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China's economy has developed rapidly since the implementation of its reform and opening-up policy. However, the long-term extensive development has also brought serious ecological problems to China. Ecological crises, such as air pollution, water pollution and land desertification occur frequently. Green finance has become a path to promote China's sustainable economic development as an economic activity to deal with climate change, improve the ecological environment and make rational use of resources. This paper will construct a spatial econometric model and coupling coordination degree model to carry out empirical research. Based on the data from 1999 to 2020, this paper constructs an evaluation index system of green finance and an economic ecology system. First, the spatial autocorrelation model is used to analyze the spatial relationship. Second, the coupling coordination degree model is used to measure the evolution of the coupling coordination relationship between green finance and economic ecology. The results show that green finance has a strong spatial agglomeration. Economic and ecological development has maintained a stable spatial positive correlation. The spatial difference of economic ecological development is more obvious than the development of green finance. The development of green finance has a significant positive role in promoting the economic and ecological development of its province. The degree of coupling and coordination of green finance and economic ecology shows an increasing trend, changing from transition type to coupling and coordination type. It shows that China's green finance can effectively promote the overall optimal development of economic ecology to a certain extent. However, no high-quality coordination was observed in the result of coupling coordination, and thus, there is still some room for progress in the development of the two. China needs to change the current mode of economic development comprehensively and take the road of harmonious development suited to the economy and the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the development concern, all countries are started increasing production of energy across the world. All countries have started expansion of access to electricity across the nation. As a result, their economic growth significantly progress by increasing the share of access to electricity (energy use). Hence, the aim of this research is to examine the impact of access to electricity on economic development across five emerging countries, spanning the period 1990–2018 and by using the panel modelling methodology. The results of long-run elasticities reveal that access to electricity play a considerable role in promoting economic development across five emerging countries. Furthermore, the results on panel causality tests show the presence of unidirectional causality running from economic development to access to electricity in the short run. However, the study also estimates long-run elasticities for individual economies. This individual country empirical result also shows that access to electricity has a substantial positive impact on economic development for each of the countries. Finally, the empirical findings suggest that governments should act effectively in providing access to electricity for higher economic development in these countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With sustained economic development, China's ecological environment is becoming increasingly fragile and the problem of haze pollution is becoming increasingly prominent, which has affected the normal life of human beings and the stable development of society. In this paper, 287 cities' panel data from 1998 to 2016 are used, PM2.5 is used to represent haze pollution, and the spatial Durbin model is used to explore the role of the economy and population agglomeration on smog pollution. The empirical results show that (1) haze pollution has obvious spatial spillover. From the perspective of China as a whole, the relationship between the economy and smog pollution is an inverted U shape. (2) China is divided into three economic regions, i.e., the east, the middle, and the west. In the east and middle regions, it is found that economic development also shows an inverted U-shaped relationship with haze pollution. (3) Regardless of the country or the three major economic regions, population agglomeration is the primary factor that aggravates haze pollution; the progress of technology and the optimization of the industrial structure can improve haze pollution. (4) Through further analysis of the indirect effects of haze in China, it is found that there is a significant spatial spillover effect. According to the results of this research, policy suggestions are put forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prosperity and economic growth require robust specialization and exchange. This means the formation and maintenance of numerous complex supply chains. These are emergent and include supply chains for things and supply chains for ideas. The former involve transactions; the latter can be via transactions and/or realized positive externalities. All supply chains have a geographic dimension which is also emergent. Firms carefully choose what to make vs what to buy and also where to sell or buy it, near or far. The whole system tends to be a pattern of locations that denote realized transactions (and transactions costs) as well as realized externalities. The city remains a competitive producer if these relationships are encouraged with the attendant costs contained. Cities are "engines of growth." They offer attractive supply chain formation and management opportunities, including the various spatially situated supply chains for things and ideas. The latter are more complex than textbook discussions of non-rival goods suggest. People are keen to identify and acquire useful knowledge. Consider (1) the advantages of open-source knowledge sharing have been acknowledged; (2) ideas often denote complex tacit knowledge exchange, and (3) access to useful knowledge is priced in land markets and impacts location choice. Favorable networking and location opportunities are significant. Flexible land markets facilitate the availability of such opportunities. Access to pools of human capital is clearly beneficial, but the ability to tailor access to the peculiar requirements of the firm is even better. Detailed firm location data for various sectors for the Los Angeles metropolitan areas are analyzed to support our claims. We estimate Ripley k-functions and note differences by industry as well as firm size. There is agglomeration that is near as well as far. This finding complicates "death of distance" as well as "clustering" discussions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper serves as an orientation towards the understanding of some of the contributions and theoretical limitations in New Economic Geography and seeks to provide a prospective assessment of new avenues of research along which the field could improve and develop. We identify many of the persistent features and assumptions which have thwarted the evolution of New Economic Geography and led to a sprawl of criticism within the field. This criticism has opened a discussion towards the identification of new possible directions, some of which are being progressively undertaken, while others raise issues that are difficult to overcome both analytically and empirically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the past two decades, the exhibition industry in China has been developing rapidly and has become an important part of the modern service industry, particularly the agglomeration characteristics of exhibition enterprises highlighted on the regional scale. Although the development of theoretical research on the western exhibition industry has taken place over time, the spatial perspective has not been at the centre of attention so far. This paper aims to fill this gap and report on the agglomeration characteristics of exhibition enterprises and their influential factors. Based on data about exhibition enterprises in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) during 1991-2013, using the Ripley K function analysis and kernel density estimation, this research identifies that: 1) the exhibition enterprise on the regional scale is significantly characterized by spatial agglomeration, and the agglomeration density and scale are continuously increasing; 2) the spatial pattern of agglomeration has developed from a single-center to multi-center form. Meanwhile, this paper profiles the factors influencing the spatial agglomeration of exhibition enterprises by selecting the panel data of nine cities in the PRD in 1999, 2002, 2006 and 2013. The results show that market capacity, urban informatization level and exhibition venues significantly influence the location choice of exhibition enterprises. Among them, the market capacity is a variable that exerts a far greater impact than other factors do. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study agglomeration economies from a dynamic search-matching perspective to account for the growth of cities in developing economies. Agglomeration economies are not only the cause but also the consequence of migratory inflows. Without frictions, however, agglomeration economies as a labor-pull factor will attract workers instantaneously to a region, which is inconsistent with the data. We argue that agglomeration benefits combined with search and additional frictions (e.g., fixed costs and imperfect recognition of the benefits) can generate a transitory endogenous growth path that is consistent with the set of empirical regularities observed over the economic development process: gradual rural-to-urban migration and the resulting urban concentration, productivity improvement, urban unemployment, and wage and unemployment gaps across regions, which diminish with economic development. We also characterize optimal urbanization and draw some policy implications including the necessity of regulating urban concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the theoretical framework on agglomeration externalities and the channels through which they influence the regional economy appear well established, the empirical evidence on their magnitude and impact has been rather ambiguous and inconclusive. Applying the concepts of related and unrelated variety to an interregional European dataset and using spatial panel analysis, this paper provides critical information on the type and functioning of agglomeration externalities in relation to regional heterogeneity in knowledge intensity and innovation. We demonstrate that modeling this regional heterogeneity in a spatial panel setting is a crucial condition for identifying the positive agglomeration effects of (un)related variety on regional growth. The outcomes have substantial implications for European regional policy: We argue that policies should be both conceptually enriched and more empirically informed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the existence of different types of static and dynamic externalities and shows the relationship between externalities, interregional trade, and cluster policy. By guiding policy in choosing the most appropriate strategy for facing some frequent dilemmas, this paper has clear implications in regional development policy and adds to the existent literature in three ways. First, it contributes to a better characterization of dynamic externalities by extending the 'advantages of backwardness' approach, formerly developed to explain the catching-up of national economies, to the regional context. Second, the paper presents a new model that relates static and dynamic externalities to the clustering mode of production in the regional context. Third, the paper contributes to give a more accurate theoretic basis to the regional cluster policy and to help policy-makers in choosing the right policy for increasing the well-being of depressed regions. The major conclusion is that policy must pursue a combination of the comparative advantage principle with one type of dynamic externalities uncovered in this paper: the 'related variety benefits' of agglomeration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agglomeration and income inequality at country level can be both understood as concentration of physical and human capital in the process of economic development. As such, it seems pertinent to analyse their impact on economic growth considering both phenomena together. By estimating a dynamic panel specification at country level, this paper analyses how agglomeration and inequality (both their levels and their evolution) influence long-run economic growth. In line with previous findings, our results suggest that while high-inequality levels are a limiting factor for long-run growth, agglomeration processes can be associated with economic growth, at least in countries at early stages of development. Moreover, we find that the growth-enhancing benefits from agglomeration processes depend not only on the country's level of development, but also on its initial income distribution (something, to the best of our knowledge, not considered before). In fact, probably suggesting a social dimension to congestion diseconomies, increasing agglomeration is associated with lower growth when income distribution is particularly unequal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In economic agglomeration studies, the distinction of various externalities circumstances related to knowledge spillovers remains largely unclear. This paper introduces human capital, innovation and several types of entrepreneurship as potential drivers of regional economic performance with an impact of agglomeration economies. We use measures of specific types of entrepreneurship, discerned at the individual level, as well as human capital and invention through patenting activity for the period 2001-2006. The empirical application on 111 regions across 14 European countries investigates their relation with observed regional productivity rates in 2006. Our main findings indicate that (i) human capital, patenting activity and entrepreneurship are all linked to regional performance, more so in regions containing large as well as medium-sized cities; (ii) they act as complements rather than substitutes, facilitating productivity differently; and (iii) accounting for patenting activity and entrepreneurship captures agglomeration externalities effects previously subscribed only to the density of resources of regional performance. The particular role of regions with medium-sized cities next to regions with large cities complies with observed growth trends as well as recently proposed place-based development approaches that assume that interactions between institutions and geography are critical for regional economic performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the impact of agglomeration and labour market factors on the location choice of MNEs in post-transition economies. We compare data from 33 regions in East Germany, the Czech Republic and Poland using a mixed logit model on a sample of 4,343 subsidiaries for the time period between 2000 and 2010. The results show that agglomeration advantages, such as sectoral specialization as well as a region's economic and technological performance prove to be some of the most important pull factors for FDI in post-transition regions. With respect to access to labour, the results suggest that FDI in post-transition regions is (no longer) only dominated by efficiency seeking behaviour, but also by access to well-qualified labour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]