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A char-forming agent (CFA) and silica-gel-microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate (MCAPP) were selected to form novel intumescent flame retardant system (IFRs), and then the influence of this novel IFRs on the thermal and flame retardant properties of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) were studied. The results of cone calorimetry show that the flame retardant properties of LDPE with 30 wt% novel IFR (CFA/MCAPP = 1:3) improve remarkably. The heat release rate peak, total heat release (THR) decreases, respectively, from 1479.6 to 273.5 kW m and from 108.0 to 80.5 MJ m. The LDPE composite with CFA/MCAPP = 1:3 has the excellent water resistance, and it can still obtain a UL-94 V-0 rating after treated with water at 70 °C for 168 h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ferric pyrophosphate (FePP) was used as additive to study its synergistic effect of thermal degradation on cotton fabrics. The microscale combustion calorimetry (MCC), thermogravimetric analysis (TG), Raman spectroscopy and Real Time Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (RT-FTIR) were utilized to evaluate the synergistic effects of FePP on cotton/DIA. The MCC results revealed that cotton/DIA/FePP generated less combustion heat during heating than that of cotton/DIA. TG results showed that presence of FePP improved the thermal stability of materials. The Raman spectroscopy test showed that FePP can ameliorate the structural organization level of the carbon and the graphitization degree of the char. RT-FTIR data revealed the mechanism of the influence of FePP, which can catalyze the break of the flame retardant as well as promote the char forming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel phosphorus, nitrogen-containing compound, poly(4, 4′-diaminodiphenyl methane phenyl dichlorophosphate) (PDMPD) with high thermal stability was synthesized. The PDMPD was then incorporated into polystyrene (PS) to be used as halogen-free flame retardant. Moreover, small amounts of two boron-containing compounds, Zinc borate (ZnB) and boron phosphate (BP) were combined with PDMPD,to explore effective flame-retardant formulations for PS. The flammability and the thermal properties of the composites were evaluated using limiting oxygen index (LOI) test, microscale combustion calorimeter (MCC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) respectively. A Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy coupled with a thermogravimetric analyzer (TG-IR) was also used to study the gas phase from the degradation of PS composites. Furthermore, the char residues of the samples were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and FTIR. The results showed that the incorporation of PDMPD can significantly decrease the flammability of virgin PS, and enhance the thermal stability at high temperature region, in both nitrogen and air atmosphere. A combination of PDMPD with small amounts of boron compounds can further decrease the flammability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]