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Methotrexate (MTX)-induced intestinal mucositis (IM) is a common side effect in cancer treatment that impairs the immune system and gut microbes, resulting in loss of mucosal integrity and gut barrier dysfunction. The quality of life and outcomes of treatment are compromised by IM. The present study was designed to investigate the mucoprotective potential of the benzimidazole derivative N-{4-[2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1H-benzimidazole-1-sulfonyl] phenyl} acetamide (B8) on MTX-induced IM in mice. IM was induced by a single dose of MTX in mice and assessed by physical manifestations as well as biochemical, oxidative, histological, and inflammatory parameters. B8 (1, 3, 9 mg/kg) significantly reduced diarrhea score, mitigated weight loss, increased feed intake and, survival rate in a dose-dependent manner. Notably, B8 exhibited a mucoprotective effect evident through the mitigation of villus atrophy, crypt hypoplasia, diminished crypt mitotic figures, mucin depletion, and oxidative stress markers (GSH, SOD, MDA, and catalase concentration). Gene expression analysis revealed that B8 downregulated the mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1β, and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and concurrently upregulated IL-10 expression in contrast to the MTX group. Further, B8 significantly improved the luminal microflora profile by augmenting the growth of Lactobacillus spp. and reducing the number of pathogenic bacteria (E. coli). Additionally, the enzyme-linked immunoassay showed that B8 decreased the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Our findings suggest that B8 had mucoprotective effects against MTX-induced IM and could be used as an adjunct in chemotherapy to deter this side effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pollutants in soil, particularly chromium (Cr), pose high environmental and health risks due to their persistence, bioavailability, and potential for causing toxicity. Cr impairment in plants act as a deleterious environmental pollutant that enters the food chain and eventually disturbs human health. Current study demonstrated the potential of integrative foliar application of magnesium–iron (Mg + Fe) nanocomposite with Staphylococcus aureus strains to alleviate Cr toxicity in rice (Oryza sativa) crops by improving yield and defense system. Growth and yield traits such as shoot length (15%), root length (17%), shoot fresh weight (14%), shoot dry weight (9%), root fresh weight (23%), root dry weight (7%), number of tillers (33%), number of grains (10%) and spike length (13%) improved by combined application of Mg + Fe (20 mg L−1) nanocomposite and S. aureus strains with Cr (110 mg kg−1), compared to when applied alone. Mutual Mg + Fe and S. aureus strains application augmented the SPAD value (9%), total chlorophyll (11%), a (12%), b (17%), and carotenoids (32%), with Cr (110 mg kg−1), compared to alone. Malondialdehyde (13%), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) (11%), and electrolyte leakage (7%) were significantly regulated in shoots with combined Mg + Fe and S. aureus strains application with Cr (110 mg kg−1) contrasted to alone. Peroxidase (20%), superoxide dismutase (17%), ascorbate peroxidase (18%), and catalase (20%) were increased in shoots with combined Mg + Fe and S. aureus strains application with Cr (110 mg kg−1) in comparison to alone. The combined application of Mg + Fe (20 mgL−1) nanocomposite and S. aureus strains with Cr (110 mg kg−1) enhanced the macro-micronutrients in shoots compared to alone. Cr accumulation in roots (21%), shoots (25%), and grains (47%) were significantly reduced under Cr (110 mg kg−1) with combined Mg + Fe and S. aureus strains application, compared to alone. Subsequently, applying combined Mg + Fe and S. aureus strains is a sustainable solution to boost crop production under Cr toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, due to the fast development in multimedia applications of wireless communication systems and demands of increasing the capacity and data rates to meet the requirements of 5G mobile communication systems, new transmission techniques are needed. One of the powerful enabling tools of the 5G communication systems is the multi-input multi-output (MIMO) antenna system employing multiple antennas and utilizing the multipath fading mobile environment to increase the channel capacity without any additional bandwidth and/or transmitted power. However, because of the limited space of mobile devices, the distances between antennas are decreasing. The mutual coupling between antennas severely affects the overall performance of the MIMO system. So, isolation improvement methods are applied to reduce these influences. In this review, different isolation techniques and their features and drawbacks are presented, and the techniques for applying them in modern MIMO antenna systems are illustrated. Besides, the performance characteristics of these MIMO systems are compared. The review also contains basic concepts of the MIMO antenna system and its performance metrics. Finally, the future directions and trends for the MIMO antenna system design are discussed briefly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

r, s, t-spherical fuzzy (r, s, t-SPF) sets provide a robust framework for managing uncertainties in decision-making, surpassing other fuzzy sets in their ability to accommodate diverse uncertainties through the incorporation of flexible parameters r, s, and t. Considering these characteristics, this article explores sine trigonometric laws to enhance the applicability and theoretical foundation for r, s, t-SPF setting. Following these laws, several aggregation operators (AOs) are designed for aggregation of the r, s, t-SPF data. Meanwhile, the desired characteristics and relationships of these operators are studied under sine trigonometric functions. Furthermore, we build a group decision-making algorithm for addressing multiple attribute group decision-making (MAGDM) problems using the developed AOs. To exemplify the applicability of the proposed algorithm, we address a practical example regarding laptop selection. Finally, parameter analysis and a comprehensive comparison with existing operators are conducted to uncover the superiority and validity of the presented AOs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Digital surgery is a new paradigm within the surgical innovation space that is rapidly advancing and encompasses multiple areas. Methods: This white paper from the SAGES Digital Surgery Working Group outlines the scope of digital surgery, defines key terms, and analyzes the challenges and opportunities surrounding this disruptive technology. Results: In its simplest form, digital surgery inserts a computer interface between surgeon and patient. We divide the digital surgery space into the following elements: advanced visualization, enhanced instrumentation, data capture, data analytics with artificial intelligence/machine learning, connectivity via telepresence, and robotic surgical platforms. We will define each area, describe specific terminology, review current advances as well as discuss limitations and opportunities for future growth. Conclusion: Digital Surgery will continue to evolve and has great potential to bring value to all levels of the healthcare system. The surgical community has an essential role in understanding, developing, and guiding this emerging field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an extension of interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy sets, the concept of interval-valued q-rung orthopair fuzzy (IVq-ROF) sets (IVq-ROFSs) represents an efficient tool for handling uncertain information in a more expansive context, owing to its utilization of the adjustable parameter q ≥ 1 . In the present article, we devise Aczel–Alsina (AA) operations to IVq-ROF numbers, employing the AA t-norm and t-conorm, and subsequently establish their inherent properties. Based on these operations, we originate a series of aggregation operators, including IVq-ROF AA weighted averaging (IVq-ROFAAWA) operator, IVq-ROF AA ordered weighted averaging (IVq-ROFAAOWA) operator, IVq-ROF AA hybrid averaging (IVq-ROFAAHA) operator, IVq-ROF AA weighted geometric (IVq-ROFAAWG) operator, IVq-ROF AA ordered weighted geometric (IVq-ROFAAOWG) operator, and IVq-ROF AA hybrid geometric (IVq-ROFAAHG) operator. Some required properties of the formulated operators are verified, and their interrelatedness is shown exhaustively. Meanwhile, we formulate the IVq-ROF weighted Bonferroni mean (IVq-ROFWBM) operator by leveraging AA operations, considering that the Bonferroni mean operator can capture the interrelationships among the input arguments. Based on these operators, a decision-making approach is framed for ranking the alternatives in the IVq-ROF environment. Further, we present an illustrative example concerning the distortion of the 2022 monsoon flood to showcase its practical applicability and to examine how various parameters impact the outcomes. Finally, the merits and originality of the presented methodology are underscored through a comprehensive comparison with prevailing approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of the present study is to develop a novel TODIM method under cubic q-rung orthopair fuzzy environment, where information about the weights of both decision makers (DMs) and criteria is fully unknown. First, we introduce some novel operations along with their relevant properties. Afterward, we propose a Minkowski-type distance measure for cubic q-rung orthopair fuzzy sets (Cq-ROFSs). We list some properties of the proposed distance measures and some special cases about various parameter values. Next, the entropy measure between two Cq-ROFSs is disclosed, and part of the proposed entropy measure characteristics is presented. Further, this study put forward the method for finding the weights of DMs and criteria. In the developed method, firstly, weights of DMs are obtained using the proposed distance measure and cubic q-rung orthopair fuzzy weighted averaging operator. Then, the weights of criteria are determined by the developed entropy measure. A novel TODIM method is developed utilizing the proposed Minkowski-type distance measures for ranking alternatives in light of the acquired criteria weights. To demonstrate the applicability and validity of the presented work, we address the talent recruitment problem. Moreover, we discuss the influence of parameters on decision-making results. Finally, a comparative study with existing work is made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excellent characteristics of Titanium Zirconium Molybdenum alloy (TZM-Molybdenum) make them favorable for use in aerospace industries. Such super alloys must be machined precisely for aerospace purposes. Traditional machining procedures subject TZM Molybdenum to several challenges. Electrical discharge machining (EDM) is an excellent method for generating EDM is a fantastic technique for creating complex and intricate profile geometries. and complicated profile geometries. It's an excellent tool for materials that are tough to cut. The suspension of an adequate quantity of powder particles in dielectric oil improves machining efficiency with better accuracy, greater productivity, and a superior surface finish while machining newly developed molybdenum alloys. The present investigation tested the effect on TZM-Molybdenum using silicon carbide (SiC) powder-mixed dielectric with peak current (IP), pulse-on-time (TON), pulse-off-time (TOFF), and gap voltage (V) as input variables on material removal rate (MRR), tool wear rate (TWR), and surface roughness (SR). The response surface methodology was used to discover the most significant parameter for the responses and to pick the crucial set of parameters. The suspended powder of has a massive impact on the multi-objective performance characteristic in PMEDM. When we used SiC additives in PMEDM, we saw a 14.05% rise in MRR, an 11.98% drop in TWR, and a 12.24% decrease in SR. The insertion of SiC micro particles to dielectric fluid enhances TZM-Molybdenum EDM performance over traditional EDM. Surface roughness is improved by employing powder in dielectric processes compared to traditional EDM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, the supercapacitor has gained more consideration due to its speedy charging and discharging, high power density, and stability compared to the existing batteries. Activated carbon-based electrodes for the supercapacitor provide higher specific capacitance. In this research, activated carbon was obtained from Prunus dulcis (almond fruit) shell by carbonization using a muffle furnace. Carbonized Prunus dulcis fruit shells were chemically activated by potassium hydroxide (KOH). X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of KOH-activated carbon derived from Prunus dulcis shell evident that the activated carbon samples are amorphous. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of activated carbon derived from Prunus dulcis exhibited a 2D sheet-like morphology and a smooth surface. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) detected oxygen, chloride, and potassium peaks with 85.2% carbon. The addition of KOH helped to increase the porosity of the fruit shells and enhanced the absorption of the electrolyte. The supercapacitor electrode was prepared by coating activated carbon on a graphite pencil lead. The performance of the electrode was evaluated using a 6 M KOH electrolyte at various current densities and scan rates. The prepared sample was electrochemically characterized by cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge and discharge measurements, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. From the analysis, the suitability of the material as an electrode can be understood. The specific capacitance of the samples was measured as 434, 237, 105.9, and 50.5 F g−1 at 1, 2, 4, and 10 A g−1, respectively. The higher specific capacitance is ascribed to the high specific surface area, electrolyte, and pore volume. And also, at an energy density of 0.28 Wh g−1, the power density of 100 kW g−1 is obtained. The electrode has a series resistance of 10.51 Ω and a charge transfer resistance of 1.12 Ω. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study introduces a q-rung orthopair hesitant fuzzy stochastic method based on regret theory to capture the psychological behavior of decision makers (DMs) in decision making. For this, first, according to the score and variance function of q-rung orthopair hesitant fuzzy number (q-ROHFN), a novel group satisfaction degree is defined, which can precisely mirror the overall level and group divergence. And then, on this basis, an optimization model of criteria weights is constructed, and the Lagrange function is formulated to cope with the situation where the information about criteria weights is entirely unknown. Next, the regret value and the rejoice value are obtained by the provided regret-rejoice function, and the alternatives are ranked according to the total psychological perception values of DMs under multi-state situations. Lastly, a case study concerning stock investment is addressed to demonstrate the implantation of the provided method. Besides this, detailed sensitivity analysis and comparison with relevant literature are performed to discuss the stability and superiority of the presented method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a generalized fuzzy set, the dual hesitant bipolar fuzzy set (DHBFS) has received considerable attention and has recently become a widespread topic. The DHBFSs can reflect the disagreement and hesitancy of decision-makers flexibly and conveniently. However, we find that in DHBFS, all elements are endowed with the same importance, which indicates that multiple occurrence and appearance of some elements is neglected, which is evidently impractical. To circumvent this issue, this article aims to originate a new fuzzy tool, namely the probabilistic hesitant bipolar fuzzy set (PHBFS), which takes into account not only different grades of membership and negative membership but also their probabilistic data. Further, we outline some basic concepts, including score function, accuracy degree, normalization, comparison rule, and basic operations for PHBFS. Besides, we formulate some aggregation operators for aggregating probabilistic hesitant bipolar fuzzy information, including probabilistic hesitant bipolar fuzzy Hamacher prioritized average operator, probabilistic hesitant bipolar fuzzy Hamacher prioritized geometric operator and their weighted forms. Several special cases of these propound operators are also outlined. Based on these foundations, we develop a multi-criteria group decision-making method to cope with probabilistic hesitant bipolar fuzzy information-based problems. The proposed methodology is more reasonable for getting a better selection result and can overcome the disadvantage of information loss. At last, the proposed method is employed in the decision-making case related to recruiting foreign faculty members, and its practicality and effectiveness are verified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, due to the fast development in multimedia applications of wireless communication systems and demands of increasing the capacity and data rates to meet the requirements of 5G mobile communication systems, new transmission techniques are needed. One of the powerful enabling tools of the 5G communication systems is the multi-input multi-output (MIMO) antenna system employing multiple antennas and utilizing the multipath fading mobile environment to increase the channel capacity without any additional bandwidth and/or transmitted power. However, because of the limited space of mobile devices, the distances between antennas are decreasing. The mutual coupling between antennas severely affects the overall performance of the MIMO system. So, isolation improvement methods are applied to reduce these influences. In this review, different isolation techniques and their features and drawbacks are presented, and the techniques for applying them in modern MIMO antenna systems are illustrated. Besides, the performance characteristics of these MIMO systems are compared. The review also contains basic concepts of the MIMO antenna system and its performance metrics. Finally, the future directions and trends for the MIMO antenna system design are discussed briefly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A q-rung orthopair fuzzy (q-ROF) set (q-ROFS) is one of the advanced fuzzy sets capable of processing complex real-world information satisfactorily. q-ROF distance measures are used to indicate the degree of difference between the data conveyed by q-ROFSs. Though numerous distance measures have been proposed in earlier studies, they cannot meet the axioms of distance measure or exist counter-intuitive cases. This study aims to formulate a novel q-ROF distance measure based on matrix norm and a strictly increasing (or decreasing) function. Further, the originated distance measure is shown to fulfill the axiomatic requirements of the distance function. The proposed measure not only meets the axiomatic definition of distance measure but also remedies the counter-intuitive cases. Appropriate experimental configurations are developed to compare the suggested distance measure with existing measures by employing them in several examples. Following the proposed q-ROF distance measures, a new method for dealing with multi-criteria group decision-making (MCGDM) problems in the q-ROF environment is presented. To illustrate the application potentiality of the established method, a numerical example concerning renewable energy source selection is assessed with q-ROF input. Finally, sensitivity and comparative analyses are executed to verify the stability and efficacy of the provided approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

q-ROPFLS, including numeric and linguistic data, has a wide range of applications in handling uncertain information. This article aims to investigate q-ROPFL correlation coefficient based on the proposed information energy and covariance formulas. Moreover, considering that different q-ROPFL elements may have varying criteria weights, the weighted correlation coefficient is further explored. Some desirable characteristics of the presented correlation coefficients are also discussed and proven. In addition, some theoretical development is provided, including the concept of composition matrix, correlation matrix, and equivalent correlation matrix via the proposed correlation coefficients. Then, a clustering algorithm is expanded where data is expressed in q-ROPFL form with unknown weight information and is explained through an illustrative example. Besides, detailed parameter analysis and comparative study are performed with the existing approaches to reveal the effectiveness of the framed algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waste diversion (WD) is an integral part of modern solid waste management (SWM); however, like many developing countries, it remained ignored by the municipalities in Pakistan. Consequently, final destination of several valuable items in waste stream ends up at landfill. Most of the municipalities are not aware of waste diversion and its importance. Therefore, the study is designed to identify and evaluate potential components of WD that exist in SWM and also to assess current rate of recovery of individual component and overall WD rate. In order to identify and quantify valuable items in waste stream, MSW generation and characterization were carried out at source and landfill site as well. Quantification of individual component calculated from characterization, while rate of waste diversion is calculated by using an equation as mentioned in methodology. It is concluded that a city generates 967.33 tons/day of municipal solid waste and generation rate 0.474 kg/capita/day. Only 125.00 tons/day (13.17%) of valuable items are recovered from the waste stream, while 840 tons/day (86.81%) end up at landfill site without any treatment. The main WD components in Peshawar are reuse (13%), recycling (50.75%), RDF/mass burning (31%), and food waste using as livestock fodder (16%). Composting being important of WD is recorded 0.00% in the city. This study will assist waste management authority and will also motivate government to make policies that encourage waste diversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last few decades, environmental contaminants (ECs) have been introduced into the environment at an alarming rate. There is a risk to human health and aquatic ecosystems from trace levels of emerging contaminants, including hospital wastewater (HPWW), cosmetics, personal care products, endocrine system disruptors, and their transformation products. Despite the fact that these pollutants have been introduced or detected relatively recently, information about their characteristics, actions, and impacts is limited, as are the technologies to eliminate them efficiently. A wastewater recycling system is capable of providing irrigation water for crops and municipal sewage treatment, so removing ECs before wastewater reuse is essential. Water treatment processes containing advanced ions of biotic origin and ECs of biotic origin are highly recommended for contaminants. This study introduces the fundamentals of the treatment of tertiary wastewater, including membranes, filtration, UV (ultraviolet) irradiation, ozonation, chlorination, advanced oxidation processes, activated carbon (AC), and algae. Next, a detailed description of recent developments and innovations in each component of the emerging contaminant removal process is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to revise the existing distance and similarity measures of the dual hesitant fuzzy set (DHFS) context in order to remove their shortcomings. The study first reveals the limitations of the existing distance measures of DHFSs through some counterexamples. Keeping in mind the indicated limitations of the existing ones, we revise them and show how the revised measures are important by applying them to the pattern recognition problem. Further, the statistical variance (SV) method is extended to the DHFS context for criteria weight determination. After that, an approach is made based on revised distance measures for ranking alternatives in multi-criteria group decision making (MCGDM). In the end, a real-world example regarding the evaluation of the quality of movies is presented to elaborate on the practicality and superiority of the developed approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to investigate the quality of groundwater affected due to the municipal solid waste (MSW) used as a landfill. To assess the impacts, 13 groundwater samples were collected from solid waste dumping sites (SWDS) and 13 from safe sites (SS). Groundwater was analyzed for pH, turbidity, electrical conductivity (EC), total hardness (TH), Cl−, Ca+2, K+1, NO−2, NO−3, SO4−2; heavy metals such as Pb, Cr, Mn, Cu, Ni, Zn, Cd, Fe; biological parameter such as total coliform. Waste samples collected from SWDS showed that food and garden waste had the highest percentage by weight (30.5%) followed by fines (17.3%). The two groups (SWDS and SS) differ significantly for the mean value of EC, TH, Na, Ca, NO3− and SO4−2, Ni and TC. Samples collected from SWDS (84%) were found contaminated with total coliform (TC) ranged 2–22 (No./100 ml). It was analyzed that concentration of total dissolved solids (TDS), pH, EC, TH, NO3−, SO4−2, NO2−, Ca+2, Na+, TC, Cr, Ni, Zn, Cd and TC were more in the samples collected from 70–130 feet than 140–200 feet. TC found in 70–80 feet depth was significantly different from the rest of the groups. A questionnaire survey was also conducted from the people living near the dumping sites to assess the frequency of the water-related disease the community is suffering from. The results of the questionnaire survey revealed negative correlation between the diseases and distance from the landfill sites, and significant correlation was only observed for typhoid, cholera, skin allergies and gastroenteritis. The study confirmed that using MSW as a fill material has contaminated the groundwater quality, and leveling of land through MSW is not safe. Deep drilling is recommended for extraction of groundwater in the contaminated area to minimize the associated health risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The q-rung orthopair linguistic set (q-ROLS), a combined version of linguistic term sets and q-rung orthopair fuzzy set, is an efficient mathematical tool to accomplish the imprecise information while solving the decision-making problems. Under this environment, we propose additional operations and relations to deal with the decision information, and some properties are well proved. Furthermore, we propound some cosine similarity measures and weighted cosine similarity measures for q-ROLSs based on the traditional cosine similarity measures with a brief study of related properties. In the proposed similarity measures, various linguistic scale functions are utilized in order to take into account the semantics of linguistic terms. Besides this, we employ the stated q-rung orthopair linguistic similarity measures to multi-criteria group decision making problems, in which the weights of DMs are delineated by the projection of individual decisions on the ideal decision results. At last, a numerical example is used to demonstrate the practicality of the suggested technique, and its efficacy is validated by comparison with prevailing techniques. The suggested method's sensitivity and stability analyses are also provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The normal wiggly dual hesitant fuzzy set (NWDHFS) is a modern mathematical tool that can be used to express the deep ideas of membership and non-membership information hidden in the thought-level of decision-makers (DMs). To enhance and expand the applicability of NWDHFSs, this study originates several types of distance and similarity measures between two NWDHFSs. The present paper first revises the basic operational laws of normal wiggly dual hesitant fuzzy elements (NWDHFEs) and then generalizes the rule of length extension for normal wiggly dual hesitant fuzzy setting. Meanwhile, we introduce a variety of distance and similarity measures under the background of NWDHFSs. After that, a family of weighted distance and similarity measures based on NWDHFS is presented and analyzed for discrete and continuous cases. The stated measures are the extension of several existing measures and have the capability to handle uncertain and vague information with a wider range of information. DMs can select the most suitable alternative based on these measures by determining the gap between each alternative and the ideal one. Finally, a practical example concerning disease detection is addressed to demonstrate the applicability and merits of the developed theory and depict the differences between the presented distance and similarity measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of the current study is to explore a novel q-rung orthopair fuzzy score function and extend the measurement of alternatives and ranking according to the compromise solution (MARCOS) method with unknown weight information to the context of q-rung orthopair fuzzy numbers (q-ROFNs). For this, first, the drawbacks of the existing score functions are highlighted via several solid examples. Then, to fill the gaps of the existing ones, a novel score function and its relevant characteristics are delineated. To determine the objective weights of criteria, q-rung orthopair fuzzy criteria importance through intercriteria correlation (CRITIC) method is modeled based on the derived weights of decision-makers (DMs), standard deviation, and correlation coefficient. Following that, the q-rung orthopair fuzzy MARCOS approach is established to cope with multi-criteria group decision-making (MCGDM) problems. Later, a case study of solid waste management is addressed to show the practicality of the presented method. Lastly, the derived results are validated through three phases: two sensitivity analyses, rank reversal phenomena, and comparative analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, silver–nickel oxide/calcium alginate (Ag@NiO/Alg) hydrogel beads were synthesized by incorporating the nanomaterial into the polymer solution followed by their extrusion from a syringe to coagulating solution for crosslinking. The Ag@NiO/Alg beads formed through this procedure were characterized by different instrumental techniques. The catalytic efficiency of Ag@NiO/Alg was evaluated for the reduction of rhodamine B (RhB) and methyl orange (MO), in the presence of sodium borohydride. After applying various kinetic order equations to the experimental data, the reactions were found to follow pseudo-first order kinetics using the Ag@NiO/Alg catalyst. The apparent rate constant (kapp) was determined as 0.33358 min−1 and 0.20882 min−1 for the catalytic reduction of RhB and MO, respectively. Furthermore, reduction reactions were studied at varying dye concentration and catalyst dosages. The recovered catalyst was reused up to five cycles without significant drop in the activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spherical fuzzy set (SFS), as a generalization of Picture fuzzy set, can express and process uncertainty much better. In this article, we first reveal the comparison issues in spherical fuzzy setting and then formulate a novel score function to remedy the drawbacks of the existing score functions. Some of its interesting properties have also been verified in detail. Next, we research two novel spherical fuzzy operations, i.e., subtraction and division operations, and their relevant characteristics. Further, based on the proposed score function, a formula for the conversion process of decision-makers weight information from the spherical fuzzy form to classical form is formulated. In addition, criteria importance through intercriteria correlation model is extended to the spherical fuzzy environment to tackle the situation where the criteria weight information is completely unknown. Following this, measurement of alternatives and ranking according to the compromise solution method is built under the background of SFSs. After that, an illustrative example of smartphone selection problem is considered to show the implication and supremacy of the presented study. Meanwhile, sensitivity analysis, a validity test and a detailed comparison are carried out to evaluate the supremacy and the validity of the created method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU), a chemotherapeutic drug, has severe deteriorating effects on the intestine, leading to mucositis. Glycyrrhizic acid is a compound derived from a common herbal plant Glycyrrhiza glabra, with mucoprotective, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions, however, associated with poor pharmacokinetics. Owing to the remarkable therapeutic action of glycyrrhizic acid-loaded polymeric nanocarriers in inflammatory bowel disease, we explored their activity against 5-FU-induced intestinal mucositis in mice. Polymeric nanocarriers have proven to be efficient drug delivery vehicles for the long-term treatment of inflammatory diseases, but have not yet been explored for 5-FU-induced mucositis. Therefore, this study aimed to produce glycyrrhizic acid-loaded polylactic-co-glycolic acid (GA-PLGA) nanoparticles to evaluate their protective and therapeutic effects in a 5-FU-induced mucositis model. Methods: GA-PLGA nanoparticles were prepared using a modified double emulsion method, physicochemically characterized, and tested for in vitro drug release. Thereafter, mucositis was induced by 5-FU (50 mg/kg; IP) administration to the mice for the first 3 days (day 0, 1, 2), and mice were treated orally with GA-PLGA nanoparticles for 7 days (day 0–6). Results: GA-PLGA nanoparticles significantly reduced mucositis severity measured by body weight, diarrhea score, distress, and anorexia. Further, 5-FU induced intestinal histopathological damage, altered villi-crypt length, reduced goblet cell count, elevated pro-inflammatory mediators, and suppressed antioxidant enzymes, all of which were reversed by GA-PLGA nanoparticles. Conclusion: Morphological, behavioral, histological, and biochemical results suggested that GA-PLGA nanoparticles were efficient, biocompatible, targeted, and sustained release drug delivery nano-vehicle for enhanced mucoprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects in 5-FU-induced intestinal mucositis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A theoretical assessment of the o-nitrophenol adsorption on layered double hydroxides containing different metallic species (Ca-Al, Ni-Al and Zn-Al) was performed. Experimental o-nitrophenol adsorption isotherms obtained at different adsorption temperatures with these layered double hydroxides were analyzed using a statistical physics monolayer model. Model calculations showed that the o-nitrophenol aggregation could occur with a high degree. It was estimated that the o-nitrophenol adsorption implied a non-flat orientation on all adsorbent surfaces and this process was multi-molecular. It was also demonstrated that there was no significant difference on the o-nitrophenol adsorption capacities of tested adsorbents, which varied from 77 to 135, 95 to 122 and 74 and 130 mg/g for Ca-Al, Ni-Al and Zn-Al layered double hydroxides, respectively. This finding suggested that the incorporation of Ca-Al, Ni-Al and Zn-Al in the layered double hydroxide structure played a similar role to adsorb o-nitrophenol molecules from aqueous solution. Calculated adsorption energies and thermodynamic functions confirmed an exothermic adsorption with the presence of physical-based interaction forces. This paper highlights the importance of reliable theoretical calculations based on statistical physics theory to contribute in the understanding of the adsorption mechanisms of a relevant water pollutant using layered double hydroxides as promising adsorbents for industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Time of diagnosis (TOD) of benign esophageal perforation is regarded as an important risk factor for clinical outcome, although convincing evidence is lacking. The aim of this study is to assess whether time between onset of perforation and diagnosis is associated with clinical outcome in patients with iatrogenic esophageal perforation (IEP) and Boerhaave's syndrome (BS). Methods: We searched MEDLINE, Embase and Cochrane library through June 2018 to identify studies. Authors were invited to share individual patient data and a meta-analysis was performed (PROSPERO: CRD42018093473). Patients were subdivided in early (≤ 24 h) and late (> 24 h) TOD and compared with mixed effects multivariable analysis while adjusting age, gender, location of perforation, initial treatment and center. Primary outcome was overall mortality. Secondary outcomes were length of hospital stay, re-interventions and ICU admission. Results: Our meta-analysis included IPD of 25 studies including 576 patients with IEP and 384 with BS. In IEP, early TOD was not associated with overall mortality (8% vs. 13%, OR 2.1, 95% CI 0.8–5.1), but was associated with a 23% decrease in ICU admissions (46% vs. 69%, OR 3.0, 95% CI 1.2–7.2), a 22% decrease in re-interventions (23% vs. 45%, OR 2.8, 95% CI 1.2–6.7) and a 36% decrease in length of hospital stay (14 vs. 22 days, p < 0.001), compared with late TOD. In BS, no associations between TOD and outcomes were found. When combining IEP and BS, early TOD was associated with a 6% decrease in overall mortality (10% vs. 16%, OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.1–3.9), a 19% decrease in re-interventions (26% vs. 45%, OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.1–3.2) and a 35% decrease in mean length of hospital stay (16 vs. 22 days, p = 0.001), compared with late TOD. Conclusions: This individual patient data meta-analysis confirms the general opinion that an early (≤ 24 h) compared to a late diagnosis (> 24 h) in benign esophageal perforations, particularly in IEP, is associated with improved clinical outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a robust generalization to fuzzy set, the interval-valued dual-hesitant fuzzy set (IVDHFS) was put forward, which provided several possible membership and non-membership interval values to be associated with a specific substance. But IVDHFS does not couple the membership and non-membership values with their corresponding weights/importance degrees to assess a variable, which is irrational. To circumvent this issue, this study introduces the weighted interval-valued dual-hesitant fuzzy set (WIVDHFS) which describe the membership and non-membership values in the form of interval along with their weights. These assigned weights give more detail about the level of agreeness and disagreeness and thereby can help the decision makers (DMs) to obtain precise, rational, and consistent decision consequences. After introducing the pioneer notion of WIVDHFS, several related terms, viz. connected weighted interval-valued dual-hesitant element (WIVDHFE), score function, and accuracy function are defined. Using Archimedean t-norm and t-conorm, some basic operational laws for WIVDHFEs are constructed. Next, to aggregate WIVDHFEs, two types of aggregation operators based on Archimedean t-norm and t-conorm, namely the generalized weighted interval-valued dual-hesitant fuzzy-weighted averaging operator and the generalized weighted interval-valued dual-hesitant fuzzy-weighted geometric operator are designed along with their relevant properties. Meanwhile, some of their special cases and relationships are also explored. On the basis of special cases, a novel multi-criteria group decision-making approach under weighted interval-valued dual-hesitant fuzzy environment is then constructed. Finally, an application case about teaching quality assessment is presented, and some analyses and comparisons are provided to validate the proposed approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The probabilistic uncertain linguistic terms set (PULTS) is an effective tool to depict uncertain linguistic opinions of individuals or groups in the procedure of decision making. Motivated by the power of PULTS and the linguistic scale function, this study aims to propose robust techniques to solve multi-attribute group decision making problems with uncertain linguistic evaluations. To enrich calculation and enhance the flexibility of PULTS, we first generalize the aggregation formula to fuse opinions of decision makers represented as PULTSs and secondly derive adjusting rule of probability to adjust the probability distribution of two or more than two probabilistic uncertain elements (PULEs) into the same probability distribution. Novel operations of PULTSs are designed based on the adjusting rule of probability distribution and linguistic scale function for the semantics of linguistic terms. Many related properties of these operations are also discussed. New score function and deviation degree of PULEs are also developed to compare PULEs. Two aggregation operators i.e., probabilistic uncertain linguistic averaging (PULWA) operator and probabilistic uncertain linguistic geometric (PULWG) operator are also redefined in terms of novel operations. In addition, a series of distance measure is defined to overcome the shortcomings of existing ones. After defining a correlation measure, the probabilistic uncertain linguistic (PUL)-consensus reaching method (in which two specific consensus approaches are described separately) is put forward to refine the consensus level of a group. To suit the needs of different semantics, two robust decision making methods named as consensus-based PUL-gained and lost dominance score method and consensus-based PUL-aggregation method are proposed. Finally, a case study concerning the selection of the best commodity for investment in Forex is conducted to illustrate the practicality of the proposed methods. Lastly, a detailed comparative analysis is done with the existing technique to highlight the improvements and advantages of proposed work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to introduce a compact configuration of an arc shape ultra-wideband (UWB) planar antenna with nominal characteristics towards surface penetrating radar (SPR). The design is implemented to enhance antenna gain and bandwidth widening, that makes it a suitable device to be used in the detection or scanning operations. To serve the purpose, a simplified defected ground structure (DGS) method is been adopted, in which different rectangular size slots were induced over the surface of the ground plane to condense the surface current distribution of the radiating patch. Furthermore, the measurements elaborated that the proposed DGS based antenna has a very wide bandwidth from 3 to 16 GHz, which is significantly greater than the defined UWB range. The resultant gain is 6.2 dB that helps in deep penetration and the wider bandwidth can carry more information, which makes the antenna a potential device to be used in detection applications. The detection capacity of antenna has been validated using monostatic and bistatic based experimental configurations. Apart from this, a simple structure and low cost fabrication of antenna makes it appropriate for SPR applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted to investigate the concentrations of potential toxic metals (PTMs) in agricultural soil (n = 25) and their bioaccumulation in wheat crop (n = 25) collected from alongside the Kurram River, Pakistan. The highest concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn in soil samples were 0.16, 19.5, 14.7, 46.5, 13.5, 14.5, 14.0, and 19.7 mg kg−1, respectively. In the edible tissues of cultivated wheat crop, the highest concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn were 0.15, 10.00, 8.75, 22.25, 11.00, 11.25, 10.50, and 7.50 mg kg−1, respectively. The selected PTM concentrations in soil samples were observed within their respective permissible limits set by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA) China, while in wheat crops, the Cr and Pb concentrations were above the permissible limits of both FAO and SEPA China. The results showed that the orders of PTMs were Fe > Zn > Cr > Cu > Ni > Pb > Mn in soil and Fe > Ni > Mn > Pb > Cr > Cu > Zn in wheat. The highest PTM concentrations were reported in the sample collected near dumping sites. The results of different soil pollution indices including geo-accumulation index (Igeo), contamination factor (CF), and enrichment factor (EF) indicated that the soil of the study area was moderately to severely contaminated. The ADI values of wheat crops were less than 1, while the HQ varied among different PTMs with the highest value of 2.118 for Pb, and the lowest for Zn (0.007). The results indicated that anthropogenic intervention has made a substantial contribution to soil contamination with PTMs and subsequent uptake by wheat, which may exert potential human health risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The design of a fractal based slot antenna, to serve the dual-band communication applications, is proposed in this paper. The structure of the proposed antenna is based on the Koch snowflake fractal geometry of the third iteration as applied to the outer and inner perimeters of an annular ring slot configuration. The antenna slot structure has been etched on one side of a substrate representing its ground plane, and a microstrip line feed is printed on the other side. The realized results proved that the proposed antenna could excite three resonant modes. The first one was assigned for the lower resonating band from (2.24-2.93) GHz, while the second and third modes have been merged forcibly to generate the upper resonating band from (4.48-5.54) GHz. In terms of the guided wavelength, λg, the resulting antenna has a compact size of 0.57λg × 0.57λg. The results reveal that the antenna yields two resonant bands with a significant extent of the frequency ratio. To improve the antenna performance at the two resonant bands, investigation of current density distributed on the surface of the antenna is conducted at selected frequencies within the swept range. With the aid of this study, it has been found that when applying a defected ground structure (DGS) on the antenna ground plane, it can be considered as a tuning means of the two resonant bands. Measured results carried out on two fabricated prototypes confirm those theoretically predicted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In situ degradation of organic contaminants by Pd and electro-generated H2 and O2 overcomes the drawbacks to traditional Fenton process, and conducting heterogeneous catalyst of FeMgAl layered double hydrotalcite (LDH) further improved the efficiency and stability. Using bisphenol A (BPA) as the model contaminants, 90% removal can be achieved with 1200 mg/L Pd/Al2O3 and FeMgAl-2. The reusability was satisfying due to the very limited leaching of Fe ions at 0.1 ppm level. FeMgAl also amplified the window of pH for Pd-catalyzed in situ advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) from 3 by homogenous Fe(II) to 3-7 by FeMgAl LDH. The COD of landfill leachate effluent of the MBR system removed by about 52.3% by this system by the initial pH was 5. Characterizations revealed the distinguishing features associated with LDH structure such as large surface area, good stability, basic character, and strong linage among active sites were accounted for the remarkable performances over a wide pH window. Five reactive intermediates were observed and multiple degradation pathways were proposed in Pd-catalyzed in situ AOP for the first time. Interestingly, because of the unique role of Pd catalyst, these degradation pathways were clearly distinguished from traditional Fenton or Fenton-like AOPs and may provide a new approach of in situ heterogeneous AOPs for refractory contaminants in future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The original article can be found online at https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-29932-y. Correction to: I Scientific Reports i https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-29932-y, published online 16 February 2023 In the original version of this Article, Wali Khan Mashwani was incorrectly affiliated with "Department of Mathematical Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P. O. Box 15551 Al-Ain, UAE". [Extracted from the article]

Ziziphus nummularia from Rhamnaceae family is traditionally used for sedative-hypnotic, antipyretic and analgesic purposes; however, scientific validations are lacking. This in vivo study was undertaken to verify the above ameliorative properties of Z. nummularia root methanolic extract. Various fractions of the extract were assayed on Balb/c mice by open field, Brewer's yeast-induced hyperthermia and acetic acid-induced writhing experiments. The significance of the outcomes was analyzed with statistical tests. Various fractions of the extract exhibited marked dose-dependent ( p < 0.05) sedative-hypnotic and antipyretic activities. The biological efficacies were most pronounced between 50 and 100 mg/kg. Further, the acetic acid-induced abdominal constrictions were significantly ( p < 0.05) attenuated by the extract. Chloroform fraction of the extract was most dominant followed by ethyl acetate. The demonstrated therapeutic attributes of Z. nummularia extract can be exploited to isolate pharmaceutically relevant compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined properties of soil and runoff water under different land uses: forestry, pasture, cropping and fallow. The moisture level was found higher in the forest soil, while fallow and pasture soils showed a similar level of moisture. In top soil, the water holding capacity of pasture and forest soils was higher than other soils, especially that under cropping; the sub-soil held more water (12.1 %) than the top soil (10.3 %). The lower moisture level in cultivated or fallow lands could be attributed to the lower soil organic matter. Carbon concentration in the soils varied in the order forest > pasture > fallow > crop land. Across land uses, the concentrations of cations differed in the order: Ca > Mg > Na > K. Relatively higher concentrations of nutrients and lower pH were obtained in the top soil and sub-soil of the forest land. Forest and pasture catchments showed lower Na in soil. Regression analysis showed higher correlation between soil carbon and soil moisture, water holding capacity and nutrients. The nutrients concentrations were higher in forest soil and lowest in the soils of fallow and agricultural lands. The cations in the runoff water varied in the order Ca > Mg > Na > K, being highly consistent with that in the soil in each land use. Calcium concentrations in the runoff varied in the order forest > pasture > crop > fallow. Magnesium concentration was higher in forest runoff than other land uses, whereas higher K concentration was in pasture runoff. Higher total solids in the runoff of fallow land indicate soil erosion. The study highlights the value of plantation as a measure for land management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]