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In order to withstand the competitive nature of the industrial market and maintain the longevity of products, researchers try to enhance current technologies and create cost-effective solutions. Aside from acquiring new machinery, it also involves successfully managing actual process variables. To get the desired and financially advantageous results, it is necessary to measure, control, and optimize these process variables. The welding process is significantly influenced by its characteristics, which play a major role in assessing the weld quality and reducing the welding time while ensuring the elimination of defects. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the research findings, developments, and remarkable techniques. First, the effective old-trade techniques applied for welding optimization are discussed. Then, the sophisticated methods depending on AI are handled for adaptive welding control, such as ANN in tandem with GA models, ant colony optimization technique, and the NSGA-III algorithm. After that, summarize the relevant research related to building models with supportive vision sensing elements for seam tracking, monitoring the weld pool, and handling feedback control. Finally, the future research difficulties and directions toward real-time intelligent monitoring are highlighted. This review will help aspiring and ambitious researchers gain a comprehensive understanding of welding optimization for robotics applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury is inevitable during liver surgery, causing morbidity and mortality. Recently, a wide range of effects were identified for treatment with vitamin D and Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells (BM-MSCs). We aimed to investigate and compare the possible antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, autophagic and regenerative capacities of vitamin D and BM-MSCs pretreatment on hepatic IR injury either solely or in combination. For this, sixty adult male Wistar rats were allocated into 5 groups and treated as follows: the Sham group—underwent sham operation, the IR group—were subjected to hepatic IR, the Vit D-IR group—received vitamin D in a dose of 500 IU/Kg/day, by gavage, 5 days/week for 2 weeks prior to hepatic IR, the Stem cell-IR group—received a single intravenous (IV) injection of 1 × 106 BM-MSCs prior to hepatic IR and the Combined-IR group—received both vitamin D and BM-MSCs prior to hepatic IR. All rats were subjected to estimation of Liver index (LI), assessment of serum levels of alanine, aspartate transaminases (ALT, AST) and vitamin D. In addition, hepatic tissue was assessed for superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA), interleukin-2, 10 (IL-2, IL-10), Caspase-3 (Casp-3), an autophagy marker LC3B and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) levels, alongside hepatic histopathological study, and scoring. The untreated IR group showed significant elevation of serum transaminases, hepatic tissue MDA, IL-2, and Casp-3 with significant reduction in LI, serum vitamin D, hepatic tissue SOD, IL-10, LC3B and HGF with evident hepatic sinusoidal congestion, cytoplasmic vacuolation and cellular necrosis. Both pretreatments either solely or in combination lessened these changes, with the combined treatment being the most efficient and suggesting a promising prophylactic intervention prior to liver surgery to avoid IR injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The ocean is one of the world’s most important sources of bioactive chemicals in the marine environment. Microbiologists, ecologists, agronomists, taxonomists, and evolutionary biologists have been increasingly interested in marine microbial natural products (MMNPs) in recent decades. Main body: Diverse marine bacteria appear to get the ability to manufacture an astounding diversity of MMNPs with a wide range of biological actions, including anti-tumor, antimicrobial, and anti-cardiovascular agents according to numerous studies. Short conclusions: Innovative isolation and culture methodologies, tactics for identifying novel MMNPs via routine screens, metagenomics, genomics, combinatorial biosynthesis, and synthetic biology are all discussed in this review. There is also a discussion of potential issues and future directions for studying MMNPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]