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Fe2O3–Dy2O3 (FD) was synthesized via green approach using Syzygium aromaticum (Clove) bud extract, for the effective removal of an antibiotic ciprofloxacin. The formation of Fe2O3–Dy2O3 nanocomposite was confirmed by FTIR, XRD, XPS and EDS. A magnetic counterpart c-Fe2O3–Dy2O3 (c-FD) was obtained via calcinations of FD at 700 °C and tested for the CIP removal performance. BET surface area of the FD and c-FD was found to be 112 and 41 m2 g−1. Antibiotics have been emerged as an issue high concern due to their potential risk for ecosystem and human health. There is a crucial need for the development of efficient materials for the recovery of these pollutants from waste water. Aiming on this issue, the synthesized systems were tested for Ciprofloxacin removal. The maximum adsorption capacity of 125 and 328 mg g−1, for both FD and c-FD was obtained, respectively. The maximum percentage removal of CIP was found to be 70% for FD and 53% for c-FD at the adsorbent dose of 1 g L−1 within 90 min for 40 ppm initial concentration of CIP. The effect of FD and c-FD nanocomposites on bacterial strains reveals their specific effect on Gram-negative bacteria, Escherichia coli (E. coli). Further, the regeneration and recyclability of nanoadsorbents showed excellent cycling stability and recyclability given their robustness, which is advantageous for further application in water purification and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]