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Given a graph G, we define bcg (G) as the minimum k for which G can be contracted to the uniformly triangulated grid Γ k . A graph class G has the SQGC property if every graph G ∈ G has treewidth O (bcg (G) c) for some 1 ≤ c < 2 . The SQGC property is important for algorithm design as it defines the applicability horizon of a series of meta-algorithmic results, in the framework of bidimensionality theory, related to fast parameterized algorithms, kernelization, and approximation schemes. These results apply to a wide family of problems, namely problems that are contraction-bidimensional. Our main combinatorial result reveals a wide family of graph classes that satisfy the SQGC property. This family includes, in particular, bounded-degree string graphs. This considerably extends the applicability of bidimensionality theory for contraction bidimensional problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of Reload cost in a graph refers to the cost that occurs while traversing a vertex via two of its incident edges. This cost is uniquely determined by the colors of the two edges. This concept has various applications in transportation networks, communication networks, and energy distribution networks. Various problems using this model are defined and studied in the literature. The problem of finding a spanning tree whose diameter with respect to the reload costs is smallest possible, the problems of finding a path, trail or walk with minimum total reload cost between two given vertices, problems about finding a proper edge coloring of a graph such that the total reload cost is minimized, the problem of finding a spanning tree such that the sum of the reload costs of all paths between all pairs of vertices is minimized, and the problem of finding a set of cycles of minimum reload cost, that cover all the vertices of a graph, are examples of such problems. In this work we focus on the last problem. Noting that a cycle cover of a graph is a 2-factor of it, we generalize the problem to the problem of finding an r-factor of minimum reload cost of an edge colored graph. We prove several NP-hardness results for special cases of the problem. Namely, bounded degree graphs, planar graphs, bounded total cost, and bounded number of distinct costs. For the special case of r = 2, our results imply an improved NP-hardness result. On the positive side, we present a polynomial-time solvable special case which provides a tight boundary between the polynomial and hard cases in terms of r and the maximum degree of the graph. We then investigate the parameterized complexity of the problem, prove W[1]-hardness results and present an FPT-algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For two integers r, ℓ ≥ 0, a graph G = ( V, E) is an ( r, ℓ)-graph if V can be partitioned into r independent sets and ℓ cliques. In the parameterized ( r, ℓ)- Vertex Deletion problem, given a graph G and an integer k, one has to decide whether at most k vertices can be removed from G to obtain an ( r, ℓ)-graph. This problem is NP-hard if r + ℓ ≥ 1 and encompasses several relevant problems such as Vertex Cover and Odd Cycle Transversal. The parameterized complexity of ( r, ℓ)- Vertex Deletion was known for all values of ( r, ℓ) except for (2,1), (1,2), and (2,2). We prove that each of these three cases is FPT and, furthermore, solvable in single-exponential time, which is asymptotically optimal in terms of k. We consider as well the version of ( r, ℓ)- Vertex Deletion where the set of vertices to be removed has to induce an independent set, and provide also a parameterized complexity dichotomy for this problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In phylogenetics, a central problem is to infer the evolutionary relationships between a set of species X; these relationships are often depicted via a phylogenetic tree-a tree having its leaves labeled bijectively by elements of X and without degree-2 nodes-called the 'species tree.' One common approach for reconstructing a species tree consists in first constructing several phylogenetic trees from primary data (e.g., DNA sequences originating from some species in X), and then constructing a single phylogenetic tree maximizing the 'concordance' with the input trees. The obtained tree is our estimation of the species tree and, when the input trees are defined on overlapping-but not identical-sets of labels, is called 'supertree.' In this paper, we focus on two problems that are central when combining phylogenetic trees into a supertree: the compatibility and the strict compatibility problems for unrooted phylogenetic trees. These problems are strongly related, respectively, to the notions of 'containing as a minor' and 'containing as a topological minor' in the graph community. Both problems are known to be fixed parameter tractable in the number of input trees k, by using their expressibility in monadic second-order logic and a reduction to graphs of bounded treewidth. Motivated by the fact that the dependency on k of these algorithms is prohibitively large, we give the first explicit dynamic programming algorithms for solving these problems, both running in time $$2^{O(k^2)} \cdot n$$ , where n is the total size of the input. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A matching in a graph is uniquely restricted if no other matching covers exactly the same set of vertices. This notion was defined by Golumbic, Hirst, and Lewenstein and studied in a number of articles. Our contribution is twofold. We provide approximation algorithms for computing a uniquely restricted matching of maximum size in some bipartite graphs. In particular, we achieve a ratio of 5/9 for subcubic bipartite graphs, improving over a 1/2-approximation algorithm proposed by Mishra. Furthermore, we study the uniquely restricted chromatic index of a graph, defined as the minimum number of uniquely restricted matchings into which its edge set can be partitioned. We provide tight upper bounds in terms of the maximum degree and characterize all extremal graphs. Our constructive proofs yield efficient algorithms to determine the corresponding edge colorings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let be the number of labeled graphs on n vertices and treewidth at most k (equivalently, the number of labeled partial k-trees). We show that ]> ]> k > 1 ]> ]> ]> c > 0 ]> ]> ]> ( log k ) n ]> . The upper bound is a direct consequence of the well-known formula for the number of labeled k-trees, while the lower bound is obtained from an explicit construction. It follows from this construction that both bounds also apply to graphs of pathwidth and proper-pathwidth at most k. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]