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This study investigates the critical behavior analysis and predicting magnetocaloric properties of La0.6-xGdxSr0.4MnO3 manganites, focusing on the impact of varying gadolinium (Gd) doping levels (x = 0, 0.0125, 0.05, and 0.10). Using modified Arrott plots (MAPs) and the Kouvel–Fisher method, the critical exponents γ and β were determined, yielding values that indicate how Gd content influences magnetic phase transitions. Additionally, the magnetocaloric effect (MCE) was analyzed to assess the magnetic entropy change − Δ S M (T) and the Temperature-Averaged Entropy Change (TEC) across different magnetic field changes. The results show that increasing Gd doping enhances the magnetocaloric response, suggesting potential applications in magnetic refrigeration. Overall, the study provides insights into optimizing these manganites for applications in high-temperature sensors, spintronics, and magnetic cooling. Highlights: Using modified Arrott plots (MAPs) and the Kouvel–Fisher method, the critical exponents γ and β of La0.6-xGdxSr0.4MnO3 (x = 0, 0.0125, 0.05, and 0.10) manganites were derived. The magnetocaloric effect (MCE) was analyzed to assess the magnetic entropy change − Δ S M (T) and the Temperature-Averaged Entropy Change (TEC) across different magnetic field changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, there are significant concerns about the steadily rising energy demand and depletion of conservative fuels. Water electrolysis provides hydrogen and oxygen, which can be used as a fuel with a highest energy conversion efficiency and gravimetric energy density. In future, hydrogen fuel will take the place of conventional fossil fuels, which are polluting the environment. For a greater range of energy generation devices, the highly appropriate, affordable electrocatalyst for OER is significant. In present work, a NbSe2/rGO nanocomposite was fabricated via hydrothermal process for OER electrochemical studies under 1.0 M KOH. The fabricated materials were verified by Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray. Because of its distinct shape, nanocomposite has more surface area, which results in more active pores with lots of potential for transfer of charge and prolonged material stability. The surface area of NbSe2/rGO nanocomposite determined through BET was 51 m2/g, i.e., higher than that of NbSe2, thus providing greater number of active sites for OER performance. The electrocatalytic performance results represented that pure NbSe2 nanosheets revealed a higher Tafel slope (51 mV/dec), conversely, NbSe2/rGO nanocomposite represented lower Tafel slope (36 mV/dec) respectively and efficient durability for 60 h with minor alternation in current density for long time period. As a consequence, the created nanocomposite proves to be an effective electrocatalyst for OER and energy conversion applications. Highlights: The NbSe2/rGO nanocomposite was prepared with the help of Hydrothermal technique. The Bruner–Emmett–Teller (BET) results showed large number of active pores and big surface area. The electrochemical testing of nanocomposite was performed via using 1.0 M KOH alkaline medium using 3 electrode system. The electrochemical results of NbSe2/rGO nanocomposite were acquired for efficient OER process. The electrocatalytic results showed that NbSe2/rGO nanocomposite possessed Overpotential 199 mV and Tafel slope 36 mV/dec. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conversion and preservation of energy have been the subject of extensive research because of the increasing need for renewable and pollution-free energy sources. With an extended lifespan, excellent charge-discharge properties, and substantial power density, electrochemical supercapacitors are a special class of potential energy storage systems that find use in various processes. Much effort has been put into improving the electrode material's composition to boost supercapacitors' performance. In this work, hydrothermally generated ZnO/AlFeO3 composite was analyzed by several physical and chemical characterizations to be an effective and high-performing electrode material. According to evaluated data, the ZnO/AlFeO3 composite exhibited a pure crystalline phase, increased surface area, and heightened electrochemical efficiency showing a specific capacitance of 1232 F/g at 1 A/g with 52 Wh/kg of specific energy and 276 W/kg of specific power along with favorable CV stability after 5000th cycles. Better electrical characteristics were displayed by the ZnO/AlFeO3 composite, as evidenced by the composite's reduced solution resistance and lower charge transfer resistance in the impedance outcomes. The ZnO/AlFeO3 composite demonstrated extraordinary efficiency by displaying enhanced ion mobility, better electrical conductivity, and a quick charge-storing technique, indicating the potential of the ZnO/AlFeO3 composite for the upcoming era of power storage. Highlights: Hydrothermally developed ZnO/AlFeO3 composite was utilized as a supercapacitor electrode. Composite demonstrated remarkable physical features assessed via various physical characterizations. An enriched specific capacitance of 1232 F/g at 1 A/g was observed through the GCD results. EIS results depicted the improvement in resistive properties of ZnO/AlFeO3 composite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers have focused on fabricating energy storage equipment to tackle global energy concerns. The energy storage systems including capacitors and batteries have several limitation because of their poor electrochemical performance. The electrode material’s suitability for supercapacitor depends on its ability to improve electrochemical performance and stability. In this work, CuS@g-CN (graphitic carbon nitride) composite was developed via a hydrothermal approach. Several analytical techniques were utilized to determine performance of the prepared CuS@g-CN composite. The specific capacitance of CuS@g-CN composite was 996 F/g which displayed stability after 10,000th cycles with a retention of 93% calculated from galvanostatic charge–discharge profiles. A charge transfer resistance of 1.18 Ω of CuS@g-CN composite was found relatively lower than individual materials calculated from the Nyquist plot. The nitrogen-rich structure of g-CN permits rapid ion transportation and the presence of multiple transition metals led to improved electrochemical effectiveness. The enhanced characteristics of CuS@g-CN composite render it suitable for incorporation into future energy storage devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Growing populations and development led to a higher utilization of fossil fuels and more CO2 emissions; which prompted researchers to look for pollution-free energy sources and improved energy-storage technologies. Supercapacitors (SCs) are thought to be the most advanced available energy-storage technology and are improving day by day via modifying the electrode composition. In this work, we described the hydrothermal production of SrCeO3/RGO nanocomposite as an effective and high-performance electrode material for SCs. Different approaches were adopted to look at the structural features along with the electrochemical behaviors of the prepared nanocomposite. X-ray structural analysis data and surface analysis showed that the nanocomposite had a pure crystalline phase and enhanced surface area. SrCeO3/RGO nanocomposite possessed a specific capacitance of 1359.9 F/g at 1 A/g, while it was 653.1 F/g for pure SrCeO3 electrode. The nanocomposite showed a small decrease in its polarization curve area following the 6000th cycle of the stability test. Additionally, SrCeO3 and SrCeO3/RGO nanocomposite exhibited specific energy of 28.7 and 63.5 Wh/kg at 1 A/g value with specific power of 281.5 and 290.1 W/kg, respectively. Numerous findings demonstrated that the enhanced ion/electron mobility and electric conductivity of nanocomposite lead to a rapid charge-storing approach and significantly boost electrochemical performance. The exceptional functionality of the SrCeO3/RGO nanocomposite demonstrated its favorable potential for the future generation of energy storage by reducing reliance on materials with a spinel-like structure. Highlights: SrCeO3/RGO nanocomposite prepared via hydrothermal route and was utilized as supercapacitor electrode. Exhibited exceptional morphological features evaluated through various physical characterizations. GCD results showed an enhanced rate capability of 1359.9 F/g at 1 A/g. Impedance results exhibited enhanced electrical features than their pristine materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy scarcity and environmental deterioration are the two main issues the world is currently experiencing. Because of their increased energy/power density and longer cycle lifetimes, pseudocapacitors have recently gained the interest of researchers in energy sector. In this study, a novel hierarchical ZnO/MnTe nanocomposite was synthesized by hydrothermal procedure for application in supercapacitors. The physical properties of the newly created electrode material were investigated using a variety of techniques. According to the outcomes of electrochemical investigations, ZnO/MnTe showed specific capacitance (Csp) of 1461 F g−1, specific energy (SE) of 54 Wh kg−1, a specific power (SP) of 267 W kg−1 at current density (Jd) of 1 A g−1, and cyclic constancy even after 5000th cycle in 2-M KOH due to combined effect of binary metals dichalcogenides. ZnO/MnTe exhibited enhanced electrochemical characteristics owing to variable oxidation state of Zn and Mn, enhanced electrical conductivity, small crystallite size, and augmented specific surface area (SSA) for storage of more charges. This study reveals the significant potential of the ZnO/MnTe electrode as a viable option for supercapacitors and other energy-conserving devices, such as capacitor and batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing interest in spinel ferrites due to their notable characteristics including elevated electrochemical stability, redox states and pseudocapacitive activity which make them suitable for application in supercapacitors. The present research involves synthesis of NiFe2O4@g-CN electrode material using hydrothermal route. The various characterization techniques including, electrochemical and physical were used for NiFe2O4 and NiFe2O4@g-CN nanocomposite. The fabricated NiFe2O4@g-CN nanosheet showed exceptional specific capacitance of 740 F/g energy and power density were 38 Wh/Kg and 305 W/Kg respectively at 1 A/g determined from galvanostatic charge discharge plot. The charge transfer resistance (Rct) value of NFO@g-CN (0.23 Ω) exhibited lower value than NFO (0.35 Ω) and g-CN (0.27 Ω). The electrochemical stability test revealed that after 5000th cycle NiFe2O4@g-CN material maintains a very stable structure. Therefore, improvements in electrochemical efficiency of NiFe2O4 because of inclusion of graphitic carbon nitride which provided larger surface area, synergistic interaction and large number of active sites. These finding indicates that electrodes materials have potential material for energy storage device and it can further used in toward water splitting and various energy storage equipment’s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, supercapacitors (SCs) are energy storage devices that have garnered significant consideration from researchers. However, developing supercapacitor materials utilizing a composite of transition metal oxides with high capacitive performance, structural integrity, and optimal energy proficiency while remaining cost-effective remains challenging. This work used an economically cheap and simple sol–gel method to fabricate the ZnMnO3/rGO nanohybrid composite. The structural and morphological parameters of rGO, ZnMnO3, and ZnMnO3/rGO were analyzed by FTIR, XRD, and SEM. However, the ZnMnO3/rGO exhibited the best specific capacitance (1286.879 F g−1) and energy density (85.84 Wh Kg−1) at power density (346.5 W kg−1) and showed outstanding stability after 3000th cycles. Moreover, higher electrochemical properties of the fabricated nanocomposite than individual materials are ascribed to larger surface area, smaller resistances, and faster migration of electrolyte ions. However, the fabricated nanocomposite material ZnMnO3/rGO can be employed as an electrode in storage devices, and it can also be employed in other electrochemical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, composite films of lead sulfide nanoparticles (PbSNPs) and polyaniline (PANI) were fabricated for wearable electronic devices. The PbS/PANI samples were analyzed using FTIR, XRD, and SEM. Furthermore, the effects of PbSNPs on the dielectric impedance, electrical conductivity, complex modulus, and energy density of PANI were determined in the frequency range of 50–5 MHz. The FTIR and XRD confirmed the successful synthesis of PbS/PANI films. The SEM indicated homogeneous dispersion of PbS in PANI. Besides, the broadness and reduction of PANI in FTIR and XRD peaks intensity with increasing PbS is attributed to the intermolecular interactions of PANI and PbS and indicates the successful incorporation of PbS in PANI. The conductivity was enhanced from 7.39 × 10–8 S.cm−1 for PANI to 1.38 × 10–6 S.cm−1 for PANI/0.05PbS. The constant ε ′ was increased from 20 for PANI to 111 for PANI/0.05PbS. Moreover, the relaxation time τ r of PANI was reduced from 9.68 × 10–6 s to 9.18 × 10–6, 6.43 × 10–6, and 5.98 × 10–6 s for PANI/0.01PbS, PANI/0.03PbS, and PANI/0.05PbS, respectively. In conclusion, the obtained data confirmed that incorporating PbSNPs inside PANI modified the dielectric properties of PANI/PbS films for use in energy storage devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, PDMS films are treated with varying fluence of hydrogen ion beams (6 × 1017, 9 × 1017, and 12 × 1017 ions/cm2) for used in storage energy devices. XRD and FTIR were used to analyze the PDMS films. Furthermore, the SEM is employed to study the morphological alterations in treated PDMS films. Both XRD and FTIR result indicated that PDMS is chemically interacting after ion treatment. In addition, the dielectric parameters of PDMS films are measured using an LCR device in the frequencies 102–106 Hz. After PDMS exposed to 12 × 1017 ions/cm2, the dielectric constant of the PDMS increased from 23.4 to 44.8, and energy density increased from 1.01 × 10–4 to 1.92 × 10–4 J/m3, while the conductivity increased from 0.29 × 10–7 to 4.3 × 10–7 S/cm. Moreover, the real M′ decreased from 0.198 for PDMS to 0.165 for 6 × 1017 ions/cm2 and to 0.052 at 12 × 1017 ions/cm2, while the imaginary M″ is decreased from 0.205 to 0.155 for 6 × 1017 ions/cm2, and to 0.069 for 12 × 1017 ions/cm2. The studies indicated that the structure as well as electrical characteristics of the treated PDMS had been improved, which allowing being used these substances in different electronic instrumentations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This investigation will focus on a particular molybdenum borosilicate glass with the form 61B2O3 – 19SiO2- (20-x) MoO3—x CeO2, x = (0 ≤ x ≤ 12 mol. %). DTA examination was conducted using a Shimadzu -DTA equipment. The powder glass samples (10 mg) were placed in a platinum pan and heated to 800 °C in nitrogen medium at various rates. The temperatures of the glass transition, T g , the crystallization extrapolated onset, T c , the crystallization peak, T P , and melting T m , were determined. The quantity of CeO2 in the checked glass had a significant impact on its crystallization behavior, with an increase in CeO2 content increasing ΔT and thus making the glasses more stable. With increasing CeO2 concentrations, both EG & Ec values decrease, as expected given the rise in T g & T P values. XRD and SEM were used to identify the crystallizing phases and microstructural morphology for each composition. Based on XRD observations, Molybdenum Silicide (Mo3Si2), Molybdenum Boride (B2Mo1), Cerium Borate (B1Ce1O3), Cerium Molybdenum Oxide (Ce16Mo21O56) and Cerium Silicide Oxide (Ce10O3Si8) phases were detected. The presence of particles with different shapes in both compositions was revealed by SEM micrographs. As CeO2 concentrations increased, the ultrasonic velocities & elastic moduli increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conventional melting and annealing procedure were used to manufacture glass matrices with a nominal composition of x La2O3-( 20 - x )TiO2-23SiO2-57B2O3 and a gradual partial replacement of TiO2 by La2O3. The present study uses X-ray diffraction (XRD), pulse-echo technique, and differential thermal analysis (DTA) to examine the effects of La2O3 content on the TiO2-B2O3-SiO2 glass. The amorphous structure of the samples was confirmed by (XRD) investigations. The DTA curve showed that the glass transition temperature increased between 501 and 566 °C with an increase in La2O3 content. The elastic properties of the glass were established by utilizing variations in density and ultrasonic velocities. The pulse-echo technique examinations revealed an increase in the ultrasonic velocities, the Debye temperature, the micro-hardness, the connectivity of fractal bonds, the Poisson's ratio, and the mechanical parameters. For prepared glasses, Makishima-theory Mackenzie's has also been shown to be applicable. Additionally, the majority of the experimentally determined elastic moduli and Poisson's ratio values are in good agreement with values estimated using Makishima and Mackenzie's model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this investigation, many aspects of the structural, optical, and radiation-shielding effectiveness of glasses with the formula xLa2O3-(20 − x) TiO2-23SiO2-57B2O3 were assessed. The XRD patterns of the as-quenched sample demonstrated their glassy nature. With the addition of La2O3 content, the density, refractive index, ion concentration, and field strength increased significantly. Due to the interchanging dominance of bridging oxygen (BO) in the glass network, optical spectroscopy showed that the indirect optical band gap (Eopt) decreased from 3.79 eV to 3.41 eV as the La2O3 content increased, whereas the Urbach energy (Eu) increased from 0.281 eV to 0.311 eV. The structural modifications to the glass network were explored in relation to this change. The conversion of BO3 into BO4 tetrahedral units in the glasses was detected by FTIR spectra. Phy-X/PSD software was used to estimate the radiation-shielding characteristics of the glass sample for the 15 keV–15 MeV photon energy range. In comparison to other glasses, the current glass technology demonstrated superior gamma radiation- and neutron-shielding performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LiCoPO4 is considered the most interesting positive electrode material. Therefore, 4 different percentages of LiCo1 − xFexPO4 were synthesized by a hydrothermal route at low temperatures. The as-prepared sample has a single orthorhombic Pn21a-phase at 220 °C. As a result, the thermodynamics and combustion process were investigated at numerous rates of heating, and the kinetic parameters were calculated using thermogravimetric experiments. Pyrolysis went to the high-temperature region with an increase in intensity in heating rate, according to the TGA study of the combustions. Three stages were determined according to the TGA analysis, and each stage predicted another phase which was confirmed by XRD. The thermodynamics study of LiCo1 − xFexPO4 materials was an efficient technique to investigate the temperature impact on the pyrolysis activity, which may be beneficial in many contemporary applications. The values of Avrami exponent n(χ) calculated in terms of conversion rate dχ/dt of the first, second, and third conversion peak is 2.22 and 2.95 (for different compositions of LiCo1 − xFexPO4 (0 ≤ x ≤ 20)), respectively. The Impedance spectrum shows that the increase in the Fe content improves the electrical conductivity of LiCoPO4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experimental 7 Li + 27 Al elastic scattering angular distributions in the 6–89 MeV laboratory energy range have been re-analysed using different phenomenological and microscopic potentials to investigate the cluster nature of the weakly-bound 7 Li projectile and the associated break-up effect on the elastic scattering data. The consistency of the results obtained within the various implemented potentials was also analysed. A new microscopic dynamical polarisation potential was applied to simulate the significant coupling effect to the break-up channel, which is responsible for the observed reduction in the strength of the implemented real potentials. A reasonable agreement between the considered experimental results and the present theoretical calculations was obtained. The study confirms the absence of the usual threshold anomaly present in nuclear systems involving tightly-bound projectiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electron beam quality is paramount for X-ray pulse production in free-electron-lasers (FELs). State-of-the-art linear accelerators (linacs) can deliver multi-GeV electron beams with sufficient quality for hard X-ray-FELs, albeit requiring km-scale setups, whereas plasma-based accelerators can produce multi-GeV electron beams on metre-scale distances, and begin to reach beam qualities sufficient for EUV FELs. Here we show, that electron beams from plasma photocathodes many orders of magnitude brighter than state-of-the-art can be generated in plasma wakefield accelerators (PWFAs), and then extracted, captured, transported and injected into undulators without significant quality loss. These ultrabright, sub-femtosecond electron beams can drive hard X-FELs near the cold beam limit to generate coherent X-ray pulses of attosecond-Angstrom class, reaching saturation after only 10 metres of undulator. This plasma-X-FEL opens pathways for advanced photon science capabilities, such as unperturbed observation of electronic motion inside atoms at their natural time and length scale, and towards higher photon energies. Free-electron lasers (FELs) can produce bright X-ray pulses, but require high quality electron beams. Here the authors show how to generate and preserve ultrabright electron beams from plasma-based accelerators for ultra-compact, high-brightness X-ray FELs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work attempts to modify the hydrophilic-adherence properties of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) by exposing to oxygen beam for used in painting, printing, and clothing applications. The structural and morphology changes of irradiated PDMS films are analyzed using XRD and SEM, respectively. The chemical functional group is investigated by Fourier infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The contact angle for water is reduced from 81.38° to 42.50°, while the contact angle for diiodomethane is reduced from 63.20° to 25.40° by varying the irradiation time from 1.5 to 6 min. On the other hand, for water liquid, the adhesion work is enhanced from 82.75 to 125.5 mJ/m2, and for diiodomethane liquid, it's increased from 73.70 to 96.68 mJ/m2. Moreover, the polar energy γsp is enhanced from 6.44 to 20.25 mJ/m2, while, the γsd is increased from 26.73 to 46.01 mJ/m2, and the total γst is increased from 33.18 to 66.26 mJ/m2 by enhancing exposing time 1.5–6 min. The improvement in the adhesion and surface energy of the irradiated PDMS films is due to oxygen ion beam induced decreasing in PDMS surface hydrophobicity. The experimental data show the surface morphology, structure and surface properties of treated PDMS are modified and depend closely on the oxygen beam irradiation time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

28B2O3 – 15CaO – 14SiO2 – 18P2O5 – (25 − x) K2O – x TiO2x = (0 ≤ x ≤ 5 mol%) glass system was fabricated. XRD was used to verify the amorphousness of the glasses. The molar volume and density have been calculated. Differential thermal analysis was used to investigate the thermal stability of the fabricated glasses. The pulse-echo technique was used to measure ultrasonic velocities. The elastic moduli of the glasses, as well as all mechanical variables, were evaluated. The elastic moduli have been theoretically analyzed. The experimental data of elastic moduli were interpreted using the Bond compression and Makishima - Mackenzie models. Dental prosthetics and orthopedic implants are two examples of applications for these glasses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Five glass samples of a new zinc-iron lithiumborosilicate (LBSFZ) with the chemical formula 64.8B2O3–8.5SiO2–1.5Fe2O3 – (25.2 − x)Li2O - x ZnO x = (0 ≤ x ≤ 16 mol%), using the melt quenching technique has been synthesized. The amorphous phase is affirmed using an X-ray diffraction test. A pulse-echo methodology is utilized to investigate the mechanical features of glasses. With an increase in ZnO content, the LBSFZ glasses' ultrasonic velocities and elastic moduli increased. Phy-X/PSD software was used to calculate the gamma shielding performance of the glasses by evaluating mass attenuation coefficients (MAC), mean free path (MFP), tenth and half-value layer (TVL), and (HVL). With an increase in ZnO concentration, the density, MAC, and LAC increased, whereas the molar volume, HVL, TVL, and MFP decreased. It can be concluded based on these results that ZnO in LBSFZ glasses are nontoxic and effective radiation shielding materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glass system was designed using the formula 34B2O3 – 9SiO2 – 18CaO – 14 P2O5 – (25 − x) Na2O - xTiO2, x = (0 ≤ x ≤ 5 mol%) in this article. Glass systems were investigated in terms of physical, structural, thermal, and mechanical characteristics. Furthermore, XRD was used to characterize amorphous nature systematically. The structural networks in the samples were analyzed by FTIR spectra to illustrate structural units like SiO4, TiO4, BO3, and BO4. Titanium ions act as a trigger to convert BO3 into BO4 units, according to preliminary FT-IR results. The glass density and velocities increased after adding TiO2. The experimental and theoretical elastic moduli increased with increasing glass densities and velocities. The increasing trend of ΔT with increasing TiO2 concentration suggested that glass stability had enhanced. According to the results of this study, the mechanical and thermal features of the bioactive glass compositions studied are significantly influenced by the addition of TiO2. This research could be used in the future to improve the mechanical and thermal efficiency of bioactive glass systems. G 5 is the best one in terms of mechanical and thermal properties according to these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the melt-quenching methodology, bioglass samples manufactured of 28B2O3–14SiO2–15CaO–18 –18 P2O5 –25−x K2O − x TiO2, x = (0 ≤ x ≤ 5 mol. %) were prepared for use as optics and shields. According to the Ti content values, the investigated samples were labelled as CPBKSTi0, CPBKSTi1, CPBKSTi2, CPBKSTi3, & CPBKSTi5. The addition of TiO2 increased the density (ρ), while lowering the molar volume ( V m ). The optical bandgap ( E o p t. indir ) & ( E o p t. dir ) , the Urbach energy ( E u ), the refractive index, ( n D ), and other features of the glass system were calculated using the UV–VIS–NIR spectrum. Radiation shielding parameters like half -value layer, mass attenuation coefficient, mean free path, and effective atomic number were calculated, indicating that adding TiO2 improved the attenuation performance of these glasses Cosmetic, dental prosthetics, and orthopedic implants are just a few of the applications for the current glasses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pristine ZnO and iron-doped ZnO (x = 0, 0.04, 0.08, 0.10, and 0.15) nanoparticles were produced by means of precipitation route. The nanoparticles were subjected to thermogravimetric analysis. Both EDX and XPS were employed to analyze the chemical structure of samples. The XRD pattern shows that the hexagonal structure of iron-doped ZnO nanoparticles is known, and this suggests that Fe2 + can substitute Zn2 + in the lattice of ZnO without the discovery of another precipitated phase. As the amount of Fe material increases, the lattice strain rises from 0.0277 to 0.0379, even though a crystallite size falls from 38 to 28 nm, x is equal 0, and 0.15, respectively. The only factors that significantly affect the shrinking of crystallite size are preparation conditions and structural disorder. In terms of UV–vis absorption spectroscopy, the energy gap, E g opt value obtained from the derivative of absorbance concerning wavelength and found to be reduced from 3.41 eV when x of around 0 and 3.1 eV when x of around 0.15 with rising Fe content. The photoluminescence spectrometry can produce wide PL peaks because of the numerous recombination faults and sites. The presence of additional peaks from an intrinsic emission is thought to be the cause of the PL's asymmetric spectrum. The M-H measurements demonstrated RT ferromagnetism in the Fe-doped ZnO nanoparticles by vibrating the sample in a magnetometer. Additionally, the coercive field increases from 59.9 G to 85.3 G and the remanent magnetization increases from 3.4 × 10–3 to 21 × 10–3 emu/g when the iron content rises from (x of around 0.02) to (x of around 0.15). By improving the magnetic and optical properties of samples, these findings enable the use of iron-doped ZnO nanoparticles in optoelectronic and spintronic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, we examined the impact of Fe2O3 on the mechanical and photon shielding characteristics of lead-phosphoaluminate glasses. Due to water corrosion, the use of lead-phosphosilicate glasses may be limited.The addition of Fe2O3 significantly improves its water resistance. The radiation and mechanical of 20PbO – 45P2O5 − 15 Al2O3– ( 20 - x ) Na2O- x Fe2O3glass system doped with x Fe2O3reflect the originality of this article. The molar volume of these samples is declining whereas the density is an increment. Ultrasonic velocity and elastic modulus were found to be enhanced. The shielding parameters were established using the Phy-X / PSD. The mace attenuation coefficient is the highest in the sample with the maximum Fe2O3 content. The (Zeff) and (Neff) values decreased and then increased slowly at lower energy. Because of the Compton scattering interaction, the (Zeq)-value decreases as the energy and Fe2O3content increase. Small deviations from the glass samples are observed at higher energy levels to decrease the value (ΣR). Finally, the increment of Fe2O3 in prepared glasses increases the γ-radiation & neutronattenuation rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glass series with the composition 72 B2O3—( 28 - x ) Li2O— x Y2O3: x = 0, 2, 4,8, and 12 mol% was fabricated using the melt quenching procedure. The structural, optical, and radiation shielding characteristics have been estimated. As the concentration of Y2O3 increased, the optical bandgap (direct and indirect), and refractive index of fabricated samples increased, while Urbach's energy declined. Dispersion parameters of the fabricated samples were determined. The gamma attenuation variables of manufactured samples were detected with the Phy-X/PSD code. The highest MAC values were found at low energies, indicating that it could be used as a gamma radiation absorber. G 1 presented the maximum MFP and HVL, while G 5 has the slightest MFPs and HVLs. Z eff v a l u e s decreases with an increase of Y2O3. So, these results indicate that G 5 has stronger photon shielding than the other glasses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine the availability of lithium iron borosilicate glasses doped with ZnO as radiation shielding attenuators; for this, a glass system 64.8B2O3 – 8.5SiO2 – 1.5Fe2O3 – 25.2 - x Li2O— x ZnO x = (0 ≤ x ≤ 16 mol. %) has been fabricated utilizing melt quenching procedures. As the increase in ZnO density increment from 2.77 to 4.47 g/cm3 and molar volume decrement 21.71 to 16.03 cm3 mol −1, respectively. DTA parameters were improved after the incorporation of ZnO into the glass matrix. FT-IR revealed that BO3 converts into BO4 after ZnO is integrated & the structure stiffens as the coherence of the glass network improves. To investigate the impact of ZnO on the optical characterizations of glassy specimens were measured in the ultraviolet–visible, & NIR range. The range of the optical energy increases from 2.88 eV to 3.68 eV, while E u decreases from 0.347 eV to 0.272 eV. The radiation shielding specifications of the glass system were also calculated by Phy-X code. The Lithium iron borosilicate glasses doped with ZnO appeared to be transparent to the visible range and to have good gamma-ray and neutron shielding features, according to the obtained outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evaluation of the mechanical and shielding features is performed for glasses with the composition xBi2O3-(80-x) TeO2-10GeO2-10B2O3 with different concentrations x = 40, 50, 60, and 65 mol%. The mechanical parameters are summarized utilizing the Makishima-Mackenzie model. The elastic moduli such as Young, bulk, shear, and longitudinal are computed. The obtained results depict the elastic moduli affected by the replacement TeO2 with Bi2O3 content. The maximum values of elastic moduli are 61.822, 40.706, 24.790, and 73.761 for Young, bulk, shear, and longitudinal, respectively, of the inspected glasses utilizing the Monte Carlo simulation code (MCNP-5). The mass attenuation coefficient (μρ) and the half-value thickness (HVT) were also calculated. The shielding ability is tested by comparing the mean free path of the studied glasses with the commercial glasses. Likewise, the accumulation of photons inside the glass's material is determined using the BXCOM program. Finally, it can deduce the discussed fabricated glasses are suitable to apply in diverse applications of radiation protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary aim of this investigation is to synthesize a novel glass system with a composition (35+x) PbO-5TeO2-20Bi2O3-(20-x) MgO-20B2O3 (where x=0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 mol%) by melt quenching method. The confirmation of the amorphous behavior and the presence of the various vibration modes and stretching modes have been analyzed using the XRD and FTIR techniques, respectively. The radiation shielding parameters of these glasses were reported using MCNP5 simulation. The effects of PbO on the MCNP5 parameters were investigated in detail. The mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) was simulated via MCNP5 code, and it was found that the MAC values from MCNP5 all follow the same trend as the XCOM data. The similarity means that the two simulations strongly agree with each other. The linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) was calculated for all the glasses. The glass sample with 55 mol% of the PbO has the greatest LAC at any energy, such as 0.317 at 10 MeV, the lowest investigated energy. From the LAC values, other parameters such as transmission factor (TF), lead equivalent thickness (dlead), and half-value layer (HVL) were reported. The results for the TF of the glasses revealed that the glass systems become more effective as their thickness increases. Glass sample with 35 mol % of the PbO recorded the highest TF at all energies due to its lack of PbO content, such as 15.533% for a thickness of 1 cm and 6.122% for 1.5-cm thickness at 0.3 MeV. The radiation protection efficiency (RPE) was also determined, and we found that the glasses with the greater PbO content and least MgO content have the highest RPE. Therefore, based on the RPE values, glasses with the greater PbO are the most effective radiation shield from the investigated glasses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper summarized a comprehensive study on mechanical, optical, and shielding features of the binary lithium-tellurite glasses as a function of doped germanium and lithium oxide content. The Makishima- Makinzie model was applied to compute and estimate the investigated glass samples' mechanical properties. The optical features are studied by determining the optical energy gap (Eg), Urbach energy (Eu) of the TLGe glass system. Both factors vary with the content of dopant germanium and lithium ions in non-linear correlation. Refractive index, molar refraction, electronic polarizability, reflectivity, reflection factor are computed for the studied glasses. The metallization and dielectric constant for the prepared glasses are estimated. The obtained results depict the variation of the optical parameters versus the GeO2 + Li2O content change. The investigated glasses can be suitable for applying in optical devices. The examination showed that the replacement of TeO2 by GeO2 + Li2O enhances the investigated glass samples' shielding properties. The mass attenuation coefficient improved in order 41.79, 42.31, 42.91, and 42.96 cm2/g with substitution [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glasses with composition of (60 − x) TeO2 − 10SrO − (30 + x) B2O3 were fabricated by melt quenching method. The structural features have been studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and FTIR. The derivative of absorption spectra fitting (DASF) method has been utilized to determine the optical band-gap energy. The measured band-gap energies takes values 3.521, 3.558, 3.581, 3.620 and 3.669 eV for the BSrTe60, BSrTe55, BSrTe50, BSrTe45 and BSrTe40, respectively. The band-gap energies increase with a decrease in the mol% of concentration of TeO2. The transitions involved are found to be indirect transitions. The MCNP-5 simulation code was put to use in estimating gamma photons' mean path length in the material. The lowest linear attenuation coefficient (µ) values lie within the range of 0.162 and 0.107 cm−1 and are detected around 8 MeV. The LAC values decreased linearly with substituting the TeO2 by B2O3 content. The lowest half-value layer (HVL) is found at low energy (around 0.005 cm at 0.015 MeV). The mean free path (MFP) decreases linearly with increasing the TeO2 content and followed the trend: (MFP)BSrTe60 < (MFP) BSrTe55 < (MFP) BSrTe50 < (MFP) BSrTe45 < (MFP) BSrTe40. The MFP of BSrTe60 and BSrTe55 at 0.662 MeV is 2.620 and 2.950 cm, and this is lower than the MFP of some commercial glasses such as RS 253 (MFP = 5.263 cm, RS 253-G18 (MFP = 5.263 cm), RS 323-G19 (MFP = 3.571 cm) and RS 360 (MFP = 3.125 cm) at the same energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The elastic properties were predicted for four glass samples with chemical compositions xFe2O3 + (25 − x)Bi2O3 + 75Na2B4O7, where x = 5,10, 15, and 20 mol%. The studied glass samples' molar volume and molecular weight were studied based on the chemical composition and the sample density. Moreover, the Makishima–Mackenzie model was applied to predict the studied glass samples' elastic properties. The elastic moduli were observed to increase gradually with the Fe2O3 insertion ratio and the packing density increase. The elastic moduli ranged between 57.67–85.29 GPa, 33.47–65.49 GPa, 23.77–33.24 GPa, and 65.17–109.81 GPa for Young, Bulk, Shear, and Longitudinal moduli, respectively. Moreover, the Monte Carlo simulation code and XCOM software program were applied to predict the main shielding parameters, linear attenuation coefficient (LAC), and mass attenuation coefficient (MAC). The LAC varied between 2.138–0.197 cm−1 and 0.946–0.186 cm−1 for glass samples with 5 and 20 mol% of the Fe2O3 content. Based on the simulated LAC, the half-value layer (HVL), mean free path (mfp), and the radiation protection efficiency (RPE) were estimated. The BXCOM software program was applied to predict the photon accumulation inside the studied glass samples (exposure buildup factor (EBF) and energy absorption buildup factor (EABF)). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new glass network consists of (40–x)P2O5 + 30B2O3 + 20Bi2O3 + 10Li2O + xZrO2 where x is ranged between 0 and 5 mol% and was fabricated using a quenching method at temperature ranged between 1050° and 1380 °C. It has been observed that there is an increase in the ZrO2 substitution ratio with the glass melting temperature increased gradually. Moreover, by using the XRD spectrometer, it was verified the amorphous state of the glass samples. The absorbance and refractive index were measured experimentally using the UV–Vis–NIR spectrophotometer. Other essential optical parameters such as energy gap, Urbach energy, extinction coefficient, electrical polarizability, molar fraction, and dielectric constants were calculated based on the refractive index's experimental results. Moreover, the fabricated glass samples' ability to stand against the gamma energy and fast neutron were examined using simulation code MCNP-5 and the theoretical calculation by the latest Electron Photon Interaction Cross Section 2017 photoatomic library. The linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) exhibits a good performance when replacing the P2O5 by ZrO2 contents. The LAC at gamma-ray energy (0.015 MeV) was enhanced from 207.112 to 274.831 cm−1, increasing the ZrO2 replacing ratio between 0 and 5 mol %, respectively. The mass attenuation coefficients (µm) were found to have higher values for the library interpolation as compared to MCNP-5 simulations. The prepared glasses' ability to absorb the incoming fast neutron was diminished from 0.0251 to 0.0245 cm2 g−1, increasing the ZrO2 substitution ratio between 0 and 5 mol %, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LiCoPO4 is considered the most interesting positive electrode material. Therefore, 4 different percentages of LiCo1 − xFexPO4 were synthesized by a hydrothermal route at low temperatures. The as-prepared sample has a single orthorhombic Pn21a-phase at 220 °C. As a result, the thermodynamics and combustion process were investigated at numerous rates of heating, and the kinetic parameters were calculated using thermogravimetric experiments. Pyrolysis went to the high-temperature region with an increase in intensity in heating rate, according to the TGA study of the combustions. Three stages were determined according to the TGA analysis, and each stage predicted another phase which was confirmed by XRD. The thermodynamics study of LiCo1 − xFexPO4 materials was an efficient technique to investigate the temperature impact on the pyrolysis activity, which may be beneficial in many contemporary applications. The values of Avrami exponent n(χ) calculated in terms of conversion rate dχ/dt of the first, second, and third conversion peak is 2.22 and 2.95 (for different compositions of LiCo1 − xFexPO4 (0 ≤ x ≤ 20)), respectively. The Impedance spectrum shows that the increase in the Fe content improves the electrical conductivity of LiCoPO4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]