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In the modernized world, stimulating economic growth and employment without endangering environmental sustainability remains a fundamental challenge for developing and newly industrialized economies. This current study investigates the dynamic connections between income growth, unemployment, and environmental deterioration in Turkey within the environmental Phillips and Kuznets curve frameworks. The study employs a novel econometric technique, the augmented autoregressive distributed lag (A-ARDL) model, and examines annual time-series data from 1980 to 2018. To the best of the authors' knowledge, no study has tested the validity of the environmental Phillips curve (EPC) hypothesis (a novel approach linking unemployment with environmental pollution) for Turkey. Another concern with the existing research is that only a few papers simultaneously analyze the EPC and environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypotheses and consider the significance of the ecological footprint. Therefore, the study utilizes ecological footprint as an environmental degradation indicator and tests these two hypotheses by setting six models that control renewable energy consumption, natural resource rents, financial development, foreign direct investments, and urbanization to provide more reliable and consistent results. Empirical evidence from the multiple models justifies the validity of both hypotheses in the short and long run. The results also suggest that natural resource rents increase the ecological footprint, while urbanization contributes to environmental quality. Nonetheless, renewable energy, foreign direct investments, and financial development have no significant environmental impact. These outcomes suggest that a rise in employment not accompanied by green energy technologies, higher environmental awareness, a well-educated labor force, and expanded renewable energy utilization may impede the country from attaining its long-term development goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Raising economic growth is the primary concern of most of countries especially the developing and emerging economies in order to enhance the living standard of people. However, increase in economic activities increases energy demand which rise carbon dioxide emissions and leads to environmental degradation. Technological innovations might be the remedy to overcome the issue of increased carbon dioxide emission by reducing energy use, raise energy efficiency and also push economic growth activities efficiently. In this regard, this study explores the interrelationship of technological innovation, carbon dioxide emissions, and economic growth from 1985 to 2019 in 35 Belt and Road countries. The study uses ordinary least squares, two-step system generalized method of moments, two-step difference generalized method of moments, seemingly unrelated regression, and three-stage least square models for analysis. The results indicate that technological innovations increase economic growth and enhance environmental quality. Foreign direct investment also increases economic growth while degrading environmental quality. Economic growth increases technological innovation while exerting harmful effects on the quality of the environment. The impact of trade on economic growth is positive, while financial development reduces economic growth. School enrollment has a significant and positive effect and increases technological innovation, while foreign direct investment and research and development reduce it. The results also confirm that research and development expenditures significantly reduce carbon emissions and enhance environmental quality. The findings of this study have considerable policy implications for the sample countries with respect to economic growth, technological innovations, and environmental quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Each economic factor generates both positive and negative externalities regarding environmental quality. Owing to this, the current study aims to explore the impacts of various economic variables on the environmental quality of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) region. By sampling the 24 years (1996–2019) financial statistics of six GCC region countries, we investigate the impact of economic growth, foreign investment, trade volume, tourism investment and revenue, and electricity production on CO2 emissions. The empirical analysis is based upon dynamic least square and fully modified ordinary least square model due to the existence of cointegration. Following the results, economic growth, foreign investment, tourism investment, electricity production, and population density have a positive impact, while trade volume and banking development have a negative impact on the volume of CO2 emissions. The results support the pollution haven hypothesis in the GCC region and have many policies for environmental economists regarding the protection of the natural environment in the long run. In parallel to economic growth, the policy officials from the GCC region should focus on environmental sustainability. They should exert more effort for developing sustainable economic growth policies. The current analysis offers new insights regarding the dynamic role of various economic factors in establishing the CO2 emission volume in the GCC region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The preponderance of emerging economies confronts significant trade-offs between economic growth and environmental sustainability considerations, and Turkey is no exception. This study draws strength from the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN-SDGs-7,11,12 & 13). To this end, the present study explores the role of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis for the case of Turkey for annual frequency data from 1970 to 2020. The present study leverages on the novel dynamic autoregressive-distributed lag (DARDL) methodology and Bayer and Hanck combined cointegration test. The combined Bayer and Hanck cointegration test alongside ARDL bounds test traces equilibrium relationship between economic growth, urbanization, FDI, energy use, and CO2 emission over the investigated period. Empirical results from the DARDL simulation analysis validates the EKC hypothesis. These results suggest that environmental quality is being compromised for economic growth at the earlier stage of economic growth (scale stage). The EKC phenomenon is affirmed as a 1% increase in economic growth increase emission level by 0.1580% and quadratic economic growth decrease emission by 0.1095% in the short and long run, respectively. Similarly, urbanization and energy used in both the short and long run also worsen environmental quality while FDI influx in the long run improves environmental quality in Turkey. These outcomes have far-reaching environment-urbanization growth implications. From a policy lens, the current study subscribed to the environmental stick policies and investment on strategies on a paradigm shift from fossil-fuel energy consumption base to renewables. Further insights are highlighted in the concluding section. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foreign direct investments can exert ambiguous effects on the environmental quality of the host economies. At the same time, terrorism is a worldwide phenomenon that affects human life, FDI inflows, economic growth, and, most importantly, environmental well-being. Hence, it can be expected that there are relationships between terrorism, foreign direct investment inflows, and carbon dioxide emissions. However, in the previous literature, less attention has been given to explore these nexuses. In addition, the possible non-linearities in data are also mostly ignored in the preceding related studies. Against this backdrop, this paper explores the linear and non-linear influences of terrorism and foreign direct investment inflows on carbon dioxide emissions, controlling for energy consumption and economic growth within the model, on carbon dioxide emissions in the context of ten global economies that are most impacted by terrorism. To this end, we used the data from 1973 to 2016 and deployed the linear and non-linear autoregressive distributed lag methods to scrutinize the environmental impacts of the explanatory variables of concern. The results confirmed the presence of non-linearities in the relationships between terrorism, inflows of foreign direct investments, and carbon dioxide emissions. Furthermore, the findings revealed that the positive shocks to terrorism and foreign direct investment inflows significantly deteriorate the environment with a dominating effect. Unlike the previous studies, this current study validates the pollution haven hypothesis for the sample economies. Energy consumption and economic growth were also evidenced to exacerbate the carbon dioxide emission levels in all selected countries. Based on these results, we recommend that our sample economies should focus on promoting education, employment, economic stability, and public awareness to eradicate terrorism which, in turn, can mitigate the emissions of carbon dioxide further. In addition, stringent environmental regulations on foreign direct investment inflows are required to reduce the adverse environmental effects of such sources of foreign finance. Furthermore, the international firms should be encouraged to invest in cleaner technologies by offering them tax benefits and other financial incentives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vietnam has achieved impressive economic growth principally supported by foreign direct investment (FDI) in the last three decades. However, environmental deterioration is observed. No studies have ever been conducted to examine the link between economic growth and environmental degradation, focusing on the important role of the FDI, in Vietnam in both short run and long run. Using the ARDL and the threshold regression techniques for 35 years from 1986, Vietnam's "Doi Moi" (economic renovation), the U-shaped relationship between economic growth and the environmental quality is found in the long run and at the upper threshold of economic growth. FDI in the long run and at the upper threshold of economic growth also leads to further deterioration of the environmental quality. Also, consumption of fossil fuel energy deteriorates the environment in the long run, and at any level of economic growth. These findings simply mean that Vietnam has to adopt a new growth model with the focus on the quality FDI projects and clean energy sources to achieve the dual objectives: (i) sustained economic growth and (ii) improved environmental quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid growth of agriculture has led to a significant increase in energy utilization and CO2 emissions. Agriculture performs a pivotal role in improving every country's economy. The current study has the main objective to analyses the long-run impact of agricultural CO2 discharge on economic growth, energy consumption (electricity utilization in the agriculture sector), financial development, foreign direct investment (FDI), and population for India. For the period 1978–2018, we applied ADF, PP, ERS, and KPSS unit root and Z&A and CMR structural interval tests to evaluate the stability and breaks in the data set. We check the cointegration of study variables through ARDL, Engle–Granger, and Johansen's cointegration approaches. The findings of the long-run analysis showed a cointegration among the variables, which reveals that an escalation in economic growth and financial development refine the natural environment, while the upsurge in FDI and population further deteriorate the climate in India. However, agricultural sector electricity use shows an insignificant association with CO2 emissions for both periods. On the basis of results, we recommend that legislators should offer an environment that provides opportunities for financial development and economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the causal connection between economic growth, foreign direct investment, primary and renewable energy utilization, trade openness, and ecological footprint for 33 upper-middle-income countries (UMICs) from Africa, Asia, Europe, and America during the period from 1994 to 2017. Initially, first- as well as second-generation panel unit root tests are applied to check the integration order after confirming the cross-sectional dependency and heterogeneity. Four different tests (FMOLS, DOLS, FGLS, and AMG) are applied to estimate the long-run elasticity, whereas Dumitrescu and Hurlin (D-H) non-causality test is used to test growth, conservation, and feedback hypothesis. Results show negative relationship of economic growth on ecological footprint in Africa and Europe; renewable energy utilization in Asia, Europe, and America; and trade openness in Asia. Moreover, the results revealed an adverse impact of trade openness on ecological footprint in case of Africa and America. Furthermore, the results of D-H panel non-causality test confirm the growth hypothesis for economic growth to ecological footprint in Africa, Asia, and Europe; foreign direct investment to ecological footprint in Africa and Asia; primary energy utilization to ecological footprint in Asia; renewable energy utilization to ecological footprint in America; and trade openness to ecological footprint in Africa, Asia, and America. Furthermore, the feedback hypothesis was confirmed between economic growth and ecological footprint in Asia and Europe; foreign direct investment and ecological footprint in Africa and Asia; renewable energy utilization and ecological footprint for America; and trade openness and ecological footprint for Asia and America. Finally, in context to efficient policy implications, it is suggested to associate the economic growth with clean energy and environment-friendly technologies by expanding the share of renewable energy in America and economic growth in Africa and Europe. Furthermore, Asian policy makers need to focus on foreign direct investment and trade openness by using green energy to overcome the environmental degradation. Impulsion with these findings, the central authorities of UMICs need to focus on more investments in environmental quality not only through foreign direct investment but also exchanging their clean energy technologies through trade policies such as tax exemption, feed-in tariffs, and subsidies. Government of these countries ought to upgrade the conventional capital which will ultimately improve the human lives by providing clean environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research paper tries to explore the existence of the environmental Kuznets curve in New Zealand by taking annual time series data from 1970 to 2017. The study also considers other variables like trade openness, financial development, and foreign direct investment. Depending on the nature of the selected variables, the study has utilized the autoregressive distributed lag(ARDL) model to explore the cointegration among the variables. The result verifies the existence of the long-run cointegration among the variables. Further, it confirms the presence of the environmental Kuznets curve. The estimated result also shows that trade openness, financial development, and foreign direct investment improves the environmental quality. Moreover, to verify the environmental Kuznets curve visually, we have plotted the CO2 emissions and economic growth, and the scatter plot exhibits an inverted U–shaped relationship between CO2 emissions and economic growth. The turnaround point of the plot with a single break is in 1987. These findings give a wide range of policies for economic growth and environmental quality in New Zealand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to examine the impact of public-private partnerships (PPP) investment in energy, technological innovations (TI), economic growth (EG), exports, and foreign direct investment (FDI) on CO2 emissions in Brazil over the period from 1984 to 2018. In doing so, we employ the Ng-Perron unit root test to examine the stationarity and autoregressive lag distributed (ARDL) model for cointegration between CO2 emissions and its determinants. The outcomes are as follows: first, in the long run, the PPP investment in energy deteriorates the environmental quality by increasing CO2 emissions, while TI has a significant negative effect on CO2 emissions. It is also found that the exports and FDI degrade the environmental quality and the relationship between EG and CO2 emissions is inverted U-Shaped, presence of the EKC hypothesis. Second, in the short run, PPP investment in the energy sector is negatively influencing, while TI has a positive association with carbon emissions. The empirical findings provide new insights for policymakers to regulate PPP investment in the energy sector for the improvement of environmental quality in Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate the influence of rapid economic development on pollution at the municipal level in China. It constructs a Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population, Affluence and Technology model (STIRPAT model) and uses comprehensive municipal data on industrial pollution and economic performance. The dataset contains 290 cities from 2003 to 2016 as a sample for the panel data analysis. The study further separates the cities into two groups by their levels of economic development for heterogeneity analysis. It reveals that a low level of economic development would aggravate environmental pollution, and when the economy reaches a high level, this economic development will improve environmental quality. We also find that the relationships between foreign direct investment and industrial dust and sulfur dioxide (SO2) discharge are significant, while the relationship between economic growth and effluent emission is not. The more developed subsample cities present an inverted U-shaped curve between industrial pollutant emission, GDP per capita, and foreign direct investment, while the less developed subsamples show no such relationship. Since the shape of these curves differs among regions, their turning points vary accordingly. Based on this finding, this study suggests that the governments of more developed cities should balance environmental pollution and economic development by enhancing environmental regulations and adjusting industrial structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the effect of financial development (FD) and foreign direct investment (FDI) on the environmental quality for the panel of 90 belt and road countries from 1990 to 2017. This study advances the knowledge of financial development by using the new comprehensive index, which is based on access, depth, and efficiency of financial markets and financial institutions and incorporated foreign direct investment as an important determinant of environmental quality. By applying the Driscoll-Kraay standard error pooled ordinary least square method, the empirical findings reveal that FD deteriorates the environmental quality by increasing the CO2 emissions, while FDI improves environmental quality and the relationship between economic growth (EG) and CO2 emissions is inverted U-shaped, i.e., presence of EKC hypothesis. The energy consumption and urbanization pollute the environment, while trade openness enhances the quality of the environment. Furthermore, the Dumitrescu-Hurlin (DH) panel causality test result confirms that the bidirectional causality exists among FD, trade openness, energy consumption, and urbanization with CO2 emissions. The empirical results provide new insights for policymakers and also have several implications for the betterment of environmental quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]