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Millets have gained significant attention in recent days due to their potential as nutritious and bioactive-rich food sources. Beyond their macronutrient content such as carbohydrates, fats, protein and minerals, possess impressive array of bioactive compounds viz., polyphenols, flavonoids and antioxidants. Ferulic acid is predominantly found among all the millets followed by caffeic acid and soluble/bound fractions of whole grains contain flavonoids. Their prebiotic properties contribute to gut health by promoting growth of beneficial gut microbiota. Phenolic compounds contribute to their antioxidant, anticancer and antiviral properties. Millets are rich in dietary fibre (15–20%), which has water absorbing and bulking property thereby increases transit time of food in the gut and helps in reducing risk of inflammatory bowel disease and acts as detoxifying agent in the body. The bioavailability of minerals is however hindered by the antinutritional factors like tannins and phytates. This review focuses on the nutraceutical potential of millets by exploring its bioactive components and its enhancement through biofortification strategies which is essential for utilizing and harnessing their health-promoting properties for the benefit of global nutrition and well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Austenitic stainless steels are extensively used for various aerospace applications because of their favorable high-temperature mechanical properties, excellent corrosion resistance, and good fabricability. During helium leak check of purge check valve made up of austenitic stainless steel ICSS 202 (near to AISI 202), leakage was observed. A thorough metallurgical analysis was performed through progressive polishing to reach the leak location. The leakage was primarily attributed to the accumulation of large chunks of oxide inclusions of aluminum, manganese, magnesium, and silicon aligned across the thickness of the component. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The propellant flow control valves, also referred to as latchable series redundant valves (LSRV's) are essentially used in satellite control systems. Main component of these valves are solenoid bobbins, which composed of four parts, three of which are made of AISI 446 ferritic stainless steel and one part is made of AISI 304L austenitic stainless steel. These parts are joined by electron beam (EB) welding after shrink fitting to form an important component for propellant flow control systems. During dye penetrant (DP) testing of these components after annealing heat treatment, discontinuous cracks were noticed in AISI 446 steel at the inner side of the bobbin. Detailed metallographic and fractographic analysis on the failed component showed a discontinuous crack path circumferentially near the HAZ region of AISI 446 steel. The fracture morphology revealed a complete transgranular cleavage fracture which indicated a brittle mode of failure. Further, AISI 446 raw material was also analyzed along with heat treatment cycle followed in the valve component. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neutron radiography (NR) can be used for the detection and characterisation of explosives having different macroscopic attenuation cross sections. However, if the explosives have similar macroscopic cross sections to neutrons, characterising them is not possible. In this investigation, an attempt is made to distinguish various explosives based on the attenuation cross section of these compounds to neutrons. A correlation between the grey level achieved in neutron image of each explosive taken in a thin walled shell and their corresponding macroscopic attenuation cross section is carried out. An attempt is made to study the possibility of detection of some low dense compounds kept inside pyro metallic cases using cone beam X-ray 3D computed tomography. X-ray CT sliced images of samples filled with calcium carbonate and epoxy can be easily distinguished from empty samples. Samples were tested in NR and X-ray CT facility to compare the results. It is observed that low dense compounds of small volume positioned inside a bulk volume of SS metal of a pyro element used in this study are giving sufficient contrast that makes it detectable in CT cross-sectional image. The study points towards usage of X-ray CT as an alternative tool for detecting the presence of explosives in pyro devices wherever NR imaging cannot be carried out due to wall thickness constraints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The heat treatable aluminium alloy AA2219 is subjected to mechanical stress relieving by way of cold deformation after solution treatment to relieve the quenched in stresses as thermal stress relieving is not possible due to the requirement of higher temperature than the ageing temperature. Cold deformation prior to aging has also been found to yield improved strength. Though this phenomenon is to some extent being exploited in aluminium alloy AA2219 sheets and plates, there is no experimental data available to understand the influence of cold compression on the extent of benefits obtainable on mechanical properties in forgings. In the present study to identify a thermo-mechanical treatment that can yield the maximum tensile strength, solution treated AA2219 forgings were subjected to cold deformation ranging from 0 to 25% and then artificially aged. The results indicates that the maximum room temperature tensile strength (both UTS and 0.2% PS) can be obtained at 10% post solution treatment cold deformation. As this alloy is being used for low temperature applications, it is very essential to assess the effect of higher cold compression on the low temperature (77 K) properties and the results show that the 77 K tensile properties more or less same beyond 2% cold deformation. As the weld properties are around 50% of the parent metal properties, any increase in the mechanical properties, is considered to be very crucial and very much needed for this alloy in the absence of aluminium–lithium alloy technology. Hence this study indicate that there is a good scope to increase the amount of cold compression after Solution treatment instead of restricting the same to 2%–5% maximum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Trigger wrist is a relatively unusual condition, produced by wrist or finger motion. The various causes of trigger wrist can originate from flexor tendon, extensor tendon, bones, or tumour. A proper clinical approach is required to diagnose and manage patients with trigger wrist. Methods: A keyword search was performed across Google Scholar and PubMed. Articles describing trigger wrist conditions were analysed. Based on the information obtain from the articles, the clinical manifestations and approach to diagnosing the cause of trigger wrist is discussed. Results: A detailed history alone may lead to a reasonably accurate diagnosis. Patients can present with trigger wrist occurring during movement of the fingers or with wrist movements. Presence of tenderness around A1 pulley suggest trigger finger. Absence of tenderness over the A1 pulley may suggest trigger wrist. The wrist should be examined for any swelling or malunion around the wrist joint. Palpate for any bony prominence, clicking, or crepitus with the movement of the wrist. Examination for the presence of carpal tunnel syndrome should be performed. A simple radiograph of the wrist joint is needed to see any possible bony pathology such as malunion, instability or arthritis of the carpal bone. For soft tissue assessment ultrasound would be a good choice and can be done during finger or wrist movement. MRI is useful for further assessment of space occupying lesion within the carpal tunnel and is useful for surgical planning. Nerve conduction study is indicated for patients with median nerve compression symptoms. During the initial stage, the patient should be advised for activity modification to reduce the wrist and finger movements. Surgical treatment will depend on the causative factor. Surgery done under local anaesthesia has the advantage of reconfirming with the patient, resolution of triggering during surgery by asking the patient to actively move the fingers or wrist. Conclusions: Trigger wrist is a relatively rare condition compared with trigger finger, which is the most common disorder of the hand. To avoid inadequate and ineffective treatment of patients with trigger wrist, careful examination and proper diagnosis are vital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and arachidonic acid (ARA) are long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) that play a significant role in human growth and development, which deficiency can trigger several metabolic-related diseases. Since the availability of PUFA sources is limited, there arises a need to explore alternative sources. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate whether an Escherichia coli which are engineered with Δ5Des-Iso gene isolated from Isochrysis sp. could be utilized to synthesize PUFAs. Full-length gene Δ5Des-Iso (1149 bp) was isolated from Isochrysis sp. that encodes 382 amino acids and identified as Δ5-desatruase gene using different bioinformatic analysis. Heterologous gene expression was carried out in E. coli having Δ5Des-Iso with precursor fatty acids. The Δ5Des-Iso produced novel fatty acids of EPA (ω-3) and ARA (ω-6) as respective products were identified by GC-MS. Gene expression and PUFA synthesis in E. coli were optimized by temperature, time, and concentrations of precursor fatty acid substrates. Δ5Des-Iso RNA transcript level was inversely proportional to the time and fatty acid synthesis. And, the significant production of EPA (4.1 mg/g) and ARA (8.3 mg/g) in total fatty acids was observed in E. coli grown at 37 °C for 24 h with 25 μM of external fatty acid substrate as an optimum growth conditions. E. coli could be used as alternative organism to synthesis PUFAs and widely applicable in many nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals industry for human use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In aluminum 2219 alloy, a combination of ultra-fine grains and coarse grains was established through cryorolling. Formation of bimodal grain distribution was confirmed using electron backscattered diffraction analysis, transmission electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction analysis. Cryorolled samples showed a 3% increase in strength, with a 4% increase in ductility. An increase in dislocation density, reduced slip distance and bimodal grain structure were attributed to the strength–ductility combination. Dislocation annihilation rate and driving force for dislocation movement were also determined based on the temperature of deformation and dislocation density in rolled material. The unidirectional and cross-directional cryorolled samples resulted in a grain size ranging from 510 nm to 73 µm and 340 nm to 42 µm, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marine microalgae such as Isochrysis sp. and Pavlova sp. are the predominant source of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n–3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n–3). EPA biosynthesis pathway is predominant in lower eukaryotes, and its biosynthetic gene expressions are not well established. Till date, the C18 elongation enzymes for EPA biosynthesis have not been identified from lower eukaryote. In the present study, we describe the identification of two microalgal genes Δ6-elongase and Δ5-desaturase involved for EPA biosynthesis. By PCR-based technique, a novel elongase gene (Δ6Elo-Iso) was isolated from Isochrysis sp., and 654 bp of full-length sequence was identified, which catalysed the conversion of SDA into ETr in E. coli. The identified gene displayed unique substrate specificity for both n-3 and n-6 C18-substrates for Δ6-elongation, with no activity towards Δ9-elongase. In addition, a novel Δ5-desaturase gene (Δ5Des-Pav) was isolated from Pavlova sp. and found an ORF of 1149 bp in length, which was capable of converting ETr into EPA in omega-3 pathway. For the first time, the heterologous expressions of two novel microalgal genes were successfully expressed in Escherichia coli. EPA production from E. coli is being considered as an alternative and economic source for industrial and pharmaceutical sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AA2219 sheets used in space applications need a combination of properties as strength and ductility for its enhanced usage. For this purpose, the heat treatment parameters were optimized to bring out the better strength in these alloys. AA2219 sheets were rolled at a cryogenic liquid nitrogen temperature at − 196 °C and room temperature for 50% and 75% reduction. DSC analysis was done to relate the effect of the precipitation kinetics to the strength of the material. The rolled samples were subjected to annealing at different temperatures for shorter periods. The annealing parameter was optimized by using mean results from the full factorial design based on the microhardness values obtained. Using the optimized annealing parameter, artificial ageing was performed at temperatures ranging from 75 to 125 °C for 30 h. The uni-directional rolled samples showed maximum strength after ageing at 125 °C for 24 h and cross-rolled sample at 100 °C for 18 h. A predictive model using regression and ANFIS were designed to determine the responses for the various input parameter settings for both the annealing and ageing and was validated. Analysis of variance was used to determine the significance of the ageing process parameters proving reduction percentage and ageing time having more effect on the heat treatment process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In aerospace applications, the quench delay (QD) after solution treatment for the alloy AA2219 is to be restricted to 15 s. However, extended QDs are also permitted if the job temperature is maintained above 480 °C. To understand the effect of QD on low-temperature mechanical properties, AA2219 forgings were water-quenched after solution treatment with QDs of 15, 30, 50, 100, 200 and 300 s and their low-temperature tensile properties were evaluated. Metallurgical characterisation using both optical and electron microscopes was performed. The tensile test results indicate that the strength starts decreasing after 200 s (corresponds to the temperature 505 °C), and the % reduction in the area of cross section is drastically reduced from 25 to 12%. This is a vital input in deciding on the acceptability of forgings having longer QD as AA2219 being a choice of material for cryogenic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To express a Δ6-desaturase gene and produce gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) and stearidonic acid (SDA) in prokaryotic expression system (Escherichia coli), and analyze its substrate specificity in the omega-3 fatty acid biosynthetic pathway.Results: Full-length ORF (1448 bp) of Δ6Des-Iso was isolated from Isochrysis sp. and characterized using multiple sequence alignment, phylogenetic analysis, transmembrane domain, and protein tertiary structure. Δ6Des-Iso is a front-end desaturase consisting of three conserved histidine domains and a cytochrome b5 domain. Δ6Des-Iso was cloned and expressed in E. coli with the production of GLA and SDA. Recombinant E. coli utilized 27 and 8% of exogenously supplied alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and linoleic acid (LA) to produce 6.3% of SDA and 2.3% of GLA, respectively, suggesting that isolated Δ6Des-Iso is specific to the omega-3 pathway.Conclusion: For the first time production of GLA and SDA in a prokaryotic system was achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Spinal anesthesia causes sympathetic blockade which leads to changes in the local temperature of the skin surface due to hyperemia.Materials and Methods: These changes in skin temperature were used in a newly developed method for estimating the level of analgesia. A total of 11 patients who were scheduled for surgical procedures of the lower extremities with symmetrical spinal anesthesia were included in the clinical study. By means of an electronic digital multi-channel body temperature measurement device with eight high precision temperature sensors placed on defined dermatomes, patient skin temperature was continuously measured at 2 s intervals and documented before, during and for 45 min after spinal anesthesia. Simultaneously, a neurological pin-prick test was carried on at regular intervals every 2 min on the defined dermatomes to calculate the correlation between the effects of analgesia and corresponding changes in skin temperature.Results: The analyzed correlations showed that there is a minimum of 1.05°C temperature difference before and after spinal anesthesia especially on the lower extremities (foot, knee, inguinal) of patient dermatomes. The collected data of varying temperature differences were systematically evaluated using statistical software which led to a deeper understanding of the interdependency between temperature differences at different dermatomes. These interdependencies of temperature differences were used to develop a systematic analgesia level measurement algorithm. The algorithm calculates the skin temperature differences at specified dermatomes to find the accurate level of analgesia and also to find the forward and reverse progresses of analgesia. The developed mathematical method shows that it is possible to predict the level of analgesia up to an accuracy of 95% after spinal anesthesia.Conclusions: Therefore, it can be concluded that systematic processing of skin temperature data, collected at defined dermatomes can be used as a promising parameter for predicting surgical tolerance. The objective is to improve this experimental method with an extended patient population study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study describes a simple, rapid and eco-friendly method for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Excoecaria agallocha ( E. agallocha) leaf extract as stabilizer, bioreductant and capping agent. Synthesized AgNPs were characterized by UV-Visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), X-ray diffraction (XRD), fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Generation of AgNPs was initially confirmed with the color change from yellow to dark brown which produces intense absorbance spectra at 440 nm in UV-Vis spectroscopy without any shifting of peaks. Further, XRD pattern confirms that the synthesized AgNPs was face centered cubic (fcc) crystalline in structure with an average size of 20 nm. On the other hand, FTIR spectrum reveals that the active metabolites like water soluble phenolic compounds, flavonoids, methylene groups, amides and carboxylate groups. These active biocompounds plays a vital role in the reduction of Ag into their nanoscale values, it also acts as a stabilizing and surface functionalization agent. FESEM micrographs of synthesized AgNPs shows spherical and hexagonal shaped well dispersed particles in the dimension ranging between 23 and 42 nm. EDAX confirms the presence of silver (Ag) as the major constituent element without any impurities; also substantiate the stability of generated AgNPs. The biomedical insights of nanoparticles (NPs) were assessed through radical scavenging and antibacterial properties. Additionally, synthesized AgNPs was also exhibits an excellent cytotoxic effect against human breast carcinoma cell lines (MCF-7). This study proves that synthesized AgNPs can be developed as a potential nano-drug formulation to combat pathogenic disease and also for the expansion of breast cancer therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ecosystem diversity, species richness and genetic diversity are the three major facets of biodiversity which deserve equal attention for conservation. However, genetic diversity is significant in identification of unique populations for conservation purpose. Aspects of DNA barcoding, loss of genetic diversity in cryptic species and examples of molecular phylogenetic and molecular phylogeographic studies on aquatic insects of headwaters from major biogeographic realms are briefly reviewed in the light of prioritization of taxa and habitats for conservation. Special emphasis is laid on identification of evolutionary significant units for effective conservation in the context of global climate change. Current methodologies for identifying potential loss of intraspecific genetic diversity are also highlighted with suggestions on future research priorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The focus of the study was to investigate antioxidant activity and characterize antioxidant peptides from oyster ( Saccostrea cucullata) protein hydrolysate. The protease hydrolysate of oyster exhibited strong potential to donate hydrogen and was able to scavenge Hydrogen peroxide, Hydroxyl and DPPH radicals. Due to the high antioxidant potential, hydrolysate was purified in Sephadex G-25 gel filtration chromatography. The active peptide fraction was further purified by UPLC-MS. Totally seven antioxidant peptides were collected. Among seven peptides (SCAP 1-7), three peptides (SCAP 1, 3 and 7) had highest scavenging ability on DPPH radicals. The amino acid sequence and molecular mass of purified antioxidant peptides (SCAP1, SCAP3 and SCAP7) were determined by Q-TOF ESI mass spectroscopy and structures of the peptides were Leu-Ala-Asn-Ala-Lys (MW = 515.29 Da), Pro-Ser-Leu-Val-Gly-Arg-Pro-Pro-Val-Gly-Lys-Leu-Thr-Leu (MW = 1,432.89 Da) and Val-Lys-Val-Leu-Leu-Glu-His-Pro-Val-Leu (MW = 1,145.75 Da), respectively. The oyster hydrolysate was tested for cell cytotoxicity on Vero (kidney epithelial cells of the African Green Monkey) and HT-29 (human colon carcinoma) cell lines. It was found that the hydrolysate did not show any cytotoxic effect for Vero cell lines and exerted a significant cytotoxic effect on HT-29 cell lines. We thus conclude that the anticancer and antioxidative hydrolysate from oyster ( S. cucullata) may be useful ingredients in food and nutraceutical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Spinal anesthesia causes sympathetic blockade which leads to changes in the local temperature of the skin surface due to hyperemia. Materials and methods: These changes in skin temperature were used in a newly developed method for estimating the level of analgesia. A total of 11 patients who were scheduled for surgical procedures of the lower extremities with symmetrical spinal anesthesia were included in the clinical study. By means of an electronic digital multi-channel body temperature measurement device with eight high precision temperature sensors placed on defined dermatomes, patient skin temperature was continuously measured at 2 s intervals and documented before, during and for 45 min after spinal anesthesia. Simultaneously, a neurological pin-prick test was carried on at regular intervals every 2 min on the defined dermatomes to calculate the correlation between the effects of analgesia and corresponding changes in skin temperature. Results: The analyzed correlations showed that there is a minimum of 1.05°C temperature difference before and after spinal anesthesia especially on the lower extremities (foot, knee, inguinal) of patient dermatomes. The collected data of varying temperature differences were systematically evaluated using statistical software which led to a deeper understanding of the interdependency between temperature differences at different dermatomes. These interdependencies of temperature differences were used to develop a systematic analgesia level measurement algorithm. The algorithm calculates the skin temperature differences at specified dermatomes to find the accurate level of analgesia and also to find the forward and reverse progresses of analgesia. The developed mathematical method shows that it is possible to predict the level of analgesia up to an accuracy of 95% after spinal anesthesia. Conclusions: Therefore, it can be concluded that systematic processing of skin temperature data, collected at defined dermatomes can be used as a promising parameter for predicting surgical tolerance. The objective is to improve this experimental method with an extended patient population study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

7 This paper elucidates the computation of optimal controls for steel annealing processes as hybrid systems which comprise of one or more furnaces integrated with plant-wide planning and scheduling operations. A class of hybrid system is considered to capture the trade-off between metallurgical quality requirement and timely product delivery. Various optimization algorithms including particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO) with time varying inertia weight methods, PSO with globally and locally tuned parameters (GLBest PSO), parameter free PSO (pf-PSO) and PSO like algorithm via extrapolation (ePSO), real coded genetic algorithm (RCGA) and two-phase hybrid real coded genetic algorithm (HRCGA) are considered to solve the optimal control problems for the steel annealing processes (SAP). The optimal solutions including optimal line speed, optimal cost, and job completion time and convergence rate obtained through all these optimization algorithms are compared with each other and also those obtained via the existing method, forward algorithm (FA). Various statistical analyses and analysis of variance (ANOVA) test and hypothesis t-test are carried out in order to compare the performance of each method in solving the optimal control problems of SAP. The comparative study of the performance of the various algorithms indicates that the PSO like algorithms, pf-PSO and ePSO are equally good and are also better than all the other optimization methods considered in this chapter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pump industry is the one which is yet to exhibit agile characteristics by evolving new models quickly in accordance with the dynamic demands of the customers. The researchers have not yet explored the potential of infusing agile characteristics in the pump industry. In order to initiate exploration in this direction, the research reported in this paper was carried out. To begin with, the empirical equations used for designing the pump components namely impeller and casing were referred. Subsequently, a software to compute the parameters using these empirical equations was developed. By inputting these parameters in a Pro/E software package, four new solid models of impeller and casing were designed. These newly designed models were subjected to analysis using GAMBIT and FLUENT software packages. Subsequently, rapid prototyping technology was adopted to develop the prototype of one of those models of impeller. In order to obtain the industry view of this research, four practicing experts were approached with a questionnaire to gather their reactions. The results of their reactions indicated that this research could be practically applied to achieve agile product development through the interfacing of computer-aided design (CAD) and rapid prototyping technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a new and improved version of particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO) combining the global best and local best model, termed GLBest-PSO. The GLBest-PSO incorporates global–local best inertia weight (GLBest IW) with global–local best acceleration coefficient (GLBest Ac). The velocity equation of the GLBest-PSO is also simplified. The ability of the GLBest-PSO is tested with a set of bench mark problems and the results are compared with those obtained through conventional PSO (cPSO), which uses time varying inertia weight (TVIW) and acceleration coefficient (TVAC). Fine tuning variants such as mutation, cross-over and RMS variants are also included with both cPSO and GLBest-PSO to improve the performance. The simulation results clearly elucidate the advantage of the fine tuning variants, which sharpen the convergence and tune to the best solution for both cPSO and GLBest-PSO. To compare and verify the validity and effectiveness of the GLBest-PSO, a number of statistical analyses are carried out. It is also observed that the convergence speed of GLBest-PSO is considerably higher than cPSO. All the results clearly demonstrate the superiority of the GLBest-PSO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study on the copper toxicity and its levels in tissues of Scylla serrata following exposure to copper-rich medium. The study assesses the mortality of the crabs maintained in 50% artificial sea water media with dissolved copper chloride, copper carbonate, copper sulfate, and copper ion concentrations. Result shows that crab survives in media with lower copper concentrations. Moreover, copper concentrates rise in three tissues like haemolymph, gills, and hepatopancreas.

An octahedral geometry for the molecule of the title complex with very slight distortions around Co(III) is confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction study. The molecular structure of the complex has been shown to contain two dodecylamine moieties in the trans orientations, two N-bonded dimethylglyoximato (DMG) groups and an uncoordinated nitrite ion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake. The abstract was incorrect; the corrected abstract is given below. The original article has been corrected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Scylla serrata, haemolymph copper is bound to protein and it can be more reliably determined by the 2,2′ biquinoline method than by other spectrophotometric methods. Ionic or free copper is absent from the haemolymph. The lack of significant time-of-day variation in copper concentration and the occurrence of variation in total protein concentration and copper-protein ratio, indicate fluctuations in copper-free proteins, which may either be periodically sequestered or released by the tissues during different hours of the day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gut microbiota impacts systemic levels of multiple metabolites including NAD + precursors through diverse pathways. Nicotinamide riboside (NR) is an NAD + precursor capable of regulating mammalian cellular metabolism. Some bacterial families express the NR-specific transporter, PnuC. We hypothesized that dietary NR supplementation would modify the gut microbiota across intestinal sections. We determined the effects of 12 weeks of NR supplementation on the microbiota composition of intestinal segments of high-fat diet-fed (HFD) rats. We also explored the effects of 12 weeks of NR supplementation on the gut microbiota in humans and mice. In rats, NR reduced fat mass and tended to decrease body weight. Interestingly, NR increased fat and energy absorption but only in HFD-fed rats. Moreover, 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis of intestinal and fecal samples revealed an increased abundance of species within Erysipelotrichaceae and Ruminococcaceae families in response to NR. PnuC-positive bacterial strains within these families showed an increased growth rate when supplemented with NR. The abundance of species within the Lachnospiraceae family decreased in response to HFD irrespective of NR. Alpha and beta diversity and bacterial composition of the human fecal microbiota were unaltered by NR, but in mice, the fecal abundance of species within Lachnospiraceae increased while abundances of Parasutterella and Bacteroides dorei species decreased in response to NR. In conclusion, oral NR altered the gut microbiota in rats and mice, but not in humans. In addition, NR attenuated body fat mass gain in rats, and increased fat and energy absorption in the HFD context., (© 2023. The Author(s).)