored in Milford Haven Waterway (MHW) since 1978 (hydrocarbons) and 1982 (metals), with the aim of providing surveillance of environmental quality in one of the UK’s busiest oil and gas ports. This aim is particularly important during and after large-scale investment in liquefied natural gas (LNG) facilities. However, the methods inevitably have changed over the years, compounding the difficulties of coordinating sampling and analytical programmes. After a review by theMHW Environmental Surveillance Group (MHWESG), sediment hydrocarbon chemistry was investigated in detail in 2010. Natural Resources Wales (NRW) contributed their MHW data for 2007 and 2012, collected to assess the condition of the SpecialArea of Conservation (SAC) designated under the European Union Habitats Directive. Datasets during 2007–2012 have thus been more comparable. The results showed conclusively that a MHW-wide peak in concentrations of sediment polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), metals and other contaminants occurred in late 2007. This was corroborated by independent annual monitoring at one centrally located station with peaks in early 2008 and 2011. The spatial and temporal patterns of recovery from the 2007 peak, shown by MHW-wide surveys in 2010 and 2012, indicate several probable causes of contaminant trends, as follows: atmospheric deposition, catchment runoff, sediment resuspension from dredging, and construction of two LNG terminals and a power station. Adverse biological effects predictable in 2007 using international sediment quality guidelines were independently tested by data from monitoring schemes of more than a decade duration in MHW (starfish, limpets) and in the wider SAC (grey seals). Although not proving cause and effect, many of these potential biological receptors showed a simultaneous negative response to the elevated 2007 contamination following intense dredging activity in 2006. Wetland bird counts were typically at a peak in the winter of 2005–2006 previous to peak dredging. In the following winter 2006–2007, shelduck in the Pembroke River showed their lowest winter count, and spring 2007 was the largest ever drop in numbers of shelduck broods across MHW between successive breeding seasons. Wigeon counts in the Pembroke River were low in 2006-2007 and in late 2012 after further dredging nearby. These results are strongly supported by PAH data reported previously from invertebrate bioaccumulation studies in MHW 2007–2010, themselves closely reflecting sediment trends for PAHs in the Pembroke River and Angle Bay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are broad environmental contaminants, which, due to their lipophilic profile, tend to be absorbed on particles and finally accumulate in marine environments. Due to their cumulative power of adsorption, bivalves are major bioindicators of PAH pollution. Substantial research has been performed on the effects of PAH pollution on marine bivalves. Here we review PAH analysis using bivalves and effects of PAH on bivalves. Specific focus is given on: (1) PAH analytical methodologies and their performance, (2) levels of marine PAH as measured through bivalves within the last decade; current pollution status and (3) health effects of PAH on bivalves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accidental release of nuclides into the ocean is causing health risks to marine organisms and humans. All life forms are susceptible to gamma radiation with a high variation, depending on various physical factors such as dose, mode, and time of exposure and various biological factors such as species, vitality, age, and gender. Differences in sensitivity of gamma radiation are also associated with different efficiencies of mechanisms related to protection and repair systems. Gamma radiation may also affect various other integration levels: from gene, protein, cells and organs, population, and communities, disturbing the energy flow of food webs that will ultimately affect the structure and functioning of ecosystems. Depending on exposure levels, gamma radiation induces damages on growth and reproduction in various organisms such as zooplankton, benthos, and fish in aquatic ecosystems. In this paper, harmful effects of gamma-irradiated aquatic organisms are described and the potential of marine copepods in assessing the risk of gamma radiation is discussed with respect to physiological adverse effects that even affect the ecosystem level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomaterials used as drug carriers are often considered inactive and assumed to have no other roles than modifying pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of a drug. On the other hand, there are several examples in which the carrier materials show bioactivities in the body, which may have been underestimated or inadvertently ignored. This review highlights several examples where biomaterials used as drug carriers bring biological effects, known or newly discovered, and discusses their implications in development of new drug delivery systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental specimen banks (ESBs) are not a new phenomenon, but in the last decades, the steep rate in the establishment of new ESBs is a sign to address new research approaches for scientists. In this way, environmental biobanking is becoming a well-organized and effective vehicle to collect samples of high quality making them available for future researchers. The endpoints promoted in the ESBs are mainly based on chemical approaches, but the necessity to add biological endpoint is fundamental (e.g., assessment of the environmental health status). Moreover, advances and development of high sensitive, high-throughput techniques along with ecotoxicological approaches based on biomarkers are stimulating a new demand for stored specimens and associated data. Like in chemically targeted environmental specimen banking, the banked samples for the assessment of biological effects also require guidance informed by knowledge of their practices and challenges, along with policies for the correct advancement of research goals and appropriate and effective biobank governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The polypeptide complex of the epiphysis and the peptide AEDG, constructed on the basis of its amino acid analysis, exert similar biological effects. Both bioregulators normalize melatonin synthesis in the pineal gland, functioning of the brain, eye retina, cardiovascular, endocrine, and immune systems; they also act as antioxidants, stress-protectors, and geroprotectors. Within the epiphysis polypeptide complex, free amino acids (3.26%), dipeptides (23.19%), tripeptides (50.72%), tetrapeptides (22.10%), and pentapeptides (0.72%) were revealed by mass spectrometry and HPLC. Peptide AEDG was detected among the tetrapeptides of the epiphysis polypeptide complex by selective reaction monitoring method. The biological effects of the epiphysis polypeptide complex are determined by the effect of its component AEDG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on experimental data obtained using a combination of physicochemical techniques (dynamic light scattering, microelectrophoresis, conductivity, surface tension, pH, dielectric constant, polarimetric measurements, atomic force microscopy, and UV and EPR spectroscopy) a previously unknown fundamental phenomenon was discovered: the formation of nanometer-sized molecular assemblies (nanoassociates) in low-concentration aqueous solution, which were prepared by serial dilution. The formation and rearrangement of nanoassociates in solutions of different concentrations can be considered as a major factor controlling the physicochemical and, probably, specific biological properties of diluted aqueous solutions. The formation of nanoassociates is triggered by the solute under certain conditions, the most important of which are the specific solute structure, the presence of external physical fields (geomagnetic and low-frequency electromagnetic), and the solution preparation procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although amorphous silica nanoparticles are widely used in the production of food products (e.g., as anticaking agents), there is little information available about their absorption and biological effects after oral exposure. Here, we examined the in vitro intestinal absorption and in vivo biological effects in mice of orally administered amorphous silica particles with diameters of 70, 300, and 1,000 nm (nSP70, mSP300, and mSP1000, respectively) and of nSP70 that had been surface-modified with carboxyl or amine groups (nSP70-C and nSP70-N, respectively). Analysis of intestinal absorption by means of the everted gut sac method combined with an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer showed that the intestinal absorption of nSP70-C was significantly greater than that of nSP70. The absorption of nSP70-N tended to be greater than that of nSP70; however, the results were not statistically significant. Our results indicate that silica nanoparticles can be absorbed through the intestine and that particle diameter and surface properties are major determinants of the degree of absorption. We also examined the biological effects of the silica particles after 28-day oral exposure in mice. Hematological, histopathological, and biochemical analyses showed no significant differences between control mice and mice treated with the silica particles, suggesting that the silica nanoparticles evaluated in this study are safe for use in food production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over a period of more than 100 years, radiofrequency energy has been introduced in many fields and applications in medicine. At present, radiofrequency constitutes the basis of numerous medical devices employed in almost all medical specialties. It is particularly applicable and valuable in various minimally invasive procedures for its locally focused effects. Radiofrequency energy is a technical term established to describe high-frequency alternating electrical currents (with a frequency ranging from 300 kHz to 3 MHz) and their impact on biological tissue. The application of RF energy causes controlled tissue heating with consequent cell protein denaturation and desiccation, which leads to cell death and tissue destruction. The primary principle of radiofrequency is that the generated heat can be used to cut, coagulate or induce metabolic processes in the target tissue. The authors of this paper offer a comprehensive and compact review of the definition, history, physics, biological principles and applications of radiofrequency energy in current surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The contribution of particles to cardiovascular mortality and morbidity has been enlightened by epidemiologic and experimental studies. However, adverse biological effects of the particles with different sizes on cardiovascular cells have not been well recognized. In this study, sub-cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were exposed to increasing concentrations of pure quartz particles (DQ) of three sizes (DQPM1, <1 μm; DQPM3-5, 3-5 μm; DQPM5, 5 μm) and carbon black particles of two sizes (CB0.1, <0.1 μm; CB1, <1 μm) for 24 h. Cytotoxicity was estimated by measuring the activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and cell viability. Nitric oxide (NO) generation and cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1β) releases were analyzed by using NO assay and enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. It was found that both particles induced adverse biological effects on HUVECs in a dose-dependent manner. The size of particle directly influenced the biological activity. For quartz, the smaller particles induced stronger cytotoxicity and higher levels of cytokine responses than those particles of big size. For carbon black particles, CB0.1 was more capable of inducing adverse responses on HUVECs than CB1 only at lower particle concentrations, in contrast to those at higher concentrations. Meanwhile, our data also revealed that quartz particles performed stronger cell damage and produced higher levels of TNF-α than carbon black particles, even if particles size was similar. In conclusion, particle size as well as particle composition should be both considered in assessing vascular endothelial cells injury and inflammation responses induced by particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a consequence of the increased use of renewable energy and the now long distances between energy generation and consumption, in Europe, electric power transfer by high-voltage (HV) direct current (DC) overhead power lines gains increasing importance. Thousands of kilometers of them are going to be built within the next years. However, existing guidelines and regulations do not yet contain recommendations to limit static electric fields, which are one of the most important criteria for HVDC overhead power lines in terms of tower design, span width and ground clearance. Based on theoretical and experimental data, in this article, static electric fields associated with adverse health effects are analysed and various criteria are derived for limiting static electric field strengths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highly energized particles deliver ionizing radiation of galactic cosmic rays as well as solar particle events is a severe risk to the crews in long-term space missions. Two ground-based heavy ion experiment platforms simulating radiation environment of outer space have been established at the Institute of Modern Physics (IMP), Chinese Academy of Sciences. One task of the Department of Space Radiobiology is to manage the platforms and provide support to the experimental studies carried out on the platforms. The other one is to conduct basic studies on space radiobiology to establish accurate risk assessment models of space radiation and develop efficient countermeasures for the long-term exploration in deep space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In vitro three-dimensional cell culture (TDCC) is a new cell culture model that owns its unique perspectives by mimicking features of the in vivo environment and is believed to have the potential to bridge the gap between traditional cell culture and animal models in biological and medicinal studies. Despite the generally harmful and potentially lethal effects, ionizing radiation also demonstrates health benefits in radiotherapy for cancers. This review mainly introduced the three-dimensional cell culture model and different biological effects induced by ionizing radiation, as well as their potential mechanism(s) as compared to traditional monolayer cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new fluorescein thiol esther derivative L was successfully synthesized and fully characterized. The interaction of compound L with spherical silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was explored in toluene, through the exchange of the tetraoctylammonium bromated (TOAB) molecules stabilizing the silver nanoparticle surface (AgNPs@TOAB). A new hybrid system AgNPs@ L was obtained in which an intense metal-enhancement fluorescence phenomenon takes place. The behaviour of the new-coated AgNPs@ L system was explored in the presence of silent toxic metal ions, such as Hg, Pb and Tl in organic phase. Surprisingly, system AgNPs@ L reveals to be sensitive to Hg ions over the other heavy metal ions studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]