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This study was conducted to develop a steamed bun with Kappachychus alvarezii composite flour. A total of six formulations were developed, each with a different percentage of red seaweed (1.5%, 3%, 4.5%, 6%, 7.5%, and 9%). The physicochemical properties of the steamed bun, such as specific volume, bulk density, color, texture profile analysis, proximate analysis, and dietary fiber, were assessed. Sensory evaluations involving 50 untrained panelists were also conducted to determine the acceptability of the steamed bun. The results showed that increment of seaweed powder in the formulations increased the hardness (2853.41 ± 31.96 g), chewiness (1775.47 ± 24.83 g), bulk density (0.68 ± 0.05 g cm−3), and water activity (0.95 ± 0.00). Furthermore, the addition of seaweed powder reduced the cohesiveness (0.54 ± 0.01 g), springiness (0.64 ± 0.01 g), and specific volume (1.47 ± 0.10 cm3 g−1). Sensory evaluation results showed that seaweed powder could be utilized up to 6% without a significant effect on overall acceptability. Meanwhile, the addition of 1.5% of seaweed powder to the formulation increased the composition of ash (0.02 ± 0.01%), moisture (39.61 ± 0.29%), crude fat (0.57 ± 0.12%), and crude fiber (1.69 ± 0.11), while the composition of crude protein (11.11 ± 0.09%) and carbohydrate (47.00 ± 0.59%) was reduced. In addition, there was an increase in dietary fiber (5.26 ± 1.13%) and energy content (248.06 ± 3.02 kcal) as compared to the control sample. Therefore, utilization of K. alvarezii could increase the nutritional composition of the steamed bun. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this work was to establish the best particle size for recovering high yields of total phenolic compounds (TPC), total anthocyanin compounds(TAC) and total flavonoid compounds (TFC) from roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) by applying supercritical carbon dioxide (ScCO2). The extraction rate, diffusivity and solubility of yield in ScCO2 were also studied and calculated utilizing models. Pressure (10 and 30 MPa), temperature (40 and 60 °C), and particle size (250 µm < dp < 355 µm, 355 µm < dp < 425 µm and 425 µm < dp < 500 µm) were employed as variables in this experiment. The greatest recovery was 11.96% yield, 7.16 mg/100 g TAC, 42.93 mg/100 g TPC and 239.36 mg/100 g TFC under the conditions of 30 MPA, 40 °C and 250 µm < dp < 355 µm, respectively. The extraction rate of supercritical carbon dioxide in roselle extraction ranged from 5.19 E−03 to 1.35 E−03 mg/s fitted using the Esquivel model. The diffusivity coefficient of ScCO2 ranged from 2.17E−12 to 3.72E−11 mg/s2, as fitted by a single sphere model. The greatest solubility of global yield, TAC, TPC and TFC in ScCO2 was 1.50 g/L, 0.3 mg/L, 1.69 mg/L and 9.97 mg/L, respectively, with a particle size of 250 µm < dp < 355 µm. The smaller particle size of roselle provides the maximum bioactive compound recovery and solubility. Furthermore, the diffusivity and extraction of ScCO2 are increased by decreasing the particle size. Therefore, a smaller particle size is appropriate for roselle extraction by ScCO2 based on the experimental and modelling data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current study, the solubility of potent bioactive compounds from cat's whiskers (Orthosiphon stamineus), viz. sinensetin (SIN) and isosinensetin (ISO), is measured in ethanol-assisted supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2). Experiments were conducted at temperature and pressure of 40–80 °C and 10–30 MPa, respectively. Three semi-empirical models of Chrastil, del Valle-Aguilera, and Gonzalez were used to correlate the compounds' solubility in SC-CO2 + ethanol. The highest solubility of SIN and ISO was obtained at 3.945 and 2.323 mg/L, respectively, at 10 MPa and 80 °C. The solubility data revealed the direct effect of temperature, while the pressure has a dual effect of both increasing and decreasing the compounds' solubility. This study revealed the influence of solute's melting point, dipole moment and molecular structure on its solubility in SC-CO2 + ethanol system. Therefore, SIN has higher solubility in SC-CO2 + ethanol system due to its lower melting and dipole moment compared to its isomer, ISO. In addition, the solubility of the SIN and ISO data was satisfactorily correlated with all semi-empirical models, with less than 4.0% of the AARD%. The enthalpy of vaporization and solvation for SIN and ISO in SC-CO2 extraction were determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the health benefits such as anti-diabetic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory agents, the extraction of bioactive compounds from natural plants becomes significant. One of the favored extraction processes is supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2). SC-CO2 is known as a green method with a high-selectivity process. Therefore, this study aims to determine the best parameters and mass transfer process to extract the bioactive compounds, viz. sinensetin, isosinensetin, and rosmarinic acid, in the leaves of Orthosiphon stamineus using the SC-CO2 extraction technique. Response surface methodology was applied to optimize the operating temperature and pressure of 40–80 °C and 10–30 MPa, respectively. Meanwhile, to quantify the concentration of sinensetin, isosinensetin, and rosmarinic acid, a high-performance liquid chromatography was used. Results showed that the level of sinensetin, isosinensetin, and rosmarinic acid varied significantly at each extraction condition from 122.98 to 469.54 mg/kg sample, 50.60 to 419.07 mg/kg sample, and 17.43 to 931.44 mg/kg, respectively. Based on the optimization study, the optimum pressure and temperature were 10 MPa and 80 °C, respectively, with 440.3 mg/g sinensetin, 392.9 mg/g isosinensetin, and 752.0 mg/g of rosmarinic acid concentration obtained. Meanwhile, the single-sphere model showed a significant correlation with sinensetin, isosinensetin, and rosmarinic acid extraction, with an average AARD of 12.31%, 13.72%, and 18.90%, respectively. The range of diffusivity coefficient, De, of sinensetin, isosinensetin, and rosmarinic acid was 5.47E−13–1.81E−12 m2/s, 8.26E−13–1.89E−12 m2/s, and 2.64E−13–2.28E−12 m2/s, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]