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Graphical Abstract In this Editorial, our Chief Editor and members of our Advisory Editorial Board discuss recent breakthroughs, current challenges, and emerging opportunities in single‐cell biology and share their vision of “where the field is headed.”

Abstract There is an increasing need to develop biological anti‐inflammatory agents that are more targeted, effective, and with lesser side effects as compared to conventional chemical drugs. In the present study, we found that Mycobacterium tuberculosis protein PPE2 and a synthetic derivative peptide can suppress the mast cell population and inhibit several vasoactive and fibrogenic mediators and pro‐inflammatory cytokines induced by mast cells in formalin‐induced tissue injury. PPE2 was found to inhibit transcription from the promoter of stem cell factor, important for mast cell maintenance and migration. Thus, PPE2/peptide can be used as a potent nonsteroidal therapeutic agent for the treatment of inflammation and tissue injury.

Abstract The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, has devastated every sphere of human society. Governments around the world implemented unprecedented policies designed to slow the spread of the disease and assistance to cope with its impacts. Such policies, however, are short-term and debates have ensued about what broader policies are needed in the post-COVID-19 era to ensure societies are better prepared for future pandemics. Public opinion concerning COVID-19 and the post-COVID-19 era is diverse, and the patterns in opinion are not well documented. Here we synthesized the opinions of 3731 research scholars throughout the world based on a survey. The highest consensus among respondents concerned the need for improving public health infrastructure and delivering economic support, whereas agreement concerning ecological aspects was low. The survey revealed three dimensions of thinking about COVID-19. The first dimension relates to public health and has widespread support. The second dimension relates to science-led policy development focusing on social justice and environmental governance, covering components of both ecology and economy. The third dimension covers the role of nature conservation in reducing the risk of pandemics. Although opinions differed with age, country of citizenship, and level of education, there is strong agreement on the need for global health equity and science-led public policy.

Composite of grape seed oil, epoxy, and nanosilica particles were composed and evaluated for their electrical, thermal, and hydrophobic properties. The characterization of the coatings was executed in accordance with the respective American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards. Here are the results of the experiment, as demonstrated: by adding 5vol.% of nanosilica particles to the(epoxy + grape seed oil + nanosilica) "EGN3" composite, it is observed that the relative permittivity and loss factor are reduced to approximately 3.67 and 0.17. The composite designation "EG2" demonstrates the greatest thermal conductivity values of around 0.382W/mK by adding 20vol.% grape seed oil. The composite designation EGN3 containing 20 vol.% grape seed oil and 5 vol.% nanosilica produces the highest thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)values. With the addition of grape seed oil and nanosilica particles however, the composite designation "E" demonstrates higher contact angle of around 94°. In addition of 20vol.% grape seed oil and 5vol.% nanosilica particles to composite "EGN3," the lowest recorded contact temperature was approximately 86°. The contact angle of all composites is less than 70°; hence, these composite classifications possess hydrophobic qualities. These biocomposites could be used as coatings for electrical appliances and packaging processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Substantial amounts of fresh agricultural food products are lost after harvest, during handling, storage, processing, and transport. Drying is a method by which food is kept from spoilage after harvest. In the current study, a simple mathematical modelling is developed for eggplant drying to reduce the physical experimentation. The governing differential equation is converted into an algebraic equation using the finite difference implicit technique. A finite difference equation is developed for each node to determine the water content, and all of the nodal equations are solved simultaneously. Eggplant slices are dried with the aid of a heat pump dryer (HPD) in a closed-loop mode in the current study. The influence of drying air temperatures (30–60 °C), relative humidities (< 20%) and air velocities (3.5, 2.5 and 1.5 m/s) in drying (equilibrium moisture content < 10%) eggplants slices is investigated. The drying rate and drying time are significantly influenced by the air velocity. Increased drying rate with reduced drying time is observed for low drying velocity of 1.5 m/s. The drying rate curves are plotted for different drying velocities and discussed. Drying rate curves indicate that the drying process materializes mostly in the first and second falling rate periods. The results of the experimentation are in accordance with the results of many earlier research studies with the similar products listed in the references. The model is validated with experimental findings. The simulated results are consistent with the experimental data. A reasonable correlation coefficient (R-square) of 0.98 is obtained for moisture concentration of eggplant slices at different interval when comparing experimental and data derived from a numerical solution of similar agricultural production crop. The moisture concentration calculated using the numerical method assuming the convective mass transfer boundary condition matches the moisture content calculated using the analytical solution assuming the moisture content at the boundary is constant at all times. The new numerical modeling developed in this study can be used to simulate the experimental data that can be obtained from a HPD for drying different kinds of eggplant slices without conducting physical experimentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Symphorema polyandrum belongs to the Lamiaceae family and is locally known as Badichang or mahasindhu. In this study, we performed Soxhlet extraction to prepare methanolic and hydromethanolic extracts, followed by quantification of their total phenolic content and total flavonoid content. Qualitative analysis of both the extracts was conducted to determine the presence of different phytochemicals. In addition, we aimed to identify the important phytochemical constituents in the methanolic extracts of S. polyandrum (SPM) using ultra-performance liquid chromatography hyphenated with high-resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC–ESI–QTOF–MSE). Furthermore, this study investigated the antioxidant, anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties of SPM and its safety profile in the normal fibroblast cell line L929. A colony proliferation assay and a Griess assay were performed to evaluate the effects of SPM on colony formation and nitric oxide (NO) production. A total of 13 important phytochemicals were identified and reported. The methanolic extract of SPM demonstrated significant antioxidant activity. SPM also showed substantial antiproliferative activity on MDA-MB-231 triple-negative breast cancer cells, with an IC50 value of 45.53 ± 1.63 µg/ml, and also reduced the survival of these cancer cells by promoting nuclear fragmentation and condensation without causing harm to normal cells. SPM inhibits the colony formation and reduces the nitric oxide (NO) production. The anti-inflammatory potential of SPM was assessed utilizing the murine alveolar macrophages (J774.A.1) as an in vitro model, and SPM effectively lowered the levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-6. These findings emphasized the antiproliferative potential of SPM to cancer cells, along with its anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant capabilities, indicating the therapeutic efficacy of this medicinal plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports the synthesis of an ordered mesoporous network of heterophase TiO2 monoliths as a visible light-responsive photocatalyst using tri-block copolymers of Pluronic F108, P123 and F127 as structure-directing agents (SDAs) and temperature-controlled calcination (450–650 °C) has been carried out by direct templating-assisted hydrothermal approach. The structural/surface morphology and topographical properties of the photocatalyst are characterized using FE-SEM-EDAX, HR-TEM-SAED, p-XRD, VB-XPS, PLS, TG/DTA, UV-Vis-DRS, BET/BJH and zeta potential analysis. The undoped heterophase mesoporous TiO2 monoliths with in-built lattice/surface defects exhibit visible light photocatalytic properties, successfully dissipating Reactive Brown 10 (RB-10) dye. The influence of physicochemical parameters, such as SDAs, temperature, pH, dye concentration, catalyst dosage, photosensitizers and light intensities, are optimized for maximum photocatalytic performance at a shorter timespan. The F127-assisted mesoporous TiO2 monolith (550 °C) exhibits superior degradation kinetics (15 min) for RB-10 dye solution (20 ppm) at pH 2.0–3.0 using a photocatalyst dosage of 50 mg and 2 mM of KBrO3, irradiated with 150 W/cm2 tungsten lamp. The photocatalysts are fabricated without complicated chemical modifications and display topmost efficiency in quickly decontaminating persistent pollutants. The photoproducts from RB-10 photocatalytic degradation are investigated using HR-MS analysis. The photocatalyst can be reused efficiently for six cycles, even under extreme conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global surge in electric vehicle (EV) adoption has driven significant research into electric vehicle charging stations (EVCS) due to their environmentally friendly attributes, including low CO₂ emissions. However, integrating EVCS into existing distribution grids presents challenges such as power losses and voltage instability, especially with the increasing incorporation of renewable distributed generation (RDG) sources and battery energy storage systems (BESS). This study introduces a novel honey badger optimization algorithm (HBOA), designed to enhance solution convergence and optimize multi-objective criteria efficiently. HBOA strategically places EVCS while considering vehicle-to-grid (V2G) capabilities and user driving behaviors over a full 24-hour cycle, effectively addressing uncertainties and dynamic conditions. Simulations on modified IEEE 69-bus and Indian 28-bus radial distribution systems (RDS) demonstrate significant results: in the IEEE 69-bus system, power loss is reduced by 62.0%, the voltage stability index (VSI) increases from 0.7139 to 0.8311, and CO₂ emissions decrease by 66.0%. In the Indian 28-bus system, power loss decreases by 55.5%, with VSI improving from 0.7394 to 0.9964, leading to a 50.0% reduction in CO₂ emissions. The proposed smart microgrid (MG) structure incorporates interconnected MGs for residential, commercial, and industrial sectors, emphasizing the efficacy of RDGs in mitigating the impact of EVCS on RDS. The advantages of the HBOA method lie in its superior optimization capabilities, which enhance system performance, reduce operational costs, and promote sustainability, highlighting the proposed methodology's potential for future integration of EVCS in distribution networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy metals (HM) also known as potentially toxic elements (PTEs), are well-known environmental pollutants, among which lead (Pb) is a widespread and hazardous soil contaminant. Its removal from soil sediments is often difficult to achieve. In this study, in vitro experiments were conducted to investigate the bioaccumulation capability of Dianthus chinensis L. in solid and liquid Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with varying concentrations (0, 10, 100, and 200 µM) of Pb as lead nitrate [Pb(NO3)2] for 30 days. The objectives of the study were to assess the efficiency of the selected plant as a bio-accumulator in the in vitro system and to obtain data on morphological, biochemical, and molecular changes during Pb salt-induced stress. Significant growth patterns of initial growth promotion up to 100 µM lead nitrate supplemented medium were observed, with maximum shoot length and biomass production along with remarkable lead bioaccumulation. Molecular studies on in vitro raised plantlets confirm the high degree of genetic uniformity (98.3%) of the selected plants after a considerable duration (30 days) of Pb exposure. Biochemical parameters revealed significant stress effects, including a 284% reduction in total chlorophyll content, altered carotenoid, and proline level during the study. The experiment revealed the high tolerance capacity of D. chinensis to Pb salt and its bioaccumulation potential (397.33 mg/kg). This increases the possible use of such an ornamental and floriculture plant as a prospective candidate for the efficient removal of soil Pb pollutants, as they can remediate soils, coupled with aesthetic and profitable outcomes for the growers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The weathering intensity and geochemical properties of a rock contribute to shallow landslide occurrences. This study aims to establish the role of rock weathering in shallow slope instability in low-grade metamorphic rocks of the Lesser Himalaya region of central Nepal. The rocks of the Kuncha Formation, which consist of phyllites, metasandstones, and gritty phyllites are characterized by the formation of shallow landslides. Field characterization of the rock mass within the landslide body, along with petrographic observations, clay mineral analysis, and major bulk geochemistry were adopted to establish a relationship between rock weathering and landslide occurrence. Results: The landslides distributed within the Kuncha Formation in the study area are debris-related slides and falls, rock falls, and complex slides. Microscopic petrographic observation of rock from the landslide area revealed well-developed microcracks and intergranular microfractures within the weathered samples, which suggests extensive disintegration and physical alteration. Kinematic analysis of the landslide slope revealed that discontinuities and bedding planes also affected the failure of the slope. The occurrence of neo-formed clay minerals and the conversion of biotite-muscovite to vermiculite, kaolinite, and mixed-layer clays indicate chemical weathering. The CIA ranges between 71 and 80 for the rock samples and between 72 and 84 for the soil samples, signifying moderate to extreme weathering effects. The higher values of PIA and CIW reveal K-feldspar and plagioclase alteration to clay minerals by weathering and alteration. CIA-LOI plots reveal significant relationships corresponding to weathering effects. Conclusion: The transition of rock from a fresh to a moderately weathered state and the development of clay minerals and major discontinuities played a crucial role in shallow landslide occurrence. The weakened physical properties of the rock mass due to weathering coupled with unfavorable joints and fracture conditions have led to instability of the hillslopes in the study area. It was observed that one of the driving factors that drives slopes to erosion and landslides is weathering. The dominant occurrence of landslides in the weathered rock domain within the study area validates the occurrence of landslides and weathering interconnections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes the amalgamated of polyboric acid (PBA) and Aminoethyl-3-Aminopropyltriethoxysilane (AEAPTES) by straightforward extrusion process to produce composite (PBA/AEAPTES). It showed basic nature due to amine functionalities on surface of PBA. The composite is applied for the fabrication of pyran derivatives. These reactions are noteworthy for their large product yields, environmental friendliness, quick reaction times, wide range of substrates and no need of hazardous solvents. Moreover, there is no discernible decrease in activity after four reuses of the catalyst and catalyst separated by simple filtration method without any extraction. The resultant composite is characterized by FT-IR, XRD and SEM analysis. In addition, the synthesized compounds characterized by FT-IR, 1H, & 13C NMR analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The infection rate among patients with head-and-neck cancer (HNC) undergoing chemoradiotherapy (CRT) is approximately 19%, with sepsis-related death ranging from 3–9%. A previous study at our institute found a 12% sepsis-related death rate in HNC patients during CRT. The objective of this study is to investigate the utilization of sepsis surveillance and early intervention in reducing the occurrence of sepsis-related deaths in locally advanced HNC patients receiving CRT. Methods: This retrospective analysis examined 54 patients with locally advanced HNC undergoing CRT who underwent sepsis surveillance between January 2018 and December 2021. The study recorded the utilization of oral and intravenous antibiotics, G-CSF, early admissions and their reasons, and the incidence of early mortality. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS v.24 software. Results: Twenty-one (38.9%) patients were prescribed oral antibiotics, and 14 (25.9%) received G-CSF on an outpatient basis. Twenty-nine (54%) patients required hospital admission. Among the admitted patients, 28 (96%) received intravenous antibiotics, and G-CSF was administered in 18 (62%) patients. In 8 cases, antibiotic treatment was intensified due to persistent fever and deteriorating neutropenia. The median time for receiving antibiotics and G-CSF after starting CRT was 5th week (range: 3–8 weeks). Five patients required readmission. Only one patient succumbed to sepsis. Among the 54 patients, 48 (89%) completed the scheduled RT, while 14 (25.9%) received all 6 cycles of chemotherapy. Conclusion: Sepsis surveillance and the prompt use of antibiotics and G-CSF, along with early hospitalization, when necessary, reduces the occurrence of sepsis-related early deaths in HNC patients undergoing CRT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural fibre-reinforced hybrid polymer composites have gained significant attention worldwide in mechanical, aerospace, and automotive applications. Advanced machining techniques, such as abrasive water jet machining, have emerged as a solution to various challenges in this field, offering benefits such as the ability to shape complex geometries, achieve superior performance, improve surface characteristics, and attain high levels of accuracy. The research proposes a new approach for producing biodegradable hybrid composites composed of polylactic acid, bamboo particles, and montmorillonite clay using an innovative solvent-free stir-casting technique optimised for maximum efficiency. To systematically analyse the surface roughness, kerf angle, and material removal rate, a Box–Behnken design of experiments was employed, with the traverse rate, abrasive feed rate, and stand-off distance considered design variables. Analysis of variance was used to determine the significance of the differences between means of variables, while response surface methodology was utilised to establish the explicit relationship between the design variables and the response of the composite machining. The particle swarm optimisation algorithm was also employed to determine the optimal values of the design parameters for machining composites. The results showed that the traverse rate was the most influential factor, followed by the abrasive feed rate. In contrast, the stand-off distance had a relatively lower level of influence. The optimal process parameters were identified, resulting in a minimum surface roughness of 5.56 μm, a kerf taper of 0.0044 radians, and a material removal rate of 1175 g/min. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) possess great potential for detecting toxic gases for environmental remediation and developing clean energy storage systems. Herein, two porphyrin-based MOF composites (Zn-TCPP@PVP and Ni-TCPP@PVP) were synthesized and successfully applied for selective detection of ammonia and supercapacitor applications. M-TCPP@PVP (M = Ni, Zn) polymer composite MOFs are controllably synthesized using Ni and Zn metal ions and TCPP (tetrakis-(4-carboxyphenyl) phosphonium porphyrin) organic linker in presence of polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) modulator. All prepared materials were characterized by XRD, FT-IR, SEM, BET and XPS techniques. The obtained M-TCPP@PVP (M = Ni, Zn) composites were used as a sensing materials for ammonia, formaldehyde, ethanol, and acetic acid. The Ni-TCPP@PVP composite exhibits twofold more sensing activity towards ammonia gas than the Zn-TCPP@PVP composite at 50 ppm, with sensing response of 61 and 32.7 respectively. In addition, M-TCPP@PVP (M = Ni, Zn) MOFs with excellent surface area, high electrical conductivity and thermal stability, have been explored for supercapacitor applications. In a three-electrode measurement, Ni-TCPP@PVP composite delivered high specific capacity of 205 C g−1, whereas Zn-TCPP@PVP composite delivered only 98 C g−1 at a current density of 1 A g−1. Moreover, the as-fabricated symmetric supercapacitor device Ni - TCPP @ PVP ‖ Ni - TCPP @ PVP utilizing Ni-TCPP@PVP material delivers a maximum energy density of 12 Wh kg−1 and power density of 3770 W kg−1. The present study explores the potential of porphyrin-based M-TCPP@PVP (M = Ni, Zn) MOFs for the detection of toxic gases and for the next generation charge storage applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable agriculture is crucial for meeting the growing global food demand. With the pressure of climate change, resource depletion, and the need for increased agricultural productivity, innovative approaches are essential. Nanotechnology is an emerging technology in achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs). Despite its promising benefits, the safe implementation of nanotechnology in agriculture requires careful consideration of potential health and environmental risks. However, there is a lack of comprehensive documentation on the application, potential and limitations of nanotechnology in the field of agriculture. To address this gap, a desk research approach was used by utilizing peer-reviewed electronic databases like PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Science Direct for relevant articles. Out of 157 initially identified articles, 85 were deemed pertinent, focusing primarily on potential nanotechnology in smart agricultural systems. Taking into account research findings worldwide, we found significant improvements with nanotechnology over traditional methods which underscores the practical benefits of nanotechnology, including increased crop yields, efficient resource use, and reduced environmental footprint. The objective of this systematic review is to explore the nexus between nanotechnology and agricultural systems, highlighting its potential to enhance productivity, sustainability, and resilience and to inform researchers, practitioners, and policymakers about the transformative impact of nanotechnology on sustainable agriculture and underscores the need for further research to address safety concerns and maximize its potential for agricultural advancement. Article highlights: A thorough study of nanotechnology's new method to lessen fertilizer and pesticide harmful impacts and their responsibilities. Developing an integrated approach for smart farming systems. A guide for future nanotechnology studies in agriculture suggests breakthroughs in biotic and abiotic remediation using nano-particles for a safe climate change scenario. Identifying setbacks, limitations, and solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bioavailability, enrichment, and risk of phosphorus (P) and its fraction composition were monitored in the paddy soils of Kunnukara during the pre-cultivation and post-harvest periods in the years 2020 and 2021. Iron-bound P (≥ 105.56 ± 0.05 mg/kg) was found highest among the P fractions. The bioavailability of P was recorded at peak value during the post-harvest period, contributed by organic P, Iron bound P, and loosely bound P. Principal component analysis inferred that loosely bound P was pH-dependent and significantly influenced by cation exchange, particle density, soil aggregate stability, and total organic carbon (TOC) in the post-harvest soil, whereas TOC, aluminium-bound P, and calcium-bound P in the pre-cultivation soils. Additionally, physico-chemical parameters like electrical conductivity, bulk density, specific gravity, TOC, and soil aggregate stability have a significant impact on the composition of P fractions in the soil. Bioavailable phosphorus (BAP) ranged from 642.78 ± 0.49 to 594.20 ± 1.23 mg/kg during the post-harvest period. Moreover, the contribution of BAP to total P ranged from 99.45 to 99.54%, indicating the fact that soil is sufficient in BAP. Pollution indices revealed that the paddy soils are at risk of eutrophication. Phosphorus Pollution Index (PPI) > 1 exhibited moderate pollution (1.06 to 1.07) at the topsoil (0–15 cm) and PPI < 1, mild pollution (0.92 to 0.99) at 15–30 cm depths. The organic nitrogen index ≥ 0.133 indicates severe soil pollution in the study site. An extended fertilizer application in the field contributes to nutrient enrichment and warrants the risk of contamination in nearby riverine systems (River Periyar and River Chalakkudy). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional IN-718 superalloy inspires the novel AlCrFeMoNbNi high-entropy alloy developed in this work. Major constituents of the IN-718 are selected in equiatomic proportions and processed via vacuum arc melting route. Alloy in the as-cast and heat-treated (1373 K for 24 h and 1373 K for 24 h + 1473 K for 48 h) conditions showed a multi-phase structure (BCC1, B2, Sigma, and BCC2) with high hardness of 11.94–9.08 GPa at indentation loads of 25–5000 g. Further, a significant indentation size effect (ISE) has been observed, which was confirmed by the Meyer's power law. Strain gradient plasticity theory based on geometrically necessary dislocations, proposed by Nix and Gao, was adapted to understand the ISE. Further, depth-independent hardness values of 9.30 ± 0.9, 9.26 ± 0.9, and 10.41 ± 0.9 GPa and characteristic length scales of 0.52 ± 0.01, 0.53 ± 0.01, and 0.25 ± 0.02 µm were evaluated at different processing conditions in the current work. At 5000 g. load, KIFT values (in MPa m) of 4.68, 6.61 and 6.29 were realized for as-cast, single heat-treated and double heat-treated conditions respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

β-Gallium oxide has well-studied electrical characteristics but relatively less explored optical as well as magnetic properties. In this work, pure and Ni-doped β-Ga2O3 polycrystalline powders were prepared using a hydrothermal method to study the structural, optical, and magnetic properties at various concentrations of Ni at 1 M%, 3 M%, 5 M%, and 7 M%. XRD analysis confirmed the formation of monoclinic β-Ga2O3 up to Ni 1 M% doping. The formation of additional peaks was observed exclusively for the samples doped with Ni from 3 M% to 7 M%. These additional peaks belong to NiGa2O4 that has an inverse spinel structure. The reflectance studies using UV–Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy shows a reduction in bandgap from approximately 4.7 eV to 4.1 eV with the addition of the dopant. The emission peaks observed from photoluminescence studies shows UV, blue, and green emissions with varying intensity. Room-temperature magnetic studies performed using a vibrating sample magnetometer showed a transition from the diamagnetic state of the pure sample to the antiferromagnetic state with increasing Ni concentration in the doped samples. The diamagnetic properties of β-Ga2O3 makes it ineffective in spintronic applications. From the present work, the improved magnetism due to Ni doping coupled with the optical properties suggests that nickel-doped gallium oxide can be used as an optical magnetic bifunctional material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical coagulants have traditionally been utilized for wastewater treatment due to their effectiveness, but their environmental repercussions necessitate exploration of sustainable alternatives. This study examines the viability of plant-based coagulants and magnetic bio-coagulation technology as eco-friendly substitutes for chemical coagulants. The research aims to assess their efficacy in treating various contaminants while addressing environmental concerns and limitations associated with conventional methods. A systematic review approach is employed to analyze recent studies on plant-based coagulants and magnetic bio-coagulation technology in wastewater treatment. The review scrutinizes their effectiveness, sustainability, and potential implications for wastewater treatment practices. Plant-based coagulants demonstrate promise in contaminant removal, offering ecological substitute, especially in underserved areas. Magnetic bio-coagulation technology exhibits high efficiency in eliminating heavy metals, dyes, and organic pollutants, potentially reducing sludge production and optimizing the treatment processes. The findings underscore the significance of exploring sustainable alternatives to chemical coagulants. Plant-based coagulants and magnetic bio-coagulation present environmentally sound solutions that could mitigate the adverse impacts of conventional methods. This study provides insights for policymakers and practitioners seeking to promote ecofriendly wastewater treatment practices, emphasizing the importance of adopting eco-friendly technologies for environmental conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pursuing a proficient age estimation methodology introducing novel radiographic methods remains an ongoing and demanding aspect of forensic and medicolegal research. In 2017, Roberts GJ et al. (J Forensic Sci 62(2):351-4, 2017) described a new radiographic method, i.e., root canal width (RCW) patterns to assign a subject to above 18-year-age threshold. Since then, few researchers have investigated the validity of this radiographic method in other populations. The present study aimed to test the usefulness of these RCW patterns in predicting 18 years in a sample of South Indian juveniles and sub-adults aged between 16 and 23. Descriptive analysis revealed that pattern-A was initially observed at a minimum age of 16.08 and 16.22 years in males and females. Pattern-B at 16.31 years in males and 16.22 years in females, while pattern-C was initially recorded at 18.73 years in males and 19.01 years in females, respectively. In summary, if an individual, regardless of sex, exhibits a fully-formed (apex closed) mandibular first, second, and third molars and concurrently displays RCW-C, there is a strong likelihood that the person has exceeded the legally relevant age of 18 years. However, due to higher rate of technically unacceptable errors (adults wrongly identified as individuals below 18 years), reliance on this method alone should be restricted, and it is advisable to combine it with other methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is highly effective at reducing HIV acquisition. We aimed to estimate usage of oral-PrEP, and factors associated with adherence among female sex workers (FSWs) in Nairobi, Kenya, using a novel point-of-care urine tenofovir lateral flow assay (LFA). The Maisha Fiti study randomly selected FSWs from Sex Worker Outreach Program clinics in Nairobi. Data were collected from 1003 FSWs from June-October 2019, including surveys on self-reported oral-PrEP adherence. Adherence was also measured using the LFA for HIV-negative FSWs currently taking oral-PrEP. Informed by a social-ecological theoretical framework, we used hierarchical multivariable logistic regression models to estimate associations between individual, interpersonal/community, and structural/institutional-level factors and either self-reported or LFA-assessed adherence. Overall, 746 HIV-negative FSWs aged 18–40 participated in the study, of whom 180 (24.1%) self-reported currently taking oral-PrEP. Of these, 56 (31.1%) were adherent to oral-PrEP as measured by LFA. In the multivariable analyses, associations with currently taking oral-PrEP included having completed secondary education, high alcohol/substance use, feeling empowered to use PrEP, current intimate partner, no recent intimate partner violence, having support from sex worker organisations, experiencing sex work-related stigma, and seeking healthcare services despite stigma. Associations with oral-PrEP LFA-measured adherence measured included having only primary education, experience of childhood emotional violence, belonging to a higher wealth tertile, and being nulliparous. Oral-PrEP adherence, measured by self-report or objectively, is low among FSWs in Nairobi. Programs to improve oral-PrEP usage among FSWs should work to mitigate social and structural barriers and involve collaboration between FSWs, healthcare providers and policymakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The welding process adopted for nuclear vessels is important from temperature and residual stress. In, this study stainless steels material was used to simulate the weldability with respect to reaching the melting at the Fusion zone with respect to the weld input power and process time. Static thermoelastic process simulation was done using 3D-Finite Element Analysis using ANSYS. For a representative 3 mm plate butt welding process, isotherms in the transverse weld bead area were used to identify melting and solid to solid phase change points in Fusion and HAZ. The distributions evaluated at Fusion, HAZ and in base material along the longitudinal direction, transverse and along the thickness. The residual stress evaluated along the transverse direction is compared with yield strength to evaluate weldability. Also, the transverse analysis leads to an understanding of structural stability. A single-pass weld process limit was obtained for a feasible time and power source and the thermoelastic distributions studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study attempts a detailed assessment of the quality of groundwater in the coastal region of Trivandrum District, Kerala where groundwater is the main source of drinking water. Forty groundwater samples were collected during the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon periods. The collected samples were analyzed for physical properties such as electrical conductivity (EC), pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), and total hardness, along with chemical properties, including major cations (Ca2⁺, Mg2⁺, Na⁺, K⁺) and anions (Cl⁻, SO₄2⁻, HCO₃⁻, NO₃⁻). The analysis of groundwater quality reveals significant spatial and seasonal variations caused by both natural and manmade influences. Water Quality Index (WQI), hydrogeochemical plots, and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) were used to analyses the data. The results show that Vakkom, Kazhakottam, Veli-Attipara, and Pozhiyoor show significant deterioration, and areas such as Varkala, Ayroor, and Edava generally maintain good water quality. The Water Quality Index (WQI) assessment indicates that approximately 22.5% of the studied area falls under excellent quality, while 17.5% is classified as poor. The WHO standard and BSI standards were used to derive the WQI. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) identified electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, and total hardness as the primary factors affecting groundwater quality, explaining 65.17% and 61.03% of the total variance in the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon periods, respectively. Hydrochemical plots collaborate these results, emphasize the influence of rock-water interactions as the main geochemical process, further compounded by pollution from agricultural runoff and urban development. These findings highlight the need for sustainable groundwater management strategies in coastal communities. Effective measures, including pollution mitigation, sustainable agricultural practice, proper waste management, and preservation of freshwater ecosystems, are essential for ensuring the sustainability of groundwater resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the feasibility and outcomes of isolated laparoscopic extra-vesical ureteric reimplantation (I-LEVUR) for upper moiety ectopic ureter in patients with non-refluxing lower moiety ureter and avoid reimplanting normal lower moiety orifice. Methods: Between 2013 and 2024, 12 patients (8 females, 4 males) with ectopic ureter associated with a duplex system underwent I-LEVUR. Preoperative assessment included ultrasonography, voiding cystourethrography (VCUG), and magnetic resonance urography (MRU)/retrograde pyelogram (RGP). The procedure involved laparoscopic extravesical approach dissecting only the ectopic ureter in lower most part, preserving vascularity, and performing an isolated reimplantation without manipulating lower moiety ureter. Results: Twelve patients, with a median age of 2.8 years, underwent I-LEVUR. The mean operative time was 127.5 min. No intraoperative complications occurred. Postoperative follow-up (median: 78.5 months) showed no cases of ureteral obstruction or significant complications. Urinary continence improved in all patients. Two patients developed mild vesicoureteral reflux, managed conservatively, and one patient had minor urine leak which resolved spontaneously. Conclusion: I-LEVUR is a viable and effective alternative to traditional en bloc reimplantation for upper moiety ectopic ureter. It preserves the normal ureteric orifice, reduces surgical trauma, and offers excellent outcomes in terms of renal function and urinary continence. Further studies with larger cohorts, control group of common sheath reimplantation, randomization, robust statistical validation and longer follow-up are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) affects a significant majority of cancer patients, with up to 80% experiencing this severe and dose-limiting side effect while undergoing anti-cancer treatment. CIPN can be induced by a variety of drugs commonly employed in the management of both solid tumors and hematologic cancers. The inadequacies in comprehending the pharmacological interventions associated with CIPN and the subsequent signaling pathways have significantly contributed to the disappointing outcomes of several drugs in clinical trials. Recent investigations in pain research have demonstrated a growing inclination toward addressing neuro-inflammation as a strategy for managing chronic pain conditions. Notably, toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) has emerged as a key player in immune system activation and is undergoing extensive research. In this review, we emphasize the potential role of TLR-4 in neuropathic pain, highlighting its promise as a target for CIPN treatment. Furthermore, we explore and analyse the intricate interplay between TLR-4, diverse immune cells, downstream pathways, and receptors within the context of CIPN. A comprehensive exploration of these interactions provides valuable insights into the central role of TLR-4 in CIPN development, paving the way for potential ground-breaking therapeutic approaches to alleviate this debilitating condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research proposes a learning-based efficient single-image dehazing method. Dehazing, discriminator, and fine-tuning networks build the end-to-end network model. These three techniques are independently trained on suitable datasets. An end-to-end network architecture improves dehazing. The dehazing network model estimates transmission map, atmospheric light, and parallel convolution layers to analyze the input hazy image. The discrimination network extracted a discriminated dehazing image. Finally, discriminator network model findings are used for fine-tuning. The suggested model is tested using foggy images from various datasets and performance measures including PSNR, SSIM, MSE, and Entropy. The suggested learning-based image dehazing is compared to existing approaches qualitatively and quantitatively. The suggested approach improves PSNR by 34.3% to 3.65% over previous works. The proposed work has a 24.9% higher average SSIM and a 76% lower MSE than current efforts. The entropy of the proposed work is improved by a maximum of 9.38%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) one of the important food borne pathogen from milk, which was investigated in this study. The isolates were screened for antimicrobial resistance, enterotoxin genes, biofilm formation, spa typing, coagulase gene polymorphism and accessory gene regulator types. The prevalence of S. aureus in milk samples was 34.4% (89/259). Methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) was found at 27% (24/89) of the isolates, were classified as community acquired based on SCCmec typing. The 24.71% (22/89) isolates demonstrated multiple antimicrobial resistance (MAR) pattern. However, none of the isolates carried vancomycin and mupirocin resistance genes. The isolates were positive for sea and sed enterotoxin genes and exhibited high frequency of biofilm formation. The High-Resolution Melting and conventional spa typing revealed that the isolates had both animal and community-associated S. aureus clustered origins. Coagulase gene polymorphism and agr typing demonstrated variable genotypic patterns. The finding of this study establishes the prevalence of community associated, enterotoxigenic, biofilm forming and antimicrobial resistance among S. aureus from milk in Chennai city. This emphasizing a potential threat to public health which needs a continuous monitoring system and strategies to mitigate their spread across the food chain and achieve food safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of noninvasive methods to enhance healthcare systems has been facilitated by the development of new technology. Among the four major cardiovascular diseases, stroke is one of the deadliest and potentially fatal, but, if detected early enough, a patient's life may be spared. Most stroke research has centered on MRI and CT scans for uncomplicated categorization. This medical approach (imaging) is costly, time-consuming and needs the utilization of complex technology. To make up for these shortcomings, however, there has been a lot of interest in adopting noninvasive, measurable EEGs. Nevertheless, the raw data should be classified before the proper characteristics can be formed, both the forecasting algorithms and the analytical techniques demand time. As a result, this work proposes a deep learning-based model that aims to predict the chance of stroke at an early stage utilizing Parkinson's disease and wrinkles as markers. A patient may have a stroke disease if they are diagnosed with both Parkinson's disease and wrinkles. To the best of our knowledge, this research is the first to use these biomarkers to predict the risk of having a stroke. The proposed model achieves a higher accuracy of 94.7% on the considered dataset. Additionally, the recommended model was evaluated and tested in terms of loss, training time, accuracy, recall, and F1-score versus the other existing models. With less price and pain than present testing approaches, these discoveries are predicted to result in major enhancements in the early detection of strokes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although fat is a crucial source of energy in diets, excessive intake leads to obesity. Fat absorption in the gut is prevailingly thought to occur organ-autonomously by diffusion1–3. Whether the process is controlled by the brain-to-gut axis, however, remains largely unknown. Here we demonstrate that the dorsal motor nucleus of vagus (DMV) plays a key part in this process. Inactivation of DMV neurons reduces intestinal fat absorption and consequently causes weight loss, whereas activation of the DMV increases fat absorption and weight gain. Notably, the inactivation of a subpopulation of DMV neurons that project to the jejunum shortens the length of microvilli, thereby reducing fat absorption. Moreover, we identify a natural compound, puerarin, that mimics the suppression of the DMV–vagus pathway, which in turn leads to reduced fat absorption. Photoaffinity chemical methods and cryogenic electron microscopy of the structure of a GABAA receptor–puerarin complex reveal that puerarin binds to an allosteric modulatory site. Notably, conditional Gabra1 knockout in the DMV largely abolishes puerarin-induced intestinal fat loss. In summary, we discover that suppression of the DMV–vagus–jejunum axis controls intestinal fat absorption by shortening the length of microvilli and illustrate the therapeutic potential of puerarin binding to GABRA1 in fat loss.Neurons in the dorsal motor nucleus of vagus are involved in the absorption of fat in the intestine, and the natural compound puerarin shows utility in modulating this brain–gut axis to reduce fat absorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The neurological condition epilepsy is demanding and even fatal. Electroencephalogram (EEG)-based epilepsy detection still faces various difficulties. EEG readings fluctuate, and different patients have various seizure activity patterns. EEG signal detection is time-consuming and labour-intensive, which puts a strain on medical staff and raises the possibility of erroneous detections. Usually, electrodes are inserted into the scalp or inside the brain for a brief period of time in order to obtain EEG data. It is essential to research efficient cross-patient automatic epilepsy detection techniques. The multi-head self-attention mechanism recognises long-distance dependencies with the same proficiency as it does temporal dynamic correlations between short-term temporal pattern characteristics and sequential relationships. The contextual representations are inputted into a bidirectional long short-term memory network (BiLSTM) so that information can be extracted in both directions. Classification and training are carried out utilising the log SoftMax algorithm. The experiments utilised scalp EEG data from the CHB-MIT database. Sensitivity, specificity, F1-score, and accuracy were computed to be 96.5 percent, 97.04 percent, 96.6 percent, and 96.2 percent, respectively. The results of the experiment show how well the technique works for detecting seizures in several patients utilising multi-channel EEG recordings. The results also demonstrate the method's improved generalisation capabilities and resilience and consistency in collecting seizure patterns. This is particularly critical for the tertiary diagnosis of epilepsy, and the findings indicate that the proposed method significantly improves the accuracy of detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports the synthesis of Sm-doped tin oxide nanostructures using a co-precipitation route to develop an aqueous ammonia sensor. The characterization of as-prepared samples was carried out by XRD, FESEM, FTIR, UV–Visible absorption spectroscopy, and energy-resolved photoluminescence, respectively. The crystallite size range is from 8 ± 0.4 nm to 17 ± 1 nm. All samples show nearly spherical morphology with a grain size range of 35–70 nm. FTIR spectra correspond to O–H, C=O, Sn-OH, and Sn–O–Sn functional groups, confirming the formation of SnO2 nanostructures. The energy band gap varies from 2.71 eV to 3.09 eV. An increase in bandgap observed for 9at% Sm-doped SnO2 nanostructures may be due to the Moss-Burstein effect. Photoluminescence studies show the increase in band-to-band and defect-related emission with the addition of a dopant and an increase in dopant concentration. Linear sweep Voltammetry of undoped and Sm-doped tin oxide nanostructures was done to develop an aqueous ammonia sensor. I-V characteristics show a rise in current for undoped and Sm-doped SnO2 nanostructured layers when immersed in water containing ammonia. The analyte detection capability of the samples also increases with an increase in Sm-dopant (3% to 9%) as well as with analyte (NH3) concentration (100 ppm to 500 ppm) in water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microquasars are laboratories for the study of jets of relativistic particles produced by accretion onto a spinning black hole. Microquasars are near enough to allow detailed imaging of spatial features across the multiwavelength spectrum. The recent extension measurement of the spatial morphology of a microquasar, SS 433, to TeV gamma rays1 localizes the acceleration of electrons at shocks in the jet far from the black hole2. V4641 Sagittarii (V4641 Sgr) is a similar binary system with a black hole and B-type main-sequence companion star and has an orbit period of 2.8 days (refs. 3,4). It stands out for its super-Eddington accretion5 and for its radio jet, which is one of the fastest superluminal jets in the Milky Way. Previous observations of V4641 Sgr did not report gamma-ray emission6. Here we report TeV gamma-ray emission from V4641 Sgr that reveals particle acceleration at similar distances from the black hole as SS 433. Furthermore, the gamma-ray spectrum of V4641 Sgr is among the hardest TeV spectra observed from any known gamma-ray source and is detected above 200 TeV. Gamma rays are produced by particles, either electrons or protons, of higher energies. Because energetic electrons lose energy more quickly the higher their energy, such a spectrum either very strongly constrains the electron-production mechanism or points to the acceleration of high-energy protons. This suggests that large-scale jets from microquasars could be more common than previously expected and that they could be a notable source of galactic cosmic rays7–9.Ultra-high-energy gamma-ray emission from the microquasar V4641 Sagittarii is reported, suggesting that large-scale jets from microquasars could be more common than previously thought and also could be a notable source of galactic cosmic rays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this investigation was to develop lightweight polyester composites for possible application of human prosthetics. Since present materials in human prosthetics are either metals or synthetic harmful fibre and fillers, the present study proposes to introduce a new alternative biocomposite material for manufacturing human prosthetics. Thus, in this study, pineapple-basalt fibre sandwich with rice husk Si3N4 particle polyester composites was developed with two different staking sequences. The composites are prepared using the hand layup technique, and testing was carried out in accordance with American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards. The highest measured mechanical values for composite designation PBS1 up to 124 MPa, 162 MPa, 4.68 J, 21 MPa, and 79 shore-D for tensile strength, flexural strength, Izod impact, and hardness, respectively, when compared to all other composite designations. Corresponding to this, maximum fatigue life counts of 14,370 were seen for composite designation PBS1 with 1.0 vol. % Si3N4 particles included. However, the higher wear resistances value up to 0.007 for wear loss and 0.028 for co-efficient of friction (COF) for composite designation PBS2 resulted from the enhanced Si3N4 particle volume percentage up to 3.0 vol. %. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) fractography of the broken samples shows that the silane surface treatment has increased the interaction between the fibre and matrix phase. Thus, based on the present research, it is clear that the novel material structure (B/P/P/B) with pineapple/basalt fibre and Si3N4 is capable of replacing the existing man-made synthetic materials used in human prosthetic production with more advantageous attributes such as light weight, high strength, durable, abrasion resistance, and fatigue damage free. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Rathke's cleft cysts (RCCs) exhibit variable growth patterns, thus posing a challenge in predicting progression. While some RCCs may not cause symptoms, others can insidiously cause pituitary dysfunction, which is often irreversible, even following surgery. Hence, it is crucial to identify asymptomatic RCCs that grow rapidly and pose a higher risk of causing endocrinologic dysfunction. This enables timely surgical intervention to prevent permanent damage. Our study examines the growth rate of RCCs, identifies factors that accelerate growth, and discusses the clinical implications of these findings. Methods: A retrospective analysis of a prospectively maintained electronic database revealed 45 patients aged 18–80 years who underwent endoscopic endonasal surgery (EEA) for RCCs between 2010 and 2022 at our center. Of these, 20 required early operative intervention. The remaining 25 patients were followed closely clinically and radiologically before requiring surgery (initial conservative management group). We conducted an analysis of the factors predicting growth over time in this group. Using a regression model, we constructed a risk score system to predict RCC growth over time. Results: Patients in the initial conservative group had smaller cysts and were generally older than those in the early surgery group. Patients with preoperative pituitary dysfunction showed a higher median growth of 1.0 mm in the longest diameter compared to those with normal pituitary function, with an increase of 0.5 mm. A sum of annual cyst growth of all (z, y, x) diameters, at a rate of 3 mm or greater, was associated with a clinically significant increase in the risk of pituitary dysfunction, exceeding 50%.The most significant factors predicting rapid growth in RCCs were smoking status, age, and T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) intensity of cysts. Smoking was the most critical risk factor for rapid cyst growth (p = <.001). Our risk score system accurately predicted RCC growth with a 74% accuracy rate, 73% sensitivity, and 75% specificity. Conclusion: Our analysis showed a strong link between active smoking and the rapid growth of RCC. This novel finding has significant preventive implications but needs validation by a large population database. Surgical intervention for RCC currently is often reserved for symptomatic cases. However, utilizing our risk-based scoring system to predict rapidly growing cysts may indicate early surgery in minimally symptomatic patients, thereby potentially preserving pituitary function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the effects of incorporating pistachio shell powder and a mixture of Aquilaria agallocha Roxb (AAR) resin with epoxy on the mechanical, dynamic mechanical, thermal, and biodegradability properties of an epoxy composite. Filler loadings ranged from 10 to 35% by volume, in 5% increments. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed a uniform distribution of the hybrid polymer materials, particularly at 30% natural resin content, enhancing the load-bearing capacity of the composites. The addition of pistachio shell powder and AAR resin significantly improved the flexural modulus and strength of the composites. At a filler volume of 35%, the hybrid polymer exhibited a maximum impact resistance of 2,718 J/m2, demonstrating increased energy absorption. Moreover, the hybrid system enhanced the damping factor by up to 30%, suggesting superior dynamic mechanical performance. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) indicated that the hybrid composites displayed better thermal stability compared to pure epoxy resin. These findings suggest that the combination of pistachio shell powder and AAR natural resin offers a sustainable approach to reinforcing epoxy-based composites, providing improved mechanical and thermal performance for potential industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) techniques, exemplified by chest x-ray (CXR)-based methods, offer a cost-effective alternative for early-stage COVID-19 diagnosis compared to expensive options such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and computed tomography (CT) scan. Despite efforts to diagnose COVID-19 with CXR-based methods, their performance could be improved by considering the spatial relationships between regions of interest (ROIs) in CXR images. This oversight hinders the ability to accurately identify areas of the human lung most vulnerable to COVID-19. This model implements a two-way classification system to differentiate between lung X-ray impressions, accurately determining whether they are affected or normal. The effectiveness of this system is assessed using metrics such as accuracy, recall, precision, and F1-score. We employed over 2409 samples of X-ray images in the COVID-19 diagnosis process. The results obtained from the VGG16 model showcase outstanding performance, with a recognition rate of 99.58% for X-ray images and 94.29% for CT-scan pictures within the given sample size and two-class categorization. This model surpasses all existing approaches documented in the literature. Medical professionals and healthcare workers can effectively utilize this proposed system, leveraging X-rays and CT scans of human lungs to identify COVID-19 cases accurately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the metaverse unfolds, the synchronization of audio with video in real-time becomes critical. Many models such as Wav2Lip, Sync Net, and Lip Gan, have been developed to sync audio–video to render high-impact content. Choosing an appropriate loss function has a direct impact on the results and accuracy of audio–video synching. With models like Wav2Lip, enhanced by the Huber Loss function, emerging as frontrunners in the arena. This paper delves into a comprehensive comparative analysis, demonstrating that Huber Loss outperforms L1, L2, and SmoothL1 losses in the efficiency of convergence and quality of synchronization. The empirical results unequivocally advocate for the integration of Huber Loss into the Wav2Lip model, highlighting its capacity to yield a more coherent and natural integration of lip movements with audio. Experimental results reveal that Huber Loss achieves an average training loss of 0.00091 and an evaluation loss of 0.00141 over 61,500 steps, alongside a markedly lower sync loss of 2.20669. These results represent a substantial enhancement in synchronization accuracy, with improvements ranging from 20 to 30% over contemporary loss functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research paper, we propose an unsupervised framework for feature learning based on an autoencoder to learn sparse feature representations for EEG-based person identification. Autoencoder and CNN do the person identification task for signal reconstruction and recognition. Electroencephalography (EEG) based biometric system is vesting humans to recognize, identify and communicate with the outer world using brain signals for interactions. EEG-based biometrics are putting forward solutions because of their high-safety capabilities and handy transportable instruments. Motor imagery EEG (MI-EEG) is a maximum broadly centered EEG signal that exhibits a subject's motion intentions without real actions. The Proposed framework proved to be a practical approach to managing the massive volume of EEG data and identifying the person based on their different task with resting states. The experiments have been conducted on the standard publicly available motor imagery EEG dataset with 109 subjects. The highest recognition rate of 87.60% for task-based identification and 99.89% recognition rate for resting-state has been recorded using the Autoencoder-CNN model. The outcomes imply that the overall performance of our proposed framework is similar or advanced to that of the state-of-the-art method. The shape is a realistic technique to control the full-size extent of EEG data and to pick out the individual based totally on their specific task. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air is one of the most significant elements of the environment. The increasing global air pollution crisis poses an unavoidable threat to human health, environmental sustainability, ecosystems, and the earth's climate. Air pollution has been referred to as a silent killer due to its insidious nature. Its indirect impact on human health further underscores its dangerous effects. Early detection of air quality can potentially save millions of lives globally. A unique and transformative approach can harness the power of machine learning to combat air pollution. This research presents a manual and web-based automatic prediction system that provides real-time alerts on air quality status and can help prevent premature deaths, chronic diseases, and other health problems. Air pollutants, including carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and particulate matter (PM 2.5), are used in this study for feature analysis and extraction. The system utilizes publicly available data from 23,463 different cities worldwide. Data preprocessing was performed before feeding the data into the machine learning models for feature correlation and evaluation. The proposed research uses various machine learning models to predict air quality, including Random Forest (100%), Logistic Regression (79%), Decision Tree (100%), Support Vector Machine (93%), Linear SVC (98%), K-Nearest Neighbor (99%), and Multinomial Naïve Bayes (52%). A user-friendly Django-based web interface offers an accessible platform for users to monitor air quality in real-time, based on the two best-performing models: Random Forest and Decision Tree techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preconception and prenatal genetic counseling is a well-established means of risk assessment in many parts of the world, and in recent years, an emerging concept in India. Likelihood of an offspring having autosomal recessive disorder increases based on the degree of consanguinity. Hence, genetic testing of the couple for the identification of carrier status for disease-causing variants is crucial. The purpose of this study is to understand the frequency of genetic abnormalities in consanguineous marriages by using a comprehensive genetic testing algorithm where in karyotyping, FISH, exome sequencing and microarray are used sequentially to determine the genetic etiology based on the clinical presentation and to evaluate the need and benefits of preconceptional and prenatal genetic counseling. This retrospective study includes 66 couples having consanguinity referred for genetic counseling and testing. Of the 66 couples, 58 underwent comprehensive genetic testing which included Karyotyping, Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization (FISH), Microarray and Exome sequencing based on their clinical presentation. The analyses revealed a genetic abnormality in approximately 31% and chromosomal polymorphic variations & variants of uncertain significance in 17% of the couples. Counseling in these couples helped in identifying the carrier status and enabled them to take an informed decision in subsequent pregnancies. These findings reiterate the acute need for preconception and prenatal genetic counseling services in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel electrochemical sensor is constructed by modifying the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) using a binder-free metal–organic framework of V-shaped linker 4,4'oxybis(benzoic acid) (OBA) and various transition metals (M—Zn, Mn, or Ni). The hydrothermally synthesized M-OBA MOFs demonstrated superior electron transfer ability and enhanced electro-reduction behaviour, making it highly effective for metronidazole (MTZ) detection. The optimized sensor demonstrated a linear response from 0.04 to 122.18 µM, a low detection limit (LOD) of 0.009 µM, and high sensitivity (0.48 µA µM−1 cm−2) using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The sensor also exhibited excellent selectivity in the presence of various ions, organic compounds, and other antibiotics. The Zn-OBA MOF sensor proves practical applicability for detecting MTZ in milk, honey, tap water, and MTZ tablets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetoresistance (MR), magnetoinductance (mi), and magnetoimpedance (MI) studies on the as-quenched and annealed Fe72Si10Cu1Nb2B15, Co72Ni5Si5Cu1Nb2B15, and Co77Si5Cu1Nb2B15 ribbons have been carried out in the present investigation. Structural studies indicate that all as-quenched samples are in the amorphous phase. The asymmetry in the MI, MR, and mi curves is noticed and is attributed to induced magnetocrystalline anisotropy and hysteretic magnetization. Among all three samples, the Co77Si5Cu1Nb2B15 ribbons exhibit the highest magnetization and MI values. The development of a strong transverse magnetic anisotropy upon annealing has been observed in the Co77Si5Cu1Nb2B15 ribbons, while such features are not observed in other cases. The present study shows that 5% Ni substitution in Co77Si5Cu1Nb2B15 samples significantly reduces the transverse anisotropy, indicating that the transverse anisotropy can be tuned through Ni substitution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study was carried out to prepare a magnet with a c-axis alignment present in the melt-spun ribbons to be used as a precursor magnet for the hot deformation process. Melt-spun ribbons prepared at a wheel speed of 23 m/s resulted in nanograins with columnar grains having the <001> texture on the exposed side and very fine equiaxed nanograins on the wheel side of the ribbon. The ribbons were stacked and consolidated using the SPS technique with the variation of temperature (temperature series) and pressure (pressure series), which resulted in Nd2Fe14B grains in two-grain zones, namely (i) fine grain and (ii) coarse grain zones. The fine grains grow with temperature and dominate the coercivity mechanism in the temperature series, and the grains do not grow in the pressure series; hence, the coercivity is not affected by pressure. The calculation of the intensity ratio of I(006)/I(105) in SPS compacted samples in both temperature and pressure series showed evidence of texture retention; however, the texture was not strong enough to influence the magnetic properties. The best magnetic properties of Hc of 12.2 kOe and (BH)max of 11.6 MGOe were obtained in the temperature series sample prepared at temperature of 600 °C, pressure of 150 MPa, and dwell time of 2 min. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study tries to account for the diversity of desmids and also determine their distribution and abundance in Thattekkad Bird Sanctuary, situated in Ernakulam District, the first Bird Sanctuary in Kerala and lies within the geographical limits of 10°08′N 76°41′E and 10°13′N 76°68′E. The water samples collected were preserved and the physico-chemical parameters were analyzed using standard protocols. The study was carried out over a period of one year, from March 2022 to April 2023 in three seasons (pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon) from the freshwater resources within the sanctuary like rivers, streams, and ponds. The following physico-chemical parameters of water were analyzed: the concentration of nitrates and phosphates, pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD), and turbidity. Desmids are unicellular algae that belong to conjugating green algae and occur exclusively in freshwaters, each cell consists of two almost symmetrical and often profusely sculptured segments. The current study identified a total of seventy-four taxa, which are distributed under four families and 18 genera. Predominant genera included were Cosmarium (21), Euastrum (12), and Staurastrum (8). Notably Heimansia pusilla, Euastrum praemorsum, Euastrum jenneri, Staurastrum saltans var. javanicum, Cosmarium clepsydra var. bicardia are new reports to India, five species are new reports to Kerala and all species being novel to Thattekkad Bird Sanctuary. The Shannon's diversity index is in the range of 0.8070 to 1.0151, and Simpson's Index range between 0.5051 to 0.6177. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) stands as an essential surgical procedure for addressing the persistent challenge of dacryocystitis—a condition marked by inflammation of the lacrimal sac due to nasolacrimal duct obstruction. A hospital-based retrospective study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital, spanning the years 2018 to 2023, involving 34 patients who underwent Endoscopic Dacryocystorhinostomy. The study involved the examination of their clinical presentations, surgical techniques employed, and resulting outcomes along with causes of failure. Our study included 34 patients who had presented with persistent watering of eyes. The maximum number of cases was in the age group of 46–60 years (38%), with a minimum age of 7 years and a maximum age of 68 years. Among those 34 patients, 5 underwent a revision DCR. Fifteen patients underwent stenting. Thirteen of the fifteen patients, who underwent stenting came for regular postoperative follow up and stent removal was done 6 to 8 weeks later. The two patients who were lost to follow-up presented after 4 years of their initial surgery with persistent symptoms. The success rate of endoscopic DCR was 94% in our study. Endoscopic Dacryocystorhinostomy has emerged as a practical solution for addressing nasolacrimal duct obstruction. Despite numerous surgical modifications documented over time, the endoscopic DCR technique consistently demonstrates excellent outcomes with minimal patient morbidity. This study underscores the significance of thorough preoperative assessment, making informed decisions regarding stenting during both the preoperative and intraoperative period, employing proper surgical techniques, and recognizing the importance of regular post-operative follow-up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Applying organic manure to crops positively impacts the soil microbial community which is negatively impacted when chemical fertilizers are used. Organic manures also add new microbes to the soil in addition to influencing the growth of native ones. Metagenomic analysis of different organic manures, soil, and pot culture experiments conducted under various fertilizer conditions constitute the primary methodologies employed in this study. We compared the effect of two organic manure combinations and an inorganic fertilizer combination on microbial community of rhizosphere soil and leaves of sunflower plants. Metagenomic sequencing data analysis revealed that the diversity of bacteria and fungi is higher in organic manure than in chemical fertilizers. Each organic manure combination selectively increased population of some specific microbes and supported new microbes. Application of chemical fertilizer hurts many plant beneficial fungi and bacteria. In summary, our study points out the superiority of organic manure combinations in enhancing microbial diversity and supporting beneficial microbes. These findings enhance the profound influence of fertilizer types on sunflower microbial communities, shedding light on the intricate dynamics within the rhizosphere and leaf microbiome. Bacterial genera such as Bacillus, Serratia, Sphingomonas, Pseudomonas, Methylobacterium, Acinetobacter, Stenotrophomonas, and fungal genera such as Wallemia, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, and Penicillium constitute the key microbes of sunflower plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sediments of 90 rivers from five states along the west coast of India were analysed for their chemistry. The major element ratios of sediments suggest lateritic soils in Kerala, lateritic soils admixed with particulates weathered from Fe–Mn ores in Karnataka and Goa and, non-lateritic, chemically weathered soils in Maharashtra and Gujarat. The sediments from the Archean-Proterozoic (A-P) terrain are strongly weathered, while those from Deccan Traps (DT) terrain are intermediate to strongly weathered. The mean total rare earth elements content (∑REE) of sediments from the rivers of Kerala is much higher than in other states. ∑REE shows strong positive correlation with oxides of Fe, Mn and P from A-P terrain and Al, Fe and Ti from DT terrain and, strong positive correlation with heavy metals (Zr, U, Hf and Th) from both terrains. The low Sm/Nd and Y/Ho ratios corresponding to high chemical index of alteration (CIA) and, high ratios corresponding to high and low CIA are typical. The Post-Archean average Australian shale (PAAS)-normalized REE shows LREE- and MREE-enriched patterns in the sediments of Kerala and MREE- and HREE-enriched patterns in other sediments. Distinct positive Ce anomaly occurs in the sediments of Karnataka, Goa and south Maharashtra and, weak positive to weak negative Ce anomaly in the sediments of other states. The Eu anomaly is negative in the silts of south Kerala and positive in all other sediments. The primary sources for REEs are adsorbed REEs onto secondary mineral phases and clay minerals and, heavy minerals. The change in REE patterns is primarily related to the source rock composition. Fractionation of REEs is related to the intensity of chemical weathering, supply of REE and transport processes. The average REE composition of river sediments from peninsular India is more mafic than in UCC and World Rivers Average Clay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background : Understanding biaxial loading response at the microstructural level is crucial in helping better design sheet manufacturing processes and calibrate/validate material deformation models. Objective : The objective of this work was to develop a low-cost testing apparatus to probe, with sufficient spatial resolution, the micro-mechanical response of a sheet material in-situ under biaxial loading conditions. Methods : The testing apparatus fabricated as a part of this study operates in a similar fashion to a standard bulge test and uses oil pressure to generate biaxial loading conditions. This biaxial testing apparatus was operated within a synchrotron beamline to characterize the mechanical response of a flash-processed steel sheet using in-situ high-energy X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements. The GSAS-II package was utilized to develop a workflow for the analysis of the large volume of diffraction data acquired. The workflow was then used to extract the peak position, width, and integrated intensity of the XRD peaks corresponding to the major body-centered cubic phase. Results : The equi-biaxial nature of the loading in the measured area was independently corroborated using experimental (XRD) and simulation (finite element analysis) methods. Furthermore, we discuss the evolution of elastic strain in the major body-centered cubic phase as a function of applied oil pressure and location on the steel sheet. Conclusions : A key advantage of the biaxial apparatus fabricated in this synchrotron study is demonstrated using the results obtained for the flash-processed steel sheet – i.e., mapping the lattice plane-dependent response to biaxial loading for a relatively large sample area in a spatially resolved manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Mandibular continuity defects can cause functional and cosmetic deformities affecting a patient's quality of life. Reconstruction of such defects can be intricate even for the most seasoned maxillofacial surgeons. Reconstruction plates were the standard of care in the past, followed by a secondary reconstruction using autogenous grafts. Materials and methods: Novel technological upgrades like customized computer-designed patient-specific implants (PSIs) have overtaken these stock reconstruction plates to enhance the aesthetics and address the individual clinical situation. Affirmation of the above plate design using biomechanical analysis can further improve the efficacy of PSIs. Discussion: The present case report describes a novel combination of an autogenous graft and a low-cost patient-specific implant with the prosthesis design validated using finite element analysis. The authors have also reviewed the biomechanical evaluation of PSIs design and its uses in treating mandibular continuity defects. Conclusion: Use of FEA helped to inspect the potential weakness and stress distribution through out the implant due to this there was no sign of hardware failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]