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Review of the probability representation of qubit states and observables is presented as well as the picture of states of two-level systems in terms of Triada of Malevich's squares. A new relation of introduced probability parameters is obtained. Also, it is offered a method to visualize the quantum channel's maps of qubit states. Evolution of the two-level system is considered in terms of Triada of Malevich's squares in case of Rabi and Demkov models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we carry out statistical fluctuation analysis for the new proposed measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution with heralded single-photon sources and further compare its performance with the mostly often used light sources, i.e., the weak coherent source. Due to a significantly lower probability for events with two photons present on the same side of the beam splitter in former than in latter, it gives drastically reduced quantum bit error rate in the X basis and can thus show splendid behavior in real-life implementations even when taking statistical fluctuations into account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We give a scheme for locally implementing an inner product modification onto remote qubit product states using partially entangled states, which is designed for obtaining conclusive result with optimal success probability. We exemplify this remote inner product modification (RIPM) by applying it to two-qubit product states via three partially entangled qubit pairs and, additionally, we construct a quantum network to implement this RIPM. It is interesting that our treatment can save entanglement resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new application of the W-class state for quantum state sharing (QSTS) of an arbitrary three-qubit state with a certain probability is presented explicitly. We show that three sets of W-class states can be used to realize the QSTS of an arbitrary three-qubit state involving Bell-state measurement, single-qubit measurement and one high dimensional unitary operation. The performance demonstrates that our scheme can considerably reduce the difficulty of physical implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]