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Tin perovskite solar cells (TPSCs) have triggered intensive research as a promising candidate for lead-free perovskite solar cells. However, it is still challenging to obtain efficient and stable TPSCs because of the low defects formation energy and the oxidation of bivalent tin; Here, we report a TPSC with a stable amorphous-polycrystalline structure, which is composed of a tin triple-halide amorphous layer and cesium-formamidinium tin iodide polycrystals. This structure effectively blocks the outside oxygen, moisture and also suppresses the ion diffusion inside the devices. In addition, its energy level benefits the charge extraction and transport in TPSCs. This design enabled us to obtain the certified quasi-steady-state efficiency over 10% for TPSCs from an accredited certification institute. The cell was stable, maintaining 95% of the initial PCE after operation at the maximum power point under AM 1.5 G simulated solar light (100 mWcm−2) for 1000 hours. Tin based perovskite solar cells could be promising replacements for lead based counterparts due to their lower toxicity, but their efficiencies are much lower. Here, Liu et al. report stable tin based perovskite solar cells with efficiency over 10% by designing amorphous-polycrystalline nanostructures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drug skin tests can reproduce delayed hypersensitivity to drugs and entail a moderate reexposure of patients to offending drugs. Drug patch tests (DPTs) and prick tests can be done with any commercialized form of a drug. In non-severe delayed non-IgE-mediated reactions to drugs, intradermal tests (IDT) with delayed readings have a greater value, but their techniques lack standardization. A negative drug skin test does not exclude the responsibility of a drug, and the drug must be rechallenged in non-severe cases. DPTs are useful in maculopapular rashes, flexural exanthemas, and if done in situ, also in fixed drug eruption. Their best indication is in acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis or drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS). They should be carried out cautiously, following strict guidelines. Prick tests have a low value but they can sometimes be positive on delayed readings. In non-severe delayed reactions to drugs, intradermal tests with delayed readings are the most sensitive skin tests especially for beta-lactam antibiotics, radiocontrast media, heparins but also some biological agents. The value of patch testing varies according to the implicated drug and the non-immediate adverse drug reaction. In DRESS, DPTs have a good value in testing carbamazepine or proton pump inhibitors but remain negative in testing with allopurinol or salazopyrin. In toxic epidermal necrolysis, DPTs are safe but positive in only 9 to 23 % of the reported cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a connective tissue disease characterized by microangiopathy. Peripheral arterial disease, increasingly studied during SSc, is responsible for digital ulcers, associated with a high risk of amputation. The aim of our study was to assess the frequency of lower limb arterial impairment in SSc patients by measuring ankle-brachial index (ABI), toe pressure (TP), and toe-brachial index (TBI). Methods: Systemic sclerosis patients were included prospectively during 1 year in Tenon and Saint-Antoine Hospitals, Paris. Clinical and biological data were recorded. For each patient, ABI, TP, and TBI were measured and an arterial duplex ultrasonography was prescribed in case of abnormal results. Results: Eighty-six patients were included (94% women, median age 62 years). Only 24% of them had no lower limb hemodynamic vascular abnormalities; 44% had an isolated microvascular abnormality (normal ABI and TBI<0.75); 31% had at least a macrovascular injury associated or not with microvascular impairment (abnormal ABI) and 12.6% had a TP<50 mmHg. During follow-up, there was a trend towards association of low TBI with more major adverse event (all-cause mortality, non-fatal stroke, non-fatal myocardial infarction, and lower limb ischemic manifestations) than normal TBI. Conclusion: By measuring ABI and TP, we showed that 76% of SSc patients had hemodynamic arterial lower limb abnormalities related to macro- and/or microvascular impairment and that 28% had vascular stiffness. In SSc patients, ABI is not an accurate tool to detect lower limb arterial disease, likely due to underlying micro- and macrovascular changes. Key Points • The presence of lower limb macro-and/or microvascular involvement was detected in 76% of SSc patients. • In SSc patients, ABI is not an accurate tool to detect lower limb arterial disease, likely due to underlying microvascular changes and frequent arterial stiffness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives:The broader and prolonged use of anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) agents in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) could expose patients to an increased risk of adverse reactions, including dermatological complications. We assessed the cumulative incidence of anti-TNF-induced cutaneous adverse reactions in IBD patients, their risk factors, their dermatological management, and their outcome in a large cohort of IBD patients.Methods:In a single-center observational retrospective study, including all consecutive adult IBD patients treated with an anti-TNF agent between 2001 and 2014, all patients with dermatological complications under anti-TNF therapy were identified in a well-defined cohort of IBD patients. We conducted a survival analysis to determine the cumulative incidence of dermatological complications and risk factors for developing any dermatological complications, cutaneous infections, and psoriasiform lesions. Survival curves were estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method, and we used a Cox proportional hazards model to test the association between parameters and time to each event: any dermatological complication, cutaneous infections, and psoriasis lesions.Results:Among 583 IBD patients, 176 dermatological complications occurred, involving 20.5% of patients. Median duration of follow-up was 38.2 months (range: 1-179). Psoriasiform lesions (10.1%; 59/583) and cutaneous infections (11.6%, 68/583) were the most frequently observed, with a cumulative incidence of, respectively, 28.9% and 17.6% at 10 years. They led to anti-TNF discontinuation, respectively, in 18.6% and 2.9% of patients. In case of switching to another anti-TNF agent for psoriasiform lesions, recurrence occurred in 57% of patients. Ulcerative colitis was associated with a lower risk of developing cutaneous infections than Crohn's disease (hazard ratio (HR)=0.25; 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.09-0.68; P=0.007). Higher dosing of anti-TNF agent was associated with a higher risk of developing cutaneous infections (HR=1.99; 95% CI=1.09-3.64; P=0.025). A younger age at time of anti-TNF initiation was associated with a higher risk of dermatological complications (HR=2.25; 95% CI=1.39-3.62; P<0.001).Conclusions:Dermatological complications involve one of five patients treated with anti-TNF therapy after a 14-year follow-up. Association of cutaneous infections with higher anti-TNF dosing suggests a dose-dependent effect. Discontinuation of anti-TNF therapy due to dermatological complications is required in one out of five patients with psoriasiform lesions, but specific dermatological treatment allows to continue anti-TNF therapy in half of them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses research which was conducted to measure the three dimensional similarity between carbamazepine and 40 psychotropic drugs with similar or adjacent indications. After evaluating the drugs the researchers concluded that their research results were not sufficient for clinical decision making in patients sensitized to carbamazepine and that the results should be considered as one line of evidence among others for benefit-risk assessment.

Purpose: Fluindione is an oral vitamin K antagonist (indanedione derivative) exclusively marketed in France and Luxembourg, known to have immuno-allergic adverse effects such as hepatitis, fever or interstitial nephritis. A few cases of drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) have been reported with fluindione. The aim of the present study was to investigate fluindione-induced DRESS cases reported in France and to describe their characteristics. Methods: We searched for potential cases of DRESS with fluindione reported in the French pharmacovigilance database since 2000. Results: Thirty-six cases of DRESS were included and concerned 17 women and 19 men. The mean age was 65 years (median: 68 years, range: 28-95 years). Kidneys and liver were the most frequent organs involved. Thirty-five cases were serious. In 5 cases, the effect was life-threatening. Most of the patients recovered. Fluindione was the only medicine suspected in 26 cases. Skin patch tests, performed in 10 cases, were positive with fluindione in 9 cases. Conclusions: Fluindione is not known to be a frequent cause of DRESS. However, the number of reports found is probably underestimated. The seriousness of DRESS, as all immuno-allergic adverse effects, contraindicates fluindione reintroduction. Coumarinic derivatives are the alternatives in patients who need oral anticoagulant treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

All individuals in social insect colonies benefit from being informed about the presence and fertility state of reproducers. This allows the established reproductive individuals to maintain their reproductive monopoly without the need for physical control, and the non-reproductive individuals to make appropriate reproductive choices. Here, we studied whether fertility signaling is responsible for the partitioning of reproduction in the ant Neoponera apicalis. This species forms small colonies from one single-mated queen, with workers establishing reproductive hierarchies when hopelessly queenless. Previous studies identified putative fertility signals, particularly the hydrocarbon 13-methylpentacosane (13-MeC), and have shown that precise status discrimination based on these signals could be involved in the regulation of reproductive activities. Here, we extend these findings and reveal that all individuals, be they queens or workers, differ in their cuticular hydrocarbon profile according to fertility state. Proportions of 13-MeC were a strong predictor of an individual's ovarian activity, and could, thus, advertise the established reproducer(s) in both queenright and queenless conditions. Furthermore, this compound might play a key role in the establishment of the reproductive hierarchy, since workers with low fertility at the onset of hierarchy formation already have relatively high amounts of 13-MeC. Dyadic encounters showed that individuals with experimentally increased amounts of 13-MeC triggered less agonistic interactions from top rankers, in accord with them 'advertising' higher status. Thus, these bioassays supported the use of 13-MeC by competing ants. This simple recognition system potentially allows permanent regulation of partitioning of reproduction in this species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poly((3-hydroxypropyl β malate) has been synthesized starting from aspartic acid and benzyloxy-1-propanol as precursors. This new polymer was characterized by 1H and 13C NMR, size exclusion chromatography and differential scanning calorimetry. Homopolymer is soluble in water. Two kinds of amphiphilic copolymers were also prepared and characterized. Such polymers have been synthesized with a view to preparing non-charged degradable associating networks or drug carriers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The skin-prick and intradermal tests are the main diagnostic methods used to identify the causative agent in patients with suspected perioperative anaphylaxis. Although the intradermal test is more sensitive than the skin-prick test, multiple intradermal injections can be painful for children. Here, we present the case of a child with autism and suspected perioperative anaphylaxis. The causative agent was successfully identified using the intradermal test under general anesthesia. Case presentation: An 8-year-old boy with autism developed anaphylaxis during general anesthesia for the fourth cleft lip and palate surgery. An allergic workout was performed, but both the skin-prick and basophil activation tests for suspected causative agents yielded negative results. The patient was afraid of multiple injections, and an intradermal test was performed under general anesthesia by anesthesiologists and allergists. Piperacillin was confirmed as the causative agent, and subsequent surgery using the same anesthetic agents without piperacillin was uneventful. Conclusions: Concerted efforts should be made to identify the causative agent for diagnosing perioperative anaphylaxis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed to assess the accuracy of patient-specific absorbed dose calculations for tumours and organs at risk in radiopharmaceutical therapy planning, utilizing hybrid planar-SPECT/CT imaging. Methods: Three Monte Carlo (MC) simulated digital patient phantoms were created, with time-activity data for mIBG labelled to I-123 (LEHR and ME collimators) and I-131 (HE collimator). The study assessed the accuracy of the mean absorbed doses for I-131-mIBG therapy treatment planning. Multiple planar whole-body (WB) images were simulated (between 1 to 72 h post-injection (p.i)). The geometric-mean image of the anterior and posterior WB images was calculated, with scatter and attenuation corrections applied. Time-activity curves were created for regions of interest over the liver and two tumours (diameters: 3.0 cm and 5.0 cm) in the WB images. A corresponding SPECT study was simulated at 24 h p.i and reconstructed using the OS-EM algorithm, incorporating scatter, attenuation, collimator-detector response, septal scatter and penetration corrections. MC voxel-based absorbed dose rate calculations used two image sets, (i) the activity distribution represented by the SPECT images and (ii) the activity distribution from the SPECT images distributed uniformly within the volume of interest. Mean absorbed doses were calculated considering photon and charged particle emissions, and beta emissions only. True absorbed doses were calculated by MC voxel-based dosimetry of the known activity distributions for reference. Results: Considering photon and charged particle emissions, mean absorbed dose accuracies across all three radionuclide-collimator combinations of 3.8 ± 5.5% and 0.1 ± 0.9% (liver), 5.2 ± 10.0% and 4.3 ± 1.7% (3.0 cm tumour) and 15.0 ± 5.8% and 2.6 ± 0.6% (5.0 cm tumour) were obtained for image set (i) and (ii) respectively. Considering charged particle emissions, accuracies of 2.7 ± 4.1% and 5.7 ± 0.7% (liver), 3.2 ± 10.2% and 9.1 ± 1.7% (3.0 cm tumour) and 13.6 ± 5.7% and 7.0 ± 0.6% (5.0 cm tumour) were obtained for image set (i) and (ii) respectively. Conclusion: The hybrid WB planar-SPECT/CT method proved accurate for I-131-mIBG dosimetry, suggesting its potential for personalized treatment planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: Recent progress on the applications of 2D materials in perovskite solar cells is discussed from the views of bottom interfaces, top interfaces, and electrodes. The roles of van der Waals heterojunction in enhancing the performance of perovskite solar cells are highlighted. The future directions and challenges in development of 2D materials-based perovskite solar cells are provided. Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) offer low costs and high power conversion efficiency. However, the lack of long-term stability, primarily stemming from the interfacial defects and the susceptible metal electrodes, hinders their practical application. In the past few years, two-dimensional (2D) materials (e.g., graphene and its derivatives, transitional metal dichalcogenides, MXenes, and black phosphorus) have been identified as a promising solution to solving these problems because of their dangling bond-free surfaces, layer-dependent electronic band structures, tunable functional groups, and inherent compactness. Here, recent progress of 2D material toward efficient and stable PSCs is summarized, including its role as both interface materials and electrodes. We discuss their beneficial effects on perovskite growth, energy level alignment, defect passivation, as well as blocking external stimulus. In particular, the unique properties of 2D materials to form van der Waals heterojunction at the bottom interface are emphasized. Finally, perspectives on the further development of PSCs using 2D materials are provided, such as designing high-quality van der Waals heterojunction, enhancing the uniformity and coverage of 2D nanosheets, and developing new 2D materials-based electrodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the emergence of the Internet of Things (IoT) and the rapid growth of big data generated by edge devices, there has been a growing need for electronic devices that are capable of processing and transmitting data at low power and high speeds. Traditional Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (CMOS) devices are nonvolatile and often limited by their ability for certain IoT applications due to their unnecessary power consumption for data movement in von Neuman architecture-based systems. This has led to a surge in research and development efforts aimed at creating innovative electronic components and systems that can overcome these shortcomings and meet the evolving needs of the information era, which share features such as improved energy efficiency, higher processing speeds, and increased functionality. Memristors are a novel type of electronic device that has the potential to break down the barrier between storage and computing. By storing data and processing information within the same device, memristors can minimize the need for data movement, which allows for faster processing speeds and reduced energy consumption. To further improve the energy efficiency and reliability of memristors, there has been a growing trend toward diversifying the selection of dielectric materials used in memristors. Halide perovskites (HPs) have unique electrical and optical properties, including ion migration, charge trapping effect caused by intrinsic defects, excellent optical absorption efficiency, and high charge mobility, which makes them highly promising in applications of memristors. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive overview of the recent development in resistive switching behaviors of HPs and the underlying mechanisms. Furthermore, we summarize the diverse range of HPs, their respective performance metrics, as well as their applications in various fields. Finally, we critically evaluate the current bottlenecks and possible opportunities in the future research of HP memristors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are currently demonstrating tremendous potential in terms of straightforward processing, a plentiful supply of materials, and easy architectural integration, as well as high power conversion efficiency (PCE). However, the elemental composition of the widely utilized organic–inorganic halide perovskites (OIHPs) contains the hazardous lead (Pb). The presence of Pb in the PSCs is problematic because of its toxicity which may slow down or even impede the pace of commercialization. As a backup option, the scientific community has been looking for non-toxic/less-toxic elements that can replace Pb in OIHPs. Despite not yet matching the impressive results of Pb-containing OIHPs, the community is paying close attention to Pb-free materials and has seen some encouraging findings. This review evaluates the Pb-replacement with suitable elements and scrutinizes the desirable optoelectronic features of such elements in OIHPs. The fundamental features of Pb-free OIHPs together with their photovoltaic performance in the PSCs are evaluated in details. Finally, we sum up the current challenges and potential opportunities for the Pb-free OIHPs and their devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Informatik Spektrum is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: In long-distance spaceflight, the challenges of communication delays and the impracticality of rapid evacuation necessitate the management of medical emergencies by onboard physicians. Consequently, these physicians must be proficient in tools, such as ultrasound, which has proven itself a strong diagnostic imaging tool in space. Yet, there remains a notable gap in the discourse surrounding its efficacy in handling acute medical scenarios. This scoping review aims to present an updated analysis of the evidence supporting the role of ultrasound in diagnosing acute conditions within microgravity environments. Methods: A systematic search was executed across three bibliographic databases: PubMed, EMBASE (Embase.com), and the Web of Science Core Collection. We considered articles published up to February 25, 2023, that highlighted the application of ultrasound in diagnosing acute medical conditions in either microgravity or microgravity-simulated settings. Exclusions were made for review papers, abstracts, and in-vitro studies. Results: After removing duplicates, and filtering papers by pre-determined criteria, a total of 15 articles were identified that discuss the potential use of ultrasound in managing acute medical conditions in space. The publication date of these studies ranged from 1999 to 2020. A relatively similar proportion of these studies were conducted either on the International Space Station or in parabolic flight, with one performed in supine positioning to simulate weightlessness. The included studies discuss acute pathologies, such as abdominal emergencies, decompression sickness, deep venous thrombosis, acute lung pathologies, sinusitis, musculoskeletal trauma, genitourinary emergencies, and ocular emergencies. Conclusions: While ultrasound has shown promise in addressing various acute conditions, significant knowledge gaps remain, especially in gastrointestinal, cardiac, vascular, and reproductive emergencies. As we venture further into space, expanding our medical expertise becomes vital to ensure astronaut safety and mission success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a classic autoimmune neuromuscular disease with strong clinical heterogeneity. The concept of subgroup classification was proposed to guide the precise treatment of MG. Subgroups based on serum antibodies and clinical features include ocular MG, early-onset MG with AchR antibodies, late-onset MG with AchR antibodies, thymoma-associated MG, MuSK-associated MG, LRP4-associated MG, and seronegative MG. However, reliable objective biomarkers are still needed to reflect the individualized response to therapy. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNA molecules which can specifically bind to target genes and regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level, and then influence celluar biological processes. MiRNAs play an important role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, including MG. Several studies on circulating miRNAs in MG have been reported. However, there is rare systematic review to summarize the differences of these miRNAs in different subgroups of MG. Here, we summarize the potential role of circulating miRNAs in different subgroups of MG to promote personalized medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We aimed to evaluate whether the degree of F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake in the lungs is associated with an increased risk of lung cancer and to develop lung cancer risk prediction models using metabolic parameters on F-18 FDG positron emission tomography (PET). Methods: We retrospectively included 795 healthy individuals who underwent F-18 FDG PET/CT scans for a health check-up. Individuals who developed lung cancer within 5 years of the PET/CT scan were classified into the lung cancer group (n = 136); those who did not were classified into the control group (n = 659). The healthy individuals were then randomly assigned to either the training (n = 585) or validation sets (n = 210). Clinical factors including age, sex, body mass index (BMI), and smoking history were collected. The standardized uptake value ratio (SUVR) and metabolic heterogeneity (MH) index were obtained for the bilateral lungs. Logistic regression models including clinical factors, SUVR, and MH index were generated to quantify the probability of lung cancer development using a training set. The prediction models were validated using a validation set. Results: The lung SUVR and lung MH index in the lung cancer group were significantly higher than in the control group (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively). In the combined prediction model 1, age, sex, BMI, smoking history, and lung SUVR were significantly associated with lung cancer development (age: OR 1.07, p < 0.001; male: OR 2.08, p = 0.015; BMI: OR 0.93, p = 0.057; current or past smoker: OR 5.60, p < 0.001; lung SUVR: OR 1.13, p < 0.001). In the combined prediction model 2, age, sex, BMI, smoking history, and lung MH index showed a significant association with lung cancer development (age: OR 1.06, p < 0.001; male: OR 1.87, p = 0.045; BMI: OR 0.93, p = 0.010; current or past smoker: OR 4.78, p < 0.001; lung MH index: OR 1.33, p < 0.001). In the validation data, combined prediction models 1 and 2 exhibited very good discrimination [area under the receiver operator curve (AUC): 0.867 and 0.901, respectively]. Conclusions: The metabolic parameters on F-18 FDG PET are related to an increased risk of lung cancer. Metabolic parameters can be used as biomarkers to provide information independent of the clinical parameters, related to lung cancer risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of tin-based devices with low toxicity is critical for the commercial viability of perovskite solar cells. However, because tin halide is a stronger Lewis acid, its crystallization rate is extremely fast, resulting in the formation of numerous defects that affect the device performance of tin-based perovskite solar cells. Herein, propylamine hydrobromide (PABr) was added to the perovskite precursor solution as an additive to passivate defects and fabricate more uniform and dense perovskite films. Because propylamine cations are too large to enter the perovskite lattices, they only exist at the grain boundary to passivate surface defects and promote crystal growth in a preferred orientation. The PABr additive raises the average short-circuit current density from 19.45 to 25.47 mA·cm−2 by reducing carrier recombination induced by defects. Furthermore, the device's long-term illumination stability is improved after optimization, and the hysteresis effect is negligible. The addition of PABr results in a power conversion efficiency of 9.35%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To identify the inflammatory cytokine profile in the aqueous humor (AH) of patients with intraocular inflammation (IOI) after intravitreal administration of brolucizumab (IVBr) for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Methods: Eight eyes from seven patients with IOI after initial IVBr (IVBrIOI +) were enrolled. Sixteen eyes from 16 patients without IOI after IVBr (IVBrIOI −) and aflibercept (IVA) were used as controls. AH samples were analyzed using a multiplex immunoassay. Results: C–C motif chemokine ligand (CCL)2, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand (CXCL)1, CXCL10, CXCL13, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-10, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, MMP-9, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, E-selectin, and P-selectin levels were significantly higher in IVBrIOI + than in IVBrIOI − and IVA. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was significantly lower in IVBrIOI − compared to that in IVBrIOI + and IVA. In the IVBrIOI + group, there were significant correlations between CCL2, CXCL1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, G-CSF, GM-CSF, ICAM-1, and E-selectin, which also exhibited significant correlations in the IVBrIOI − group. Conclusion: The number of inflammatory cytokines increases during IOI, which is associated with type IV hypersensitivity and vascular inflammation. Some cytokines exhibit correlations even in non-inflamed eyes, indicating a subclinical response to IVBr. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Having a chronic disease is one of the most consistent factors associated with vaccine uptake for adults in the general population, but vaccination beliefs and behaviors specific to those with chronic skin diseases have not been explored. The objective of this study was to explore factors associated with vaccine uptake and barriers to vaccination in adults with psoriasis and eczema. Virtual, video-based semi-structured interviews were performed with adults who self-reported a diagnosis of psoriasis or eczema. Interviews explored themes around healthcare decision making, perceived risks/benefits to vaccination, barriers, and vaccine knowledge. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. Of 34 study participants, 25 participants (74%) were females and 9 (26%) were males, with a mean age of 50.8 years (SD: 16.4, range: 24–71 yrs). Half of participants (n = 17) had psoriasis, and half (n = 17) had eczema. Participants recognized both personal and societal benefits to vaccines. Common vaccination barriers identified were access to appointments, concerns about side effects, and misinformation. Physicians, friends/family, and media, including internet resources, were health information resources identified by patients. These results summarize the unique patient perspective around vaccine uptake in adults with eczema and psoriasis and represent an important first step in a multi-pronged approach to improve vaccination rates in adults with chronic skin diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: Systematic summary of ligand engineering in Sn-based perovskite solar cells at the molecular level (oxidation-suppression), crystal structural level (bulk-defect passivation and crystal orientation optimization), and film level (film stability). The classification and composition of ligand engineering in the review are the same as the actual preparation process, which will help researchers to understand the role of ligands in combination with the actual experiment process. Description of ligands focuses on the function of each functional group; the relevant conclusion can be universal. Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have attracted aggressive attention in the photovoltaic field in light of the rapid increasing power conversion efficiency. However, their large-scale application and commercialization are limited by the toxicity issue of lead (Pb). Among all the lead-free perovskites, tin (Sn)-based perovskites have shown potential due to their low toxicity, ideal bandgap structure, high carrier mobility, and long hot carrier lifetime. Great progress of Sn-based PSCs has been realized in recent years, and the certified efficiency has now reached over 14%. Nevertheless, this record still falls far behind the theoretical calculations. This is likely due to the uncontrolled nucleation states and pronounced Sn (IV) vacancies. With insights into the methodologies resolving both issues, ligand engineering-assisted perovskite film fabrication dictates the state-of-the-art Sn-based PSCs. Herein, we summarize the role of ligand engineering during each state of film fabrication, ranging from the starting precursors to the ending fabricated bulks. The incorporation of ligands to suppress Sn2+ oxidation, passivate bulk defects, optimize crystal orientation, and improve stability is discussed, respectively. Finally, the remained challenges and perspectives toward advancing the performance of Sn-based PSCs are presented. We expect this review can draw a clear roadmap to facilitate Sn-based PSCs via ligand engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Die Dermatologie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article discusses the treatment of contrast-medium induced adverse reactions in patients undergoing medical imaging procedures. It highlights the discrepancy in the level of premedication given to patients with mild cutaneous reactions compared to those with moderate to severe systemic reactions. The authors speculate that visually apparent allergic symptoms are more likely to trigger a response and pre-treatment, while non-immediate symptoms, such as kidney damage, may go unnoticed. The article suggests that radiologists should adjust their prophylactic regimen based on patients' preferences and underlying diseases. The use of RadioComics is also mentioned as a way to simplify complex issues. [Extracted from the article]

The list of drugs patients may be exposed to during the perioperative and postoperative periods is potentially extensive. It includes induction agents, neuromuscular blocking drugs (NMBDs), opioids, antibiotics, sugammadex, colloids, local anesthetics, polypeptides, antifibrinolytic agents, heparin and related anticoagulants, blue dyes, chlorhexidine, and a range of other agents depending on several factors related to individual patients' clinical condition and progress in the postoperative recovery period. To avoid poor or ultrarapid metabolizers to a particular drug (for example tramadol and codeine) or possible adverse drug reactions (ADRs), some drugs may need to be avoided during or after surgery. This will be the case for patients with a history of anaphylaxis or other adverse events/intolerances to a known drug. Other drugs may be ceased for a period before surgery, e.g., anticoagulants that increase the chance of bleeding; diuretics for patients with acute renal failure; antihypertensives relative to kidney injury after major vascular surgery; and serotonergic drugs that together with some opioids may rarely induce serotonin toxicity. Studies of germline variations shown by genotyping and phenotyping to identify a predisposition of genetic factors to ADRs offer an increasingly important approach to individualize drug therapy. Studies of associations of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes with some serious delayed immune-mediated reactions are ongoing and variations of drug-metabolizing cytochrome CYP450 enzymes, P-glycoprotein, and catechol-O-methyltransferase show promise for the assessment of ADRs and non-responses to drugs, particularly opioids and other analgesics. Surveys of ADRs from an increasing number of institutions often cover small numbers of patients, are retrospective in nature, fail to clearly identify culprit drugs, and do not adequately distinguish immune-mediated from non-immune-mediated anaphylactoid reactions. From the many surveys undertaken, the large list of agents identified during and after anesthesia and surgery are examined for their ADR involvement. Drugs are classified into those most often involved, (NMBD and antibiotics); drugs that are becoming more frequently implicated, namely antibiotics (particularly teicoplanin), and blue dyes; those becoming less frequently involved; and drugs more rarely involved in perioperative, and postoperative adverse reactions but still important and necessary to keep in mind for the occasional potential sensitive patient. Clinicians should be aware of the similarities between drug-induced true allergic type I IgE/FcεRI- and pseudoallergic MRGPRX2-mediated ADRs, the clinical features of each, and their distinguishing characteristics. Procedures for identifying MRGPRX2 agonists and diagnosing and distinguishing pseudoallergic from allergic reaction mechanisms are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellulose is a natural polymer that has a lot of potentials. Cellulose gained more interest owing to its renewability, non-toxicity, economic value, biodegradability, high mechanical properties, high surface area, and biocompatibility. New sources, new isolation processes, and new treatments are currently under development to satisfy the increasing demand for producing new types of bio-based materials on an industrial scale. This article discusses the fundamentals and latest breakthroughs in cellulose biopolymer materials used in the fabrication of composite films owing to the cellulose forming films. Bio-polymers are finding wide applications due to their intrinsic properties such as low density, low thermal conductivity, corrosion resistance, and ease of manufacturing complex shapes. Cellulose possesses a highly crystallized structure, hence it is insoluble in typical organic solvents. Environmental restrictions are increasingly stringent, which is a key element leading to the growth of studies on this subject. These hydrocolloids have been modified by taking advantage of their valuable features; the mechanical strength and water resistance of cellulose make it being used as a thickener for large-scale applications such as cellulose composite films can extend the shelf life of a product while maintaining its biodegradability. New materials with high values are a hot topic for future research with commercial interest. These composite film potentials are contributing to the bio-economy. Here, the emphasis on the potential application of bio-composites of cellulose in various industries has been discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose of Review: Anaphylaxis is a common phenomenon that has been studied for many decades. Despite this, there is still disagreement among organizations regarding the precise definition for anaphylaxis. This article discusses the difference between the proposed definitions of anaphylaxis. Furthermore, the most up-to-date literature on specific subtypes of anaphylaxis is reviewed, and implications for clinical practice are discussed. Recent Findings: Recent literature on various subtypes of anaphylaxis has been conducted. This has helped clarify guidelines for conditions such as allergy to radiocontrast media, idiopathic anaphylaxis, and food-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis. Recent literature has also studied available biomarkers for anaphylaxis and the cost-effectiveness of current standard-of-care prescription of epinephrine autoinjectors. Summary: Anaphylaxis is an increasingly more frequent phenomenon and remains a hot topic in current research. Much progress has been made in clarifying the definition of anaphylaxis and differentiating between subtypes, but more research is needed to identify a readily available biomarker for anaphylaxis and identify the standard of care for various subtypes of anaphylaxis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: The strategy of imprint assisted with methylamine acetate effectively ameliorates the morphology of the film, optimize the internal phase distribution, and enhance the charge transfer of the perovskite film. The combination of imprinting with additive engineering improves the phase distribution within quasi-2D perovskite and promote the carrier transport, resulting in a power conversion efficiency of 18.96% with specific good reproducibility. Although two-dimensional perovskite devices are highly stable, they also lead to a number of challenges. For instance, the introduction of large organic amines makes crystallization process complicated, causing problems such as generally small grain size and blocked charge transfer. In this work, imprint assisted with methylamine acetate were used to improve the morphology of the film, optimize the internal phase distribution, and enhance the charge transfer of the perovskite film. Specifically, imprint promoted the dispersion of spacer cations in the recrystallization process with the assistance of methylamine acetate, thus inhibited the formation of low-n phase induced by the aggregation of spacer cations and facilitated the formation of 3D-like phase. In this case, the corresponding quasi-2D perovskite solar cells delivered improved efficiency and exhibited superior stability. Our work provides an effective strategy to obtain uniform phase distribution for quasi-2D perovskite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Passivating the interfacial defects and reducing the interfacial non-radiative recombination losses are the keys to improving the photovoltaic performance of three-dimensional (3D) perovskite solar cells (PVSCs). Stacking two dimensional (2D) perovskites on 3D perovskite is a promising method for interfacial treatment that improves the stability and efficiency of PVSCs. Herein, we developed conjugated fluorinated benzimidazolium cation (FBIm+) which can be inserted between 3D perovskite and hole-transporting layer (HTL) to form 2D perovskite in situ. The 2D single crystal structures of (FBIm)2PbI4 and (FBIm)2PbBr4 were achieved and confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD), while few single crystals of 2D perovskite based on imidazolium or benzimidazolium anchors have been reported. The 2D perovskite can passivate the interfacial defects, induce better crystallinity and orientation, conduct lower trap density and extend carrier lifetime. Furthermore, the energy level arrangement can be regulated by changing the counterion from iodide to bromide, which can efficiently improve the hole extraction and device performances. As a consequence, the best efficiency of 23.00% for FBImBr-incorporated devices was achieved, while only 20.72% for the control device. Meanwhile, the PVSCs modified by FBImBr displayed excellent environmental stability due to the constructed hydrophobic 2D perovskite layer which can effectively block moisture permeation. This work develops a new path to design novel conjugated organic passivants to form 2D/3D perovskite structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With advances in drug development and our understanding of the pathophysiology of skin disease, biologic medications have emerged as powerful management tools for dermatologists. While biologics have most often been used in the management of psoriasis, they are being used off-label for the management of a variety of other immune-mediated skin diseases with overlapping molecular targets. This narrative review focuses on the novel and off-label use of biologic medications for the management of hidradenitis suppurativa (HS), pyoderma gangrenosum (PG), lichen planus (LP), and seborrheic dermatitis (SD). Review of the literature revealed that IL-17, IL-23, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors were being used across a variety of immune-mediated skin pathologies with variable efficacy, among other targeted biologics. While biologics were generally safe in the treatment of primary immune-mediated skin disorders, paradoxical disease eruptions were noted with biologic use and were theorized to occur owing to immune dysregulation and cytokine imbalance. While numerous case reports show promise for the use of biologics in immune-mediated skin pathologies, the variable efficacy and safety reported warrants more thorough investigations of the role of these targeted medications in comprehensive disease management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to their excellent advantages such as low toxicity, superior optoelectronic properties, low-temperature fabrication, and cost-effectiveness, Sn-based perovskites have become the most promising alternatives for high performance lead-free perovskite solar cells. However, the character of Sn2+ is easily oxidized to Sn4+, causing unnecessary p-type self-doping and high leakage current. More seriously, trap-induced non-radiative recombination from rapid crystallization causes into large energy loss with a low open circuit voltage. Therefore, the Sn-based solar cells have efficiency far behind the Pb-based solar cells. Herein, the polymer poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) is used to control crystal growth and passivate the defects in FA0.85PEA0.15SnI3 thin film. This Sn-perovskite layer shows compact crystal with large grain size and reduced defects. Optimized perovskite thin film is further processed to fabricate the inverted solar cell with device structure of ITO (indium tin oxide)/PEDOT:PSS (Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(styrenesulfonate))/FA0.85PEA0.15SnI3/ICBA (indene-C60 bisadduct)/BCP (bathocuproine)/Ag, which shows the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 11.45% with voltage of 0.82 V. Moreover, corresponding perovskite solar cells exhibit an enhanced stability due to PEGDA induced compressive strain in perovskite. This work could shed light on one of successful attempts to improve Sn-based solar cell efficiency for sustainable energy conversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perovskite solar cells represent a promising third-generation photovoltaic technology with low fabrication cost and high power conversion efficiency. In light of the rapid development of perovskite materials and devices, a systematic survey on the latest advancements covering a broad range of related work is urgently needed. This review summarizes the recent major advances in the research of perovskite solar cells from a material science perspective. The discussed topics include the devices based on different type of perovskites (organic-inorganic hybrid, all-inorganic, and lead-free perovskite and perovskite quantum dots), the properties of perovskite defects, different type of charge transport materials (organic, polymeric, and inorganic hole transport materials and inorganic and organic electron transport materials), counter electrodes, and interfacial materials used to improve the efficiency and stability of devices. Most discussions focus on the key progresses reported within the recent five years. Meanwhile, the major issues limiting the production of perovskite solar cells and the prospects for the future development of related materials are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two-dimensional halide perovskites, emerging materials with quantum well structures, demonstrate excellent physical properties, such as easily tunable band structures, hot-phonon bottleneck, photo-induced phase segregation, and spin-orbit coupling, and therefore hold great potential for various optoelectronic devices. Interestingly, this class of perovskite materials also possesses a unique anisotropic feature, and their orientations can highly affect their charge carrier behaviors and other related properties. Therefore, effectively controlling the orientation of two-dimensional halide perovskites is of vital importance. So far, various methods, on the basis of different mechanisms have been developed to modulate the orientation, particularly the out-of-plane orientation. Herein, we summarize recent advances in these strategies for enabling the out-of-plane orientation for two-dimensional perovskites. We then systematically review the possible principles for tunning the orientation, followed by an overview of the remaining problems, particularly the microscopic mechanisms behind these modulation methods and their influences, and the future perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Upon withdrawal of propacetamol, an injectable formulation of the paracetamol prodrug, in Europe due to safety concerns, South Korea's regulatory body requested a post-marketing surveillance study exploring its safety profile. We characterized regional disparities in adverse events (AE) associated with propacetamol between Asia and Europe using the World Health Organization's pharmacovigilance database, VigiBase. We performed disproportionality analyses using reporting odds ratios (rOR) and information component (IC) to determine whether five AEs (anaphylaxis, Stevens–Johnson syndrome, thrombosis, contact dermatitis/eczema, injection site reaction [ISR]) were associated with propacetamol versus non-propacetamol injectable antipyretics in Asia and Europe, separately. In Asia, there was a high reporting ratio of propacetamol-related ISR (rOR 5.72, 95% CI 5.19–6.31; IC025 1.27), satisfying the signal criteria; there were no reports of thrombosis and contact dermatitis/eczema. Two signals were identified in Europe, with higher reporting ratios for thrombosis (rOR 7.45, 95% CI 5.19–10.71; IC025 1.92) and contact dermatitis/eczema (rOR 16.73, 95% CI 12.48–22.42; IC025 2.85). Reporting ratios of propacetamol-related anaphylaxis were low for Asia and Europe. While signals were found for thrombosis and contact dermatitis/eczema in Europe, these were not detected in Asia. These findings suggest potential ethnic differences in propacetamol-related AEs between Asia and Europe, which could serve as supportive data for future decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: It is first disclosed that the key to the efficient regular Ag-perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is a tunneling layer (silver iodide, AgI) that is in situ formed by the natural reaction between Ag and the migrated iodide. Based on the discovery, an ultrathin and uniform tunneling layer can be deposited on the fragile perovskite/charge transport layer to enrich the options of electrodes for efficient and stable regular PSCs. Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are taking steps to commercialization. However, the halogen-reactive anode with high cost becomes a stumbling block. Here, the halogen migration in PSCs is utilized to in situ generate a uniform tunneling layer between the hole transport materials and anodes, which enriches the options of anodes by breaking the Schottky barrier, enabling the regular PSCs with both high efficiency and stability. Specifically, the regular PSC that uses silver iodide as the tunneling layer and copper as the anode obtains a champion power conversion efficiency of 23.24% (certified 22.74%) with an aperture area of 1.04 cm2. The devices are stable, maintaining 98.6% of the initial efficiency after 500 h of operation at the maximum power point with continuous 1 sun illumination. PSCs with different tunneling layers and anodes are fabricated, which confirm the generality of the strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are undergoing rapid development and the power conversion efficiency reaches 25.7% which attracts increasing attention on their commercialization recently. In this review, we summarized the recent progress of PSCs based on device structures, perovskite-based tandem cells, large-area modules, stability, applications and industrialization. Last, the challenges and perspectives are discussed, aiming at providing a thrust for the commercialization of PSCs in the near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Urticaria following the COVID-19 vaccine was rarely reported and had a short self-limited resolution. However, there has been relatively little literature published on CSU induced by COVID-19 vaccines. Purpose: We describe a case series of patients who experienced CSU after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Methods: A retrospective case series of 10 patients referred to the Department of Clinical Pharmacology of the University of Monastir (January 2021–January 2022) and included for evaluation of urticaria after COVID-19 vaccination. Results: The median age was 31 years and patients were mostly female. Atopy was presented in 3 patients and urticaria was accompanied by angioedema in 6 patients. The median time interval between vaccination and the onset of urticaria was 28.5 h. The offended dose was the first one in 8 patients. The resolution of the eruption was observed at least 2 months later, despite the regular use of a full dose of antihistamine in nine patients. Polynuclear leucocytosis was identified in 5 patients. Anti-TPOAb was positive in one patient after receiving the BNT162b2 vaccine. Total serum IgE was elevated in 4 patients. Skin tests for the suspected vaccine as well as the vaccine excipient were negative. Conclusion: We add to the medical literature ten new cases of chronic spontaneous urticarial reactions following COVID-19 vaccines uncontrolled with high-dose first-generation H1 antihistamines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]