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The aim of the work is to develop two functionalized castor oil-based polyglycidyl ethers containing benzene rings by ring-opening etherification and alkylation reaction, respectively: phenoxy castor oil-based polyglycidyl ether (POCOGE) and phenolic castor oil-based polyglycidyl ether (PCOGE). Castor oil-based polyglycidyl ethers were introduced into E-51, which is a common type of bisphenol A epoxy resin. The thermomechanical performances of the polymer blends were evaluated. The addition of the synthetic castor oil-based polyglycidyl ethers showed an enhancement of E-51 in both toughness and flexibility without sacrificing bending strength. The tensile strength reached 81.0 MPa and 86.4 MPa, which were 26.5% and 34.9% higher compared to that of pure E-51. Meanwhile, the impact strength reached 28.1 kJ m−2 and 19.4 kJ m−2, an increase of 147% and 70.3%, respectively, compared with E-51. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) graphics exhibited those cured polymers had ductile fracture. The non-isothermal curing kinetics of different curing systems were analyzed by Málek's method and conformed to the Šesták–Berggren SB(m,n) model. This study aims to address the inadequate stiffness of bio-based epoxy resins and extend the scope of bio-based epoxy resins with versatile functionality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermally cured products (BLmP, m = 3, 33, and 12) of 4,4′-bismaleimidodiphenylmethane (BMIDPM), a thiol-terminated disulfide-containing polyether (LP-m), and pentaerythritol tetrakis(3-mercaptopropionate) (PETMP) were prepared at a maleimide:thiol ratio of 1:1. The influence of the feed monomer ratio, molecular weight, and crosslinking agent content of LP-m on the thermal, mechanical, and self-healing properties was investigated. Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy of the cured products revealed that the thiol-maleimide "click" reaction proceeded almost completely. The glass transition temperature (Tg), tensile strength, and tensile modulus of the cured products decreased with an increase in the fraction and molecular weight of LP-m and a decrease in the crosslinking agent content of LP-m. All the cured products were healed by treatment at 125 °C/5 MPa for 3 h. The tensile strength healing efficiency increased with an increase in the fraction and molecular weight of LP-m and a decrease in the crosslinking agent content of LP-m. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phthalonitirile-oxazol-5-ones (Pht-Ox), were synthesized with 4-(4-formylphenoxy) phthalonitrile and benzoylglycine derivatives. The original compounds prepared in the reaction pathway were characterized by the combination of FT-IR, 1 H and 13 C NMR, UV–vis and MS spectral data. achieved. To obtain the photophysical data of the synthesized Pht-Ox derivatives were used spectrophotometric and spectrofluorimetric methods. Evaluation of the absorption and emission properties of the structures was carried out in three different solvents. Maximum absorption and emission wavelengths (λ; nm), molar extinction coefficients (ε; cm− 1 M− 1) and Stoke's shifts (ΔλST; nm) of Pht-Ox derivatives were declared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soybean is one of the most important crops worldwide, providing vegetable oil that is usually used in domestic and industrial food preparations. However, due to its high unsaturated fatty acid content, it is subjected to significant thermal oxidation and degradation. For this, the present study aims to improve the thermo-stability (170 °C for 10 h/day for 5 days) of refined soybean oil by enrichment with carotenoids of chili by-product as natural antioxidants at different concentrations (0.05, 0.2, and 0.5 ppm) in comparison to soybean oil supplemented with β-carotene at similar concentrations (positive control) and oil without any addition (negative control). The quality assessment of soybean oil, physicochemical parameters, and oxidation degree were assessed before and after heat treatment. The effect on the fatty acids profile was also carried out by gas chromatography coupled with flame ionization detector (GC-FID). According to the results registered during different steps of heat treatment, it was revealed that the enrichment of soybean oil with carotenoids enhanced the quality characteristics and reduced the oxidation incidence. More interestingly, the supplementation of refined soybean oil with 0.5 ppm of carotenoids was significantly able to reduce oxidation, giving soybean oil the best thermo-stability improvement. In addition, the carotenoids allowed more protection of fatty acids, particularly linoleic and linolenic acids, after heat treatment. The carotenoids from chili by-product represent a good source of natural bioactive compounds that could be used to enhance the thermal stability of refined soybean oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding thermal degradation mechanism is significant for designing and preparing phthalonitrile with ultra-high heat resistance. Here, the phthalonitrile modified by Si–B–C–N precursor with excellent heat resistance was prepared and its thermal degradation behavior and mechanism was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) combined with three degradation models of Friedman, Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose and Flynn–Wall–Ozawa methods. The results show that phthalonitrile/Si–B–C–N precursor blend resin with 16.7 mass% Si–B–C–N precursor has high breaking temperature ranges of aromatic ether bonds and the bonds between benzene and triazine from 450 to 550 °C and from 450 to 600 °C, respectively. Such good thermal resistance for phthalonitrile/Si–B–C–N precursor blend was attributed to the formation of active heat-resistant phases of phthalonitrile resins, binary continuous phases containing both phthalonitrile resin and Si–B–C–N precursors, and continuous inorganic phase derived from Si–B–C–N precursor. Furthermore, under N2 atmosphere, the degradation processes of phthalonitrile/Si–B–C–N precursor blends could be evaluated by the three methods of Friedman method, Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose method and Flynn–Wall–Ozawa method, while under the air atmosphere, that could be better evaluated by the Friedman method. This work provides some insights for designing and preparing high heat resistance phthalonitrile resin serving at high-temperature (from 500 to 900 °C) environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acetylene terminated polymers are gaining interest due to the need for easily processable thermally stable networks. The Metal Organic Frameworks (MOFs)—aluminum fumarate (Al_FA_A) and copper fumarate (Cu_FA_A) MOFs were synthesized and blended with bispropargyl ether (bis (4-propargyloxyphenyl) sulfone—SPE). The (SPE + 1% MOFs) blends were characterized and thermally polymerized to give P(SPE + MOFs). The synthesized materials were characterized using FTIR, DSC, TG and TG-FTIR. The addition of both MOFs decreased the enthalpy of fusion and enthalpy of curing by 60%. The addition of copper MOF to SPE drastically reduced the temperature at which the thermal curing was maximum (300 °C to 252 °C). The 2-H chromenes were formed from bispropargyl ethers by Claisen-type sigmatropic rearrangement. Compared to pure SPE, the polymers resulting from hybrid systems show a slower thermal degradation rate. The sulfone as a swivel group in SPE and the involvement of fumarate π-bonds of MOFs during polymerization make the material more versatile. The investigation concluded that these novel inorganic–organic hybrid blends may be a good start for low-temperature curable sufficiently thermally stable matrix resin systems having a wide scope of applicability in the field of filler-reinforced composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been a broad demand for materials with high thermal stability and low dielectric constant in the field of microelectronic devices and communication technology. In this paper, a novel fluorinated poly(aryl ether) (FPAE) was prepared by SN2 nucleophilic polycondensation. FPAE was demonstrated to possess a favorable dielectric constant of 2.68 at 1 MHz and its dielectric relaxation behavior at various temperatures and frequencies was analyzed. The resin performed excellent thermal stability and heat resistance, with a 5% mass loss temperature of 514 °C and a glass transition temperature of 260 °C. FPAE exhibits high solubility in N, N-dimethyl-formamide, acetone, ethyl acetate and other solvents. Excellent solubility gives FPAE good film formation and processability. The tensile strength and tensile modulus of FPAE were 67.0 MPa and 2.1 GPa, displaying decent mechanical properties. Attributed to the characteristics of the fluorine atoms, FPAE demonstrated a certain hydrophobicity with a water contact angle of 97.9°, as well as satisfactory water absorption (0.17%) and a low surface energy of 21.71 J/mm2. These data indicate that FPAE is expected to be used as low-dielectric material in microelectronics and communication technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, Schiff base substituted phthalocyanine complexes (Zn1c, Zn2c) and their quaternized derivatives (Q-Zn1c, Q-Zn2c) were synthesized for the first time. Their structures have been characterized by FT-IR, 1H-NMR, UV–Vis, mass spectrometry and elemental analysis as well as. The photophysicochemical properties (fluorescence, singlet oxygen and photodegradation quantum yield) of these novel complexes were investigated in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) for both non-ionic and quaternized cationic phthalocyanine complexes and in aqueous solution for quaternized cationic phthalocyanine complexes. Water soluble cationic phthalocyanine compounds gave good singlet oxygen quantum yield (0.65 for Q-Zn1c, 0.66 for Q-Zn2c in DMSO; 0.65 for Q-Zn2c in aqueous solution). The binding of Q-Zn1c and Q-Zn2c to BSA/DNA was studied by using UV–Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy and these. Studies indicate that the mechanism of BSA quenching by quaternized zinc(II) phthalocyanines was static quenching. Quaternized zinc(II) phthalocyanines interacted with ct-DNA by intercalation. Quaternized zinc(II) phthalocyanines caused a decrease in cell viability and triggered apoptotic cell death after PDT was applied at a concentration that did not have a toxic effect on their own. Q-Zn1c and Q-Zn2c mediated PDT reduced the activity of SOD, CAT, GSH while increased MDA level in the prostate cancer cells. Furthermore, expression of apoptotic proteins after PDT was examined. The results revealed that the synthesized water soluble quaternized zinc(II) phthalocyanine complexes (Q-Zn1c and Q-Zn2c) are promising potential photosensitizers for PDT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metallo-phthalocyanines (MPc) are common photosensitizers with ideal photophysical and photochemical properties. Also, these molecules have shown to interact with non-canonical nucleic acid structures, such as G-quadruplexes, and modulate oncogenic expression in cancer cells. Herein, we report the synthesis and characterisation of two metallo-phthalocyanines containing either zinc (ZnPc) or nickel (NiPc) in the central aromatic core and four alkyl ammonium lateral chains. The interaction of both molecules with G-quadruplex DNA was assessed by UV–Vis, fluorescence and FRET melting experiments. Both molecules bind strongly to G-quadruplexes and stabilise these structures, being NiPc the most notable G-quadruplex stabiliser. In addition, the photosensitizing ability of both metal complexes was explored by the evaluation of the singlet oxygen generation and their photoactivation in cells. Only ZnPc showed a high singlet oxygen generation either by direct observation or by indirect evaluation using a DPBF dye. The cellular evaluation showed mainly cytoplasmic localization of ZnPc and a decrease of the IC50 values of the cell viability of ZnPc upon light activation of two orders of magnitude. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

4-[4-Bromo-2-(2-phenyldiazenyl)phenoxy]phthalonitrile was obtained by the reaction of 4-nitrophthalonitrile and sodium 4-bromo-2-(2-phenyldiazenyl)phenolate. Magnesium and zinc phthalocyaninates were synthesized by the template condensation of the corresponding metals with phthalonitrile. The luminescence properties and photosensitization of singlet oxygen for the synthesized complexes were studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Substituted phthalonitriles containing a 2-cyclohexylphenol fragment and nitro- or 1-benzotriazolyl groups, and also phthalonitrile containing two 2-cyclohexylphenoxy groups, were synthesized using 4-bromo-5-nitro- and 4,5-dichlorophthalonitriles. Tetramerization of these precursors with zinc acetate hexahydrate resulted in the corresponding octasubstituted zinc phthalocyanines. Their spectral properties were studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the synthesis of 4-{4-[tris(4-octyloxyphenyl)methyl]phenoxy}phthalonitrile, a method was proposed which involves O-alkylation of phenol with 1-bromooctane, alkylation of octyloxybenzene with carbon tetrachloride, alkylation of phenol with tris(4-octyloxyphenyl)methanol, and nucleophilic substitution of the nitro group in 4-nitrophthalonitrile for the residue of tris-(4-octyloxyphenyl)-4-hydroxyphenylmethane. By the reactions of the resulting phthalonitrile with copper(II), nickel(II), and cobalt(II) acetates in the presence of urea, corresponding metal phthalocyanines were obtained. The spectral properties of the resulting compounds were studied. These phthalocyanines are not associated in chloroform at concentrations up to ~ 4×10–5 M. They do not show mesomorphic properties, but the copper and nickel complexes pass into vitrified state upon cooling after heating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present embodiment is an account of work done on impregnation of thermoplastic polyether imide (PEI) [ULTEM 1000] into high-temperature biphenyl-based phthalonitrile (PN) thermosetting resin to form a semi-interpenetrating network (s-IPN) in order to find an optimum composition with little compromise on glass transition temperature (Tg) and thermal stability of base resin system. The PEI has been cured with PN resin in varied ratios of 5–30 mass% in arithmetic progression to study its effect on thermal and physical properties. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and thermos-gravimetric (TG) measurements of the s-IPN compositions were carried out to assess the extent of curing, curing enthalpy, glass transition (Tg), thermal stability and char yield, respectively. The dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), measurements were done to ascertain the effect of PEI component in PN system on its storage modulus, Tg under dynamic load with respect to temperature. PN95 composition having PN/PEI ratio in 95:05 stoichiometry has demonstrated the best desirable properties with respect to PEI content with least compromise in Tg temperature. More than 5 mass% PEI has resulted in drastic change in Tg of s-IPN from > 673 K to 525 K in case of 10 mass% PEI as evaluated by DMA. The morphological analysis of 30% PEI-containing s-IPN showed interesting cross-linked patterns probably formed by the fibrillar orientation of the thermoplastic resin in the PN matrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stigmasterol in free and esterified form is incorporated in LDL cholesterol-lowering food products, intended for direct consumption and cooking, baking, and frying. Under thermal treatment, stigmasterol compounds may constitute a source of thermo-oxidative degradation products and oxyderivatives with potentially adverse health effects. This study aimed to analyze the anti-proliferative potential and genotoxicity of thermo-oxidatively treated stigmasterol (ST), stigmasteryl linoleate (ST-LA), and oleate (ST-OA). The effects on cell viability and proliferation, cell cycle progression, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and DNA damage were analyzed in normal human intestinal cells. The mutagenic potential was assessed in a bacterial reverse mutation test using Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium strains involving metabolic activation. Stigmasteryl esters showed a significantly lower potential to affect intestinal cell viability and proliferation than non-esterified ST, regardless of heating. Thermo-oxidatively treated ST suppressed intestinal cell proliferation by arresting the cell cycle in the G2/M phase and DNA synthesis inhibition. The enhanced intracellular ROS generation and caspase 3/7 activity suggest targeting intestinal cells to the apoptosis pathway. Also, heated ST-LA intensified ROS production and elicited pro-apoptotic effects. Thermo-oxidative derivatives of ST and ST-LA may evoke harmful gastrointestinal effects due to their high oxidative reactivity towards intestinal cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, bionanocomposite films based on poly(lactide) (PLA) plasticised with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) (7.5 wt%) and reinforced with various contents of nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) (1, 3, 5 wt%) were prepared. The hydrothermal degradation was investigated through immersion in several aqueous environments at temperatures of 8, 23, 58, and 70 °C as a function of time (7, 15, 30, 60, 90 days). The effect of water immersion on the physicochemical properties of the materials was assessed by monitoring the changes in the morphology, thermo-oxidative stability, thermal properties, and molar mass through field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The hydrothermal degradation behaviour was not critically affected regardless of the nanofibrillated cellulose content. All the materials revealed certain integrity towards water immersion and hydrolysis effects at low temperatures (8 and 23 °C). The low hydrothermal degradation may be an advantage for using these PLA biocomposites in contact with water at ambient temperatures and limited exposure times. On the other hand, immersion in water at higher temperatures above the glass transition (58 and 70 °C), leads to a drastic deterioration of the properties of these PLA-based materials, in particular to the reduction of the molar mass and the disintegration into small pieces. This hydrothermal degradation behaviour can be considered a feasible option for the waste management of PLA/PEG/NFC bionanocomposites by deposition in hot aqueous environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two low melting point phthalonitrile monomers (EPN and EEPN) containing flexible glycidyl groups were synthesized using hydroxyl-containing phthalonitrile and epichlorohydrin as raw materials. The structures of the synthesized monomers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR and 13C-NMR) spectra and elemental analysis. Then each of them was blended with 4-(4-aminophenoxy)-phthalonitrile (APPN) and cured to obtain two kinds of amine-catalytic phthalonitrile-based crosslinked polymers. DSC results showed that two blending systems underwent a two-stage polymerization process with the increase of curing temperature. Rheological measurements exhibited that the introduction of glycidyl groups to phthalonitrile resin could greatly improve its processability. Moreover, after thermal cured at 300 ℃, the resulting phthalonitrile resins exhibited excellent mechanical performance, thermal and thermo-oxidative stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the nitrile method of heating 4,5-di(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)phthalonitrile with magnesium and zinc acetates, and also aluminum and erbium chloride, at 200–240°C, metal complexes of the corresponding substituted phthalocyanines with magnesium, zinc, aluminum, and erbium, were synthesized. The ability of the obtained metal-phthalocyanines to dissolve in concentrated sulfuric acid, dimethylformamide, and chloroform was studied. The effect of the complexing metal on the position of the Q-band of the synthesized compounds was found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel boron-containing monomer, (4-(3,4-dicyanophenoxy)phenyl)boronic acid (BPhPN) was synthesized and used to promote the curing process of phthalonitrile monomer 1,3-bis(3,4-dicyanophenoxy)benzene (MPN). Differential scanning calorimetry and rheological analysis were used to study the curing behaviors of BPhPN/MPN (namely B-MPN), and results suggested that B-MPN systems have better processibility. FTIR spectra and solid-state 13C-NMR exhibited triazine and isoindoline have been formed in the curing process. Boron-containing Lewis acid curing mechanism was preliminarily speculated and verified by two model compounds with different boron chemical environments. The thermogravimetric analysis and dynamic mechanical analysis demonstrated that the cured B-MPN polymers showed excellent thermal stability and heat resistance, which were comparable with conventional catalytic systems for phthalonitrile resins. This study not only presented a novel curing system for phthalonitrile resins, but also shed light on future design of high temperature thermosets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A strategy for toughening phthalonitrile-based resin containing benzoxazine (BA-Ph) with poly (aryl ether nitrile) (PP-PEN) was proposed. Through kinetic analysis, the underlying influence mechanism of PP-PEN with different molecular weight on the polymerization process and cross-linking structure of BA-Ph was explored. In addition, the glass fiber reinforced composite laminates (BA-Ph/PP-PEN/GF) were fabricated by hot pressing. The effect of the molecular weight of PP-PEN on the mechanical and thermal properties of BA-Ph/PP-PEN/GF was verified. The results indicated that the impact strength of the modified composite laminates increased from 77 kJ/m2 to 106 kJ/m2. The bending strength and modulus improved from 484 to 516 MPa and 21 GPa to 25 GPa, respectively. Besides, all the thermal performances of the modified composite laminates had fairly good thermal stability (358 ~ 382 °C). It is believed that the as-prepared phthalonitrile-based composite material with high temperature resistance and toughness is expected to expand the application of high-performance resin based composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gadolinium and erbium complexes were obtained on the basis of 4-[4-(4-methylphenylazo)phenoxy]phthalonitrile, and the effect of the complex-forming metal on the spectral properties of the resulting compounds was studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low temperature curable propargyl novolac resin containing phthalonitrile moieties was realized through click chemistry approach. Towards this, propargylated novolac phthalonitrile and azide novolac functionalized resins were coupled through click reaction leading to triazole linked networks. The Cu2I2 catalyzed reaction was initiated at 80 °C and the click coupled products showed excellent thermal stability up to 400 °C. The kinetics of click reaction was monitored using FT-IR spectroscopy and click coupling has been assumed to be second order with activation energy of 50 kJ mol−1. The possibility of formation of coupled products were theoretically evaluated using Density Functional Theory (DFT/B3LYP) method with 6-311G (d,p) basis set. Activation energy for the triazole ring formation was found to be 67 kJ mol−1 which was closely matching with kinetic studies. The click cured samples found to form firm coating on glass substrates capable of withstanding elevated temperature without property deterioration unlike the generally used epoxies and silicones. The attempts through click-coupling may ease the sluggish curing restrictions of phthalonitriles that limits its potential applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this current study, the novel bis[4,5-(pyrene-2-yl)-3,6-(hexyloxy)] phthalonitrile (SPN) fluorophore has been successfully synthesized. Structural characterization of this novel compound was performed by different spectroscopic methods such as FT-IR, MALDI-TOF, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and elemental analyses as well. In addition, the photophysical properties were determined using UV–vis absorption, steady-state fluorescence, time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopic methods and quantum chemical calculations. The metal sensing behavior of the SPN was determined in the presence of various metals (Li+, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Ba2+, Mn2+, Fe3+, Cr3+, Co2+, Ni2+, Ag+, Cd2+, Al3+, Hg+ and Zn2+) using fluorescence spectroscopy. The novel pyrene based phthalonitrile (SPN) showed high sensitivity and selectivity towards Fe3+ ion over other examined metal ions. In order to perform the determination of Fe3+ ion in environmental samples, experimental conditions such as selectivity, stability, precision, sensitivity, accuracy and recovery were optimized. Also, the complex stoichiometry of the novel pyrene based phthalonitrile (SPN) and Fe3+ ions was determined by a Job's plot. The compound was also studied via density functional theory calculations revealing the interaction mechanism of the molecule with Fe3+ ions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrogen-doped porous graphene/adenine-containing phthalonitrile (graphene/ADCN) carbon composites with excellent mechanical properties and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding performance were prepared by the high-energy ball milling molding-sintering method. The structure, morphology, electrical conductivity, dielectric properties, EMI shielding performance, and mechanical properties were characterized. The results show that the introduction of the dipole effect can confer improved electrical conductivity and EMI shielding properties to graphene/ADCN carbon composites. The porous structure increases the multiple reflections and improves the EMI performance. As a mechanical reinforcement phase, graphene was introduced to maintain the porous structure and improve the mechanical properties. The EMI performance of graphene/ADCN carbon composites reached 47dB (7.5wt.% graphene) with only 0.94 mm thickness. Meanwhile, the maximum bending stress reached 292 MPa, and the maximum compressive stress reached 143 MPa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the cure behavior and decomposition kinetics of epoxy resins incorporated with hydroxyl functionalized poly (ether ether ketone)s (PEEKTOH) and propargyl telechelic poly(ether ether ketone)s (PEEKPR). PEEKTOH and PEEKPR were blended with diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) resin. The unmodified DGEBA without any PEEK modifier was also processed and evaluated for comparison. 4, 4′diamino diphenylsulfone was used as the curing agent for the blends. Non-isothermal cure kinetics was derived by differential scanning calorimetry, and the kinetic parameters including activation energy, pre-exponential factor and rate constant were determined. The cure initiation temperature was significantly influenced by the composition of the blend. Neat epoxy system without any modifier showed a cure initiation temperature in the range of 130–150 °C for different heating rates studied. PEEKTOH and PEEKPR modified epoxies exhibited cure initiation in the range of 118 to 145 °C and 121–149 °C, respectively, for different heating rates. Activation energies, Ea, at various extents of curing conversion were derived by Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose (KAS) method. The highest average activation energy range was exhibited by EP-Neat in the range of 77–80 kJ mol−1, whereas the EP-PEEKTOH showed Ea in the range of 66–70 kJ mol−1. Cured systems were subjected to thermal decomposition by thermogravimetric analysis. The activation energy for different extents of decomposition was studied by KAS method. The PEEKPR blended epoxy exhibited the highest values of activation energy for the entire range of decomposition, whereas the PEEKTOH system exhibited the lowest values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phthalonitrile (PN) resins are high-temperature-resistant thermosetting polymers which find applications in military as well as aerospace owing to their outstanding performance. At present, most of the PN resins are melt-processed and cured at high temperature via resin transfer moulding owing to their poor solubility in common organic solvents. In the present, embodiment efforts have been made to change the PN resin backbone with adamantane as potential functionality. Mono- and novel bis-adamantylated resorcinols 1a and 1b have been synthesized via Amberlyst-15 solid acid resin-catalysed Friedel–Crafts alkylation reaction, as precursor material for the synthesis of novel phthalonitrile (PN) resin monomers 2a and 2b, respectively. The study includes structural and thermal characterization of resin monomers 2a and 2b along with their solubility in common organic solvents. These resins when cured to their thermosets have demonstrated thermal stability ~ 723 K (5% mass loss) with no glass transition temperature (Tg) up to 673 K. The resin monomers show very good solubility in industry-friendly organic solvents like acetone, ethyl acetate, methyl ethyl ketone and methyl isobutyl ketone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A one-pot synthesis of 2-(3-iminoisoindol-1-ylidene)-2-arylacetonitriles in yields of up to 95% by the cascade condensation of phthalonitrile with arylacetonitriles in a superbasic NaOH/DMSO medium was proposed. A method for the synthesis of (E)-2-(3-oxoisoindol-1-ylidene)-2-arylacetonitriles by the hydrolysis of 2-(3-iminoisoindol-1-ylidene)-2-arylacetonitriles in acetic acid was developed. The obtained (E)-2-(3-iminoisoindol-1-ylidene)-2-arylacetonitriles were shown to be active inhibitors of human monoamine oxidase [IC50(MAO-A) for (E)-2-(3-iminoisoindol-1-ylidene)-2-(4-methylphenyl)acetonitrile 3.26 µM]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis of peripherally and non-peripherally substituted erbium phthalocyanines with cyclohexylphenoxyl or phenylphenoxyl fragments by the template condensation of substituted phthalonitrile and erbium chloride in boiling isoamyl alcohol was studied. The role of the influence of the substituents in the macrocycle on the yield of the product was revealed. The change in the spectra of the synthesized compounds in various solvents was studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To expand the processing window of phthalonitrile resins, a novel self-catalyzed amino-epoxy 4-aminophenoxy phthalonitrile-resorcinol diglycidyl ether phthalonitrile (APRE-PN) resin was prepared via a two-step method of reacting amino and epoxy groups at a low temperature and then reacting nitrile with nitrile groups at a high temperature. The amine-epoxy, epoxy-nitrile, and nitrile-nitrile reactions were confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry, and the probable polymerization mechanism was elucidated. The significant decrease in the melting point of the proposed APRE-PN prepolymers dramatically expands the processing window (173 °C) for an entire class of phthalonitrile matrices. The APRE-PN resin exhibits excellent thermal stability and dynamic mechanical properties owing to the presence of triazine, phthalocyanine, and oxazoline structures. The improved preparation method provides a new path for the preparation of phthalonitrile resins with large processing windows and new opportunities for the use of this type of thermosetting matrix in manufacturing various composite materials and prepregs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new kind of bisphenol A-type epoxy resin (E51) system cured at room temperature was prepared using ether bond- and fluorine-containing aromatic diamine, including 4,4′-(Hexafluoroisopropylidene)bis(p-phenyleneoxy)dianiline (HFBAPP) and 2,2-Bis[4-(4-aminophenoxy)phenyl]propane (BAPP), and acrylic acid (HAA) as hardeners. The curing behavior of epoxy resin was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy. The thermal properties, dynamic thermomechanical properties, tensile properties, and dielectric properties of the cured epoxy resin at room temperature were evaluated with thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), universal tensile testing machine, and vector network analyzer, respectively. The surface morphology of the tensile fracture specimen was observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed that the curing reaction for this kind of epoxy resin system can be conducted at room temperature without external heating. Compared to BAPP and 4,4′-Diaminodiphenyl methane (DDM), the cured E51/HFBAPP + HAA system demonstrated the best comprehensive properties, such as high thermal stability, high glass transition temperature and storage modulus, high tensile strength and modulus, and low dielectric constant and dielectric loss values at 2–18.3 GHz, which are mainly attributed to the introduction of flexible ether bonds and CF3 groups into crosslinked epoxy network. SEM testing confirmed that E51/HFBAPP + HAA and E51/BAPP + HAA systems displayed good toughness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On a global scale, methanol is one of the most important feedstocks and is used widely as solvent and co-solvent. However, due to the polar nature and associated ability to conduct current, the small molecule can take part in galvanic corrosion of metal storage tanks and degrade the barrier properties of protective coatings. In the present work, we investigated the degradation of two novolac epoxy coatings and a polyurethane (PU) coating exposed to methanol with the aim of quantifying the various degradation paths. Absorption and desorption rates were measured and the thermomechanical properties followed by dynamic mechanical analysis. For evaluation of the coating barrier properties (i.e., breakthrough time and steady state permeation rates of methanol), permeation cells were applied. During methanol absorption, simultaneous leaching of certain coating ingredients and bonding of methanol to the binder matrix via hydrogen bonds was evidenced. In terms of classification, the bonding of methanol took place by two types of mechanisms. In Type I, the methanol molecule forms a single hydrogen bond to the coating network, thereby acting as a plasticizer, which decreases the coating storage modulus and glass transition temperature. For Type II bonding of methanol, on the other hand, two hydrogen bonds to the coating network form per molecule, resulting in so-called physical crosslinking. The Type I mechanism boosted segmental mobility and contributed to the leaching of the plasticizer benzyl alcohol from the novolac epoxy coatings and residual solvents (i.e., naphtha and xylene) from the PU coating. Following the methanol desorption, and attributed to an increased effective crosslinking density from Type II bound methanol, the novolac epoxy and PU coatings exhibited significant increases in the glass transition temperatures. In addition, for the three coatings, a gradual decline in the permeability rate of methanol was observed over time. These enhanced (and unexpected) barrier properties result from a combination of effects ascribed to Type II bound methanol and the leaching process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Influence of acrylonitrile content and ceramic type on cure characteristics, mechanical, morphological, and dielectric properties of acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) vulcanizates was examined. Two types of ceramic filler, namely barium titanate (BT) and calcium copper titanate (CCTO), were synthesized by solid-state reactions. The ceramic powders were then characterized by X-ray diffraction, particle size analyzer, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Ceramic/rubber composites were then mixed in an internal mixer at 60 °C and a rotor speed of 60 rpm. Two acrylonitrile contents of NBR, namely 33 wt% and 42 wt%, were tested. Incorporation of ceramic fillers in NBR matrix and increasing acrylonitrile content shortened scorch and cure times, but increased minimum, maximum, and delta torque. Furthermore, SEM results revealed that the BT-filled NBR composites showed better filler–matrix interactions than the CCTO-filled NBR composites. This matches the better mechanical and dielectric properties of the BT-filled NBR composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the expanding application of capacitors, thermal resistant dielectric materials are in high demand due to the increasing harsh environments where the capacitors are needed and the heat generated by the capacitors. Herein, we present polyarylene ether nitrile and titanium dioxide hybrids which can be used as thermal resistant dielectrics for these capacitors. Phthalonitrile modified titanium dioxide (TiO2-CN) and phthalonitrile end-capped polyarylene ether nitrile (PEN-Ph) are firstly prepared. After being cast into TiO2-CN/PEN nanocomposite films, these composites self-crosslink upon heating at 320 °C for 4 h, forming the polyarylene ether nitrile and titanium dioxide hybrids (TiO2-PEN). Improved dielectric constants which are stable from room temperature to 200 °C of these hybrids are observed, indicating the potential application of the hybrids as thermal resistant dielectrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the abatement of benzene in a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor was studied. The efficiency was investigated in terms of benzene conversion and product formation. The composition of gas-liquid-solid three-phase product produced during degradation was observed by GC-MS. Under the optimal SED, the solid-phase product was analyzed by FT-IR, SEM, and EDS. The results suggested that the product were mainly benzonitriles, benzenedicarbonitrile, phenols, esters, and amides. The wt% of C in product decreased as SED increased, demonstrating that the high discharge voltage facilitated the conversion of VOCs to gaseous intermediate product and CO2. Possible degradation mechanism and pathways of benzene destruction in the DBD reactor were proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyarylene ether nitrile (PEN) random copolymers were prepared from 6AF, BHPF, and 2, 6-dichlorobenzonitrile according to the nucleophilic aromatic substitution polymerization. The chemical structure of PEN random copolymers was characterized by the FT-IR and 1H-NMR spectrum, respectively. The thermal properties of the PEN random copolymers were investigated by using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The resulting PEN copolymers have excellent thermal stability with high glass transition temperature (Tg) ranging from 187℃ to 271℃ and the 5% weight loss temperature (T5%) of PEN copolymers greater than 490℃ in nitrogen atmospheres. Meanwhile, the PEN films have excellent mechanical property, the tensile strength ranges from 55 to 95 MPa. Moreover, the dielectric properties of the PEN random copolymers were investigated by dielectric tests. The dielectric constants (k) and loss tangent (tan δ) of PEN (PEN-6-AF/BHPF100) film is only 2.3 and 0.03 at 1 kHz, respectively. More importantly, the dielectric properties were found to be relatively stable until the Tg, which can be attributed to the existence of BHPF units in the molecular backbone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new monomer containing thermosetting groups of two types, namely, propargyl ether and phthalonitrile, in the structure of the molecule was synthesized and studied. It was found that thermal polymerization was accompanied by the degradation of the monomer with propargyl ether decomposition. This problem can be solved using catalysts based on Cu(i) favoring the polymerization at both the propargyl group and phthalonitrile fragments. The cured monomer has a non-porous structure and high thermal properties (Vicat softening temperature 395 °C, T5% 451 °C). The low viscosity of the melt (<200 mPa s at 120 °C) and low glass-transition temperature (9 °C) of the monomer make it possible to use it for the formation of composite materials by vacuum infusion or injection into a mold. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nucleophilic substitution of bromine in 4-bromophthalonitrile gave anthraquinone-substituted nitriles, sodium 2-{[4-(3,4-dicyanophenoxy)-9,10-dioxo-9,10-dihydroanthracen-1-yl]amino}-5-methylbenzenesulfonate and 4-[(2-hydroxy-9,10-dioxo-9,10-dihydroanthracen-1-yl)oxy]phthalonitrile, which were used to obtain the corresponding cobalt phthalocyanines by the nitrile method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To functionalize the surfaces of graphene oxide (GO) and improve its interfacial compatibility to polymers, the nanosheets of nickel phyllosilicate (Ni-PS) self-assembly decorated on GO (GO@Ni-PS) were first synthesized via the combination of one-step solgel and gentle hydrothermal approaches. Then, the as-synthesized GO@Ni-PS was incorporated into epoxy resin (EP) as filler to yield high-performance composites. By structural, morphological and thermal characterizations, we found the GO@Ni-PS has been successfully synthesized and could disperse homogeneously in the EP matrix. The added GO@Ni-PS depicts the positive influences on the thermal stabilities, tribological properties as well as the flame retardancy in high heat flux. Also, the excellent accelerating influence of GO@Ni-PS on the curing behavior of EP was presented and the kinetic analysis quantitatively demonstrated the gradually decreased activation energy of curing along with increased GO@Ni-PS content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of 1,1,9-trihydroperfluorononanol-1 immobilized on montmorillonite nanoclay on the nature of structural transformations and the properties of polycaproamide composites was studied. Using the methods of electron, atomic force microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry, we established the features of changing the diameter and height of spherulites in non-oriented films of this heterochain polymer, as well as the reorganization of its polymorphic composition due to the introduction of a fluorine-containing modifier. The stabilizing effect of the additive used on the mechanical properties and thermo-oxidative stability is shown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Firstly, poly[4-(4-vinylbenzyl)oxy)phthalonitrile]-co-styrene, [poly(VBOP-co-St], which is used as a linear copolymer precursor containing phthalonitrile pendant group was prepared from copolymerization of VBOP and St by atom transfer radical polymerization method at 110 °C. Then, complex synthesis of cobalt phthalocyanine in the single-chain polymer (SCP-CoPc complex) via the intramolecular macrocyclization reaction of cobalt and phthalonitrile group in poly(VBOP-co-St) was carried out at 150 °C in the presence of excess cyclohexanol. Both linear copolymer precursor and formation of cobalt phthalocyanine within a single-chain polymer were confirmed by FT-IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and UV/Vis spectroscopy techniques. Particularly, the formation of SCP-CoPc complex was characterized by almost disappearance of –C≡N band at 2230 cm−1 of the FT-IR and appearance of Q band around 672 nm and the B band in the near UV region at 350 nm of UV/Vis spectroscopy. The pure poly(VBOP-co-St), SCP-CoPc complex and the residue SCP-CoPc complex heated to 500 °C were characterized by SEM images, and the element analyses were estimated from X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (X-ray EDS). The EDS elemental analysis results of the residual of SCP-CoPc complex degraded to 500 °C showed that CoO [cobalt(II)oxide] compound occurred. The thermal properties of poly(VBOP-co-St) and SCP-CoPc complex were investigated through thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimeter. The conducting nanographene-based SCP-CoPc composites were prepared. DC and AC electrical conductivity and dielectric properties were investigated. The ac dielectric measurements of poly(VBOP-co-St), SCP-CoPc complex and composites were investigated at room temperature between 100 and 20 kHz depending on the alternating current conductivities. Also, the activation energy profile of SCP-CoPc/4% (by wt) nanographene composite was revealed by measuring the DC conductivity of individual composite material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PEDOT, or poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), is among the most successful conducting polymer products because of its stable conductivity, colloidal processability, and rich assembly behavior. Since the very first patents on PEDOT filed in 1988, the material has been widely explored for decades in many applications. In this review, a comprehensive summary on the synthesis, processing and post-treatment of PEDOT will be presented for the sake of the discussion on PEDOT and its nanocomposites for energy storage. Knowing what PEDOT lends itself to the electrode materials is of importance to the rational design of energy storage devices that maximize the real-world performance. Based on these discussions, a roadmap for the development of PEDOT as promising multifunctional electrode component is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, gold–palladium nanoparticles (Au–PdNPs) stabilized by poly(amic acid) salt (PAAS) were prepared by a one-pot method and then characterized by transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometer (UV–Vis) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscope (XPS). The Au–PdNPs which possess bimetallic structures were assessed as an efficient quasi-homogenous catalyst for the oxidation of amines in aqueous phase to prepare imines. Outstanding activity was displayed and a maximum conversion of almost 100% was reached for the oxidative condensation of benzylamine. Synergistic effect between Au and Pd atoms was proved by the catalytic results. The catalyst demonstrated a remarkable stability as it could be recycled for 5 times by taking advantage of pH-sensitivity of PAAS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In present work, a new substituted phthalonitrile derivative was prepared by the nucleophilic displacement reaction and then highly soluble zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) with four peripheral 1-hydroxyhexan-3-ylthio groups was synthesized by cyclotetramerization and characterized by FTIR, 1H and 13C NMRs spectroscopies, fluorescence and UV–vis measurements. The optical property and quantum yield of ZnPc were elucidated in mixed solvent of ethanol/water with varying compositions. The pH-dependent fluorescence and absorbance spectra of ZnPc in the absence and presence of Ag+ ions were obtained to elucidate the optimum pH value that is convenient for stable complex formation in predetermined mixture. A comparative study for recognition of Ag+ ion has been carried out to evaluate the effect of the solution parameters on selective sensing ability of ZnPc as a fluorescent receptor. Interference effect was investigated by spectrofluorometric titration based on fluorescence quenching of ZnPc upon addition of Ag+ ion in the presence of foreign metal ions. Stepwise complexation/decomplexation cycles with Na2S-titration by fluorescence quenching/enhancement were investigated to establish the reversible response rate and reusability of ZnPc toward Ag+ ions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here, the supramolecular interaction between nucleobase adenine and graphene was strengthened by a novel chemical molecular designing strategy. Based on this approach, the adenine-bridged aromatic phthalonitrile (AAPN) was prepared as stabilizer toward liquid-phase exfoliation for non-covalent functionalized graphene (AAPN-G). A series of experiments were carried out to verify the strong supramolecular interaction between AAPN and graphene. The feasibility of multifunctional application of the AAPN was briefly demonstrated. This work constitutes a feasible strategy in the preparation and functionalization of graphene that could be extended to some other (bio)molecules toward realization of designing multifunctional materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vanillin was used as sustainable source for phthalonitrile monomer synthesis, and allyl/propargyl ether moieties were introduced to improve the processability at the minimal cost of thermal properties. The synthesis route was optimized to minimize side-reactions and simplify post-processing, and the monomers were obtained in high purity and good yields. The curing behavior, mechanism, and processability of the monomers were studied, and the thermal properties of cured polymers were evaluated. Of the two monomers, the allyl ether-containing one exhibited a wide processing window of 185 °C, and was mainly cured into phthalocyanine and linear aliphatic structures through self-catalytic curing process. Also, the glass transition temperature was higher than 500 °C. In contrast, the propargyl ether-containing monomer could only be partially cured, and heat resistance was found to be compromised. Compared with traditional petroleum-based phthalonitrile resins, the bio-based monomers could be cured without the addition of catalysts, and improvement in processability was achieved at no cost of thermal performances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this investigation, the fabrication of thermal conductive epoxy composite with the assimilation of synthesized expanded graphite (EG) decorated with copper compound nanoparticles [copper (Cu), copper(II) oxide (CuO) and copper(I) oxide (Cu2O) nanoparticles], has been reported wherein, Cu-compound was attached to EG surface by solid-state pyrolysis of copper(II) acetate (CA) monohydrate. The prepared hybrid filler was characterized by an x-ray diffraction technique and the Cu-compound nanoparticles size was 40.8 ± 17.67 nm. The microstructure and morphology of the distributed Cu-compound nanoparticles over the EG surface were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy. The Cu-compound nanoparticles decorated EG hybrid filler at 10 wt.% loading ((EG-CA (4)/Ep)10) demonstrated the thermal conductivity (TC) which is 11.8 times higher than the neat epoxy due to the formation 3D percolation heat-conducting networks. Further, decoration of Cu-compound on the EG surface resulted in higher TC as measured using a guarded heat flow meter technique. Lap shear strength of (EG-CA (4)/Ep)10 composite was tuned to 5.93 ± 0.27 MPa as characterized by a universal testing machine. The porosity of fabricated composites was decreased as Cu-compound attachment increases on the EG substrate. The thermo-gravimetric analysis revealed enhanced thermal stability of (EG-CA (4)/Ep)10 composite to 407°C at 50% weight loss consideration. The electrical resistivity of the composite was reduced with the addition of the EG filler system as confirmed from the super megaohmmeter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to expand the application in biomedical field of bio-derived polymers it is imperative that the issues related to their surface properties be addressed. Here we explore the approach of simultaneous radical polymerization to modify the surface properties of chitosan by grafting/crosslinking with poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone) (PNVP)/α,ω-bis (methacryloyloxy-poly(ethylene glycol) (M-PEG) in the presence of potassium persulfate. The structure of the resultant copolymer membranes was proved by Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry. Scanning Electron Microscopy and Atomic Force Microscopy revealed the crosslinked copolymer membranes are porous materials with pore dimension, distribution and shape depending on the content of vinyl sequences. In addition, was revealed that the presence of vinyl crosslinked sequences linked to CS is disturbing the thermodynamic equilibrium conformation of CS. As a consequence, the ordering of CS chains into crystalline domains is reduced and the planes giving rise to the diffraction peaks are modified. Thus, the resultant copolymer membranes, depending by the weight ratio PNVP/M-PEG, became more amorphous. As a result of the crosslinking, the copolymer membranes were characterized by a smaller water swelling degree (about 300%) as compared with neat chitosan membrane (700%). The thermo-oxidative data have revealed an enhancement of the thermal stability of CS by crosslinking with PNVP/M-PEG copolymers. The water contact angles of the copolymer membranes proved to be more water wettable as compared to neat chitosan membrane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The curing behaviour of the composition of a liquid-crystalline diepoxy monomer (LCEM) with the central triaromatic mesogenic group was studied using differential scanning calorimetry, conventional DSC and temperature-modulated TMDSC and nuclear magnetic resonance 1H-NMR spectroscopy. The stoichiometric amount of primary aromatic diamine, 4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM), was used as a curing agent. TMDSC TOPEM® allowed the separation of the thermal effects related to reversible processes (e.g. phase transitions) from irreversible processes (cross-linking reaction) and determining that irreversible curing reaction occurs at the same time as reversible transition of the LCEM from crystal to the liquid-crystalline nematic phase. Additionally, 1H-NMR analysis of the LCEM/DDM mixture preheated to a temperature from the temperature range of complex thermal changes was conducted. The obtained spectrum clearly showed the presence of partially cured products in the investigated samples and additionally proved that during the endothermic phase transition of the LCEM monomer an exothermic cross-linking reaction was occurring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The curing behaviour of the composition of a liquid-crystalline diepoxy monomer (LCEM) with the central triaromatic mesogenic group was studied using differential scanning calorimetry, conventional DSC and temperature-modulated TMDSC and nuclear magnetic resonance 1H-NMR spectroscopy. The stoichiometric amount of primary aromatic diamine, 4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM), was used as a curing agent. TMDSC TOPEM® allowed the separation of the thermal effects related to reversible processes (e.g. phase transitions) from irreversible processes (cross-linking reaction) and determining that irreversible curing reaction occurs at the same time as reversible transition of the LCEM from crystal to the liquid-crystalline nematic phase. Additionally, 1H-NMR analysis of the LCEM/DDM mixture preheated to a temperature from the temperature range of complex thermal changes was conducted. The obtained spectrum clearly showed the presence of partially cured products in the investigated samples and additionally proved that during the endothermic phase transition of the LCEM monomer an exothermic cross-linking reaction was occurring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis of a series of triesters based on 1,3,5-adamantanetriol and 7-ethyl-1,3,5-adamantanetriol and C4–C6 aliphatic acids is executed, and their physicochemical and thermo-oxidative properties are studied. The properties of the obtained esters are compared to those of pentaerythritol esters. The synthesized esters have pour points below −40°C, the range of viscosities at 100°C varies from 4.361 to 9.912 mm2/s, and the values of the indices of thermo-oxidative stability are 221.6–240.3°C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metallophthalocyanine complexes (M = Pd, FeCl, VO, or MnCl) bearing four hydroxyl-terminated aliphatic groups were prepared by cyclotetramerization 4-(hydroxyethylsulfanyl)phthalonitrile. Aggregation tendencies of these phthalocyanines were investigated in varying concentrations from 4 × 10–5 to 8 × 10–6 M in DMF. Spin coating method was used to prepare thin films of metallophthalocyanines substituted with four hydroxyethylsulfanyl groups. The optical properties of the films were investigated as a function of the different metal ions in the inner core, with the transmittance spectrum measured at a wavelength range of 200–1000 nm. The results show that different metal ions in the inner core clearly change the transmittance values of the thin films of metallophthalocyanine. Morphological results also show that surface of the metallophthalocyanines has changed considerably according to the nature of the metal ion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]