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Purpose: Low-carbohydrate diets (LCD) are a popular dietary strategy for weight reduction. The effects of LCD on long-term outcome vary depending on type of LCD, possibly due to the fact that effects on cardiometabolic risk factors may vary with different types of LCD. Accordingly, we studied these relations. Methods: We assessed serum concentrations of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP), total cholesterol, glycated hemoglobin, and uric acid, and nutrient intakes by standardized methods in men and women ages 40-59 years from four population samples of Japanese in Japan (553 men and 544 women, combined). For people consuming usual, animal-based, and plant-based LCDs, we calculated LCD scores, based on relative level of fat, protein, and carbohydrate, by modifying the methods of Halton et al. Instead of calculating scores based on animal or vegetable fat, we used saturated fatty acids (SFA) or monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) + polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Results: In multivariate regression analyses with adjustment for site, age, sex, BMI, smoking, alcohol intake, physical activity, and years of education, all three LCD scores were significantly positively related to HDLc (all P < 0.001), but not to LDLc. The plant-based LCD score was significantly inversely related to log CRP (coefficient = −0.010, P = 0.018). Conclusions: All three LCD scores were significantly positively related to HDLc. The plant-based LCD score was significantly inversely related to CRP. Carbohydrate intake below 50 % of total energy with higher intakes of vegetable protein and MUFA + PUFA, and lower intakes of SFA may be favorable for reducing cardiometabolic risk factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Fat randomization and interesterification change triacylglycerol (TAG) structure and its solid fat content profile. It has not been thoroughly investigated whether these changes affect lipid metabolism. Methods: Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of TAG structure and solid fat content on feed intake, body weight change, and serum metabolite concentrations in mice. An experiment used two fats rich in 1,2-dipalmitoyl-3-oleoylglycerol (PPO) and 1,3-dipalmitoyl-2-oleoylglycerol (POP) as comparative pair of fats to assess the effect of TAG structure since PPO and POP have the same fatty acid composition and solid fat content at 37 °C. Another experiment used a fat rich in 1-palmitoyl-2,3-dioleoylglycerol (POO) with solid fat content of zero at 37 °C and a mixture of fats that had the same general fatty acid composition and palmitic acid positional distribution, but with solid fat content of 22 % at 37 °C. This pair of fats was used to examine the effect of solid fat content on blood lipid profile. Results: After 6-week feeding, the pair of fats with different solid fat contents did not significantly affect the concentrations of total serum cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, TAG, non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA), or blood glucose. However, the PPO fat significantly reduced feed intake, body weight, and serum glucose concentration as compared to POP. Conclusion: These results suggest that the presence of solid fat at the level examined does not affect lipid metabolism and lipemia, but PPO diet significantly affects NEFA and glucose concentrations. Palmitic acid at the sn-2 position of the TAG may have significant effect on appetite, which may be mediated via the gut receptors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The optimal macronutrient composition of the diet for the management of type 2 diabetes is debated, particularly with regard to the ideal proportion of fat and carbohydrates. The aim of the study was to explore the association of different proportions of fat and carbohydrates of the diet-within the ranges recommended by different guidelines-with metabolic risk factors. Methods: We studied 1785 people with type 2 diabetes, aged 50-75, enrolled in the TOSCA.IT Study. Dietary habits were assessed using a validated food-frequency questionnaire (EPIC). Anthropometry, fasting lipids, HbA1c and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured. Results: Increasing fat intake from <25 to ≥35 % is associated with a significant increase in LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, HbA1c and CRP ( p < 0.05). Increasing carbohydrates intake from <45 to ≥60 % is associated with significantly lower triglycerides, HbA1c and CRP ( p < 0.05). A fiber intake ≥15 g/1000 kcal is associated with a better plasma lipids profile and lower HbA1c and CRP than lower fiber consumption. A consumption of added sugars of ≥10 % of the energy intake is associated with a more adverse plasma lipids profile and higher CRP than lower intake. Conclusions: In people with type 2 diabetes, variations in the proportion of fat and carbohydrates of the diet, within the relatively narrow ranges recommended by different nutritional guidelines, significantly impact on the metabolic profile and markers of low-grade inflammation. The data support the potential for reducing the intake of fat and added sugars, preferring complex, slowly absorbable, carbohydrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Pomegranate fruit, Punica granatum L. (Punicaceae), and its constituents have been shown to inhibit inflammation. In this study, we aimed to assess the effects of freeze-dried pomegranate (PWE) on PGE production in IL-1β-stimulated SK-N-SH cells. Methods: An enzyme immunoassay (EIA) was used to measure prostaglandin E (PGE) production from supernatants of IL-1β-stimulated SK-N-SH cells. Expression of COX-2, phospho-IκB, and phospho-IKK proteins was evaluated, while NF-κB reporter gene assay was carried out in TNFα-stimulated HEK293 cells to determine the effect of PWE on NF-κB transactivation. Levels of BACE-1 and Aβ in SK-N-SH cells stimulated with IL-1β were measured with an in cell ELISA. Results: PWE (25-200 μg/ml) dose dependently reduced COX-2-dependent PGE production in SK-N-SH cells stimulated with IL-1β. Phosphorylation of IκB and IKK was significantly ( p < 0.001) inhibited by PWE (50-200 μg/ml). Our studies also show that PWE (50-200 μg/ml) significantly ( p < 0.01) inhibited NF-κB transactivation in TNFα-stimulated HEK293 cells. Furthermore, PWE inhibited BACE-1 and Aβ expression in SK-N-SH cells treated with IL-1β. Conclusions: Taken together, our study demonstrates that pomegranate inhibits inflammation, as well as amyloidogenesis in IL-1β-stimulated SK-N-SH cells. We propose that pomegranate is a potential nutritional strategy in slowing the progression of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Unmetabolized folic acid (UMFA) is common in serum of elderly individuals receiving folic acid (FA)-fortified foods or supplements. We studied the effect of supplementing FA or B-complex on serum concentrations of (6 S)-5-methyltetrahydropteroylglutamate [(6S)-5-CH-HPte] and UMFA in elderly people and explored factors associated with detectable UMFA post-supplementation. Methods: This is a randomized single-blind non-controlled trial on 58 elderly people using daily 400 µg FA ( n = 31) or 400 µg FA, 10 µg cyanocob(III)alamin and 8 mg pyridoxine ( n = 27) for a median of 23 days. Main outcome includes changes in concentrations of serum (6S)-5-CH-HPte and UMFA. Results: Total homocysteine declined by a median of 1.6 ( p = 0.074) in the FA and 1.3 µmol/L ( p = 0.009) in the B-complex arms ( p = 0.66 between the arms). Serum (6S)-5-CH-HPte significantly ( p < 0.001 vs. baseline) increased by a median of 9.2 and 6.5 nmol/L in the FA and B-complex groups, respectively ( p = 0.152 between the groups). Compared to FA, B-complex reduced cystathionine and caused lower post-intervention serum UMFA, percentage of UMFA to (6S)-5-CH-HPte and prevalence of UMFA ≥ 0.21 nmol/L. Higher serum cystathionine and whole-blood folate predicted higher post-intervention serum UMFA. Conclusions: FA caused higher UMFA as compared to B-complex. Pyridoxine appears to improve folate recycling. Data on serum UMFA should be interpreted in relation to other vitamins involved in folate metabolism. Serum UMFA is suggested to play a sensory role through which the cell recognizes FA available for metabolism via dihydrofolate reductase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Vitamin B status in the body is affected by several factors including dietary supply of the antivitamin B factor, 1-amino d-proline (1ADP), which is present in flaxseed. Owing to the prevalence of moderate B deficiency in the general population, a co-occurrence of 1ADP may lead to a further deterioration of B status. To this end, we applied a nontargeted metabolomics approach to identify potential plasma lipophilic biomarkers of deleterious effect of 1ADP on moderately vitamin B-deficient rats using a high-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Methods: Twenty-four rats were fed with a semi-purified diet containing pyridoxine·HCl (PN·HCl) either 7 mg/kg diet (optimal B) or 0.7 mg/kg diet (moderate B). The rats were divided into four treatments ( n = 6), and one treatment in each B diet group was also fed ad libitum with 10 mg/kg diet of synthetic 1ADP. After 5 weeks of study, plasma was collected from the rats and lipophilic metabolites were extracted using acetonitrile as a solvent for analysis. Results: Ten potential plasma lipophilic biomarkers were identified out of >2500 detected entities, which showed significant differences between the treatments. Plasma glycocholic acid, glycoursodeoxycholic acid, murocholic acid, N-docosahexaenoyl GABA, N-arachidonoyl GABA, lumula, nandrolone and orthothymotinic acid concentrations were significantly elevated, while plasma cystamine and 3-methyleneoxindole concentrations were significantly reduced as a result of either low B status or 1ADP or their interaction. Conclusion: Changes in these metabolites revealed a potential defect in pathways linked with the biosynthesis and metabolism of bile acid components, N-acyl amino acids, analgesic androgens, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective molecules. We also noted that the changes in these biomarkers can be alleviated by the application of adequate vitamin B. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Alkylresorcinols (AR) are phenolic lipids present in the bran of wheat and rye. Plasma AR and their urinary metabolites may be suitable biomarkers of whole-grain (WG) wheat and rye consumption. The objective of this study was to examine plasma AR and urinary AR metabolites in response to WG wheat consumption. Methods: In a randomized crossover study, 19 subjects (10 males, 9 females; BMI 22.0 kg/m; age 26 years) incorporated either 3 servings (48 g) or 6 servings (96 g) of WG wheat daily into their regular diet for 1 week. Subjects completed a 2-week washout period, abstaining from all WG consumption, before each intervention. Fasting blood and 24-h urine were collected before and after each intervention. Plasma AR homologues (C19:0, C21:0, C23:0) were quantified by GC-MS after diethyl ether and solid phase extraction and derivatization. Urinary AR metabolites [3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid and 3-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-propanoic acid] were determined using HPLC with electrochemical detection after enzymatic deconjugation and ethyl acetate extraction. Results: Urinary total AR metabolites were significantly higher after 6 compared with 3 servings of WG wheat (56 vs. 32 μmol/day, P < 0.001). This dose-response relationship was independent of age, sex, energy intake, and baseline urinary AR metabolite concentration. Plasma total AR tended to be higher after 6 compared with 3 servings of WG wheat (103.0 vs. 86.9 nmol/L), but this difference was not significant ( P = 0.42). Conclusion: The results suggest that urinary AR metabolites from 24-h urine collections may be useful as biomarkers of compliance in intervention studies of WG wheat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Headache disorders are under-recognized and under-diagnosed. A principal factor in their suboptimal management is lack of headache-related training among health-care providers, especially in primary care. In Estonia, general practitioners (GPs) refer many headache patients to neurological specialist services, mostly unnecessarily. GPs request 'diagnostic' investigations, which are usually unhelpful and therefore wasteful. GP-made headache diagnoses are often arcane and non-specific, and treatments based on these are inappropriate. The aim of this study was to develop, implement and test an educational model intended to improve headache-related primary health care in Estonia. Methods: This was a controlled study consisting of baseline observation, intervention and follow-up observation using the same measures of effect. It involved six GPs in Põlva and the surrounding region in Southern Estonia, together with their future patients presenting consecutively with headache as their main complaint, all with their consent. The primary outcome measure was referral rate (RR) to neurological specialist services. Secondary measures included number of GP-requested investigations, GP-made headache diagnoses and how these conformed to standard terminology (ICD-10), and GP-recommended or initiated treatments. Results: RR at baseline ( n = 490) was 39.5 %, falling to 34.7 % in the post-intervention group ( n = 295) (overall reduction 4.8 %; p = 0.21). In the large subgroup of patients (88 %) for whom GPs made clearly headache-related ICD-10 diagnoses, RR fell by one fifth (from 40 to 32 %; p = 0.08), but the only diagnosis-related RR that showed a statistically significant reduction was (pericranial) myalgia (19 to 3 %; p = 0.03). There was a significant increase towards use of more specific diagnoses. Use of investigations in diagnosing headache reduced from 26 to 4 % ( p < 0.0001). Initiation of treatment by GPs increased from 58 to 81 % ( p < 0.0001). Conclusions: These were modest changes in GPs' entrenched behaviour. Nevertheless they were empirical evidence that GPs' practice in the field of headache could be improved by structured education. Furthermore, the changes were likely to be cost-saving. To our knowledge this study is the first to produce such evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Structural white matter abnormalities in pain-modulating, regions are present in migraine. Whether they are associated with pain chronification and with cognitive reserve is unclear. Methods: Prospective, cohort, six-month study of adult patients with episodic or chronic migraine, and controls. Cognitive reserve, quality of life, impact of pain on daily living, depression and anxiety were assessed. Participants underwent a diffusion-tensor MRI to establish the integrity of white matter tracts of three regions of interest (ROIs) implicated in pain modulation, emotion, cognition and resilience (anterior insula, anterior cingulate gyrus, and uncinate fasciculus). Results: Fifty-two individuals were enrolled: 19 episodic migraine patients, 18 chronic migraine patients, and 15 controls. The analysis of the fractional anisotropy in the ROIs showed that those patients with the poorest prognosis (i.e., those with chronic migraine despite therapy at six months -long-term chronic migraneurs) had a significantly lower fractional anisotropy in the right ROIs. Participants with higher cognitive reserve also had greater fractional anisotropy in the right anterior insula and both cingulate gyri. Multivariate analysis showed a significant association between cognitive reserve, migraine frequency, and fractional anisotropy in the right-sided regions of interest. Conclusions: Long-term chronic migraine patients show abnormalities in anterior white matter tracts, particularly of the right hemisphere, involved in pain modulation emotion, cognition and resilience. Robustness in these areas is associated with a higher cognitive reserve, which in turn might result in a lower tendency to migraine chronification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of the study was to evaluate the vascular anti-inflammatory effects of polyphenolic extracts from two typical South Italy red wines, the specific contribution of individual polyphenols and the underlying mechanisms of action. Methods: Human endothelial cells were incubated with increasing concentrations (1-50 μg/mL) of Primitivo and Negroamaro polyphenolic extracts (PWPE and NWPE, respectively) or pure polyphenols (1-25 μmol/L), including hydroxycinnamic acids ( p-coumaric, caffeic and caftaric acids), flavonols (kaempferol, quercetin, myricetin) or stilbenes ( trans-resveratrol, trans-piceid) before stimulation with lipopolysaccharide. Through multiple assays, we analyzed the endothelial-monocyte adhesion, the endothelial expression of adhesion molecules (ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and E-Selectin), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), as well as ROS intracellular levels and the activation of NF-κB and AP-1. Results: Both PWPE and NWPE, already at 1 μg/mL, inhibited monocyte adhesion to stimulated endothelial cells, a key event in triggering vascular inflammation. They down-regulated the expression of adhesion molecules, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, E-Selectin, as well as MCP-1 and M-CSF, at mRNA and protein levels. All polyphenols reduced intracellular ROS, and everything, except caftaric acid, inhibited the endothelial expression of adhesion molecules and MCP-1, although with different potency. Flavonols and resveratrol significantly reduced also the endothelial expression and release of M-CSF. The decrease in endothelial inflammatory gene expression was related to the inhibition of NF-κB and AP-1 activation but not to intracellular oxidative stress. Conclusions: This study showed multiple anti-inflammatory and anti-atherosclerotic properties of red wine polyphenolic extracts and indentified specific bioactive polyphenols which could counteract inflammatory diseases including atherosclerosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Few studies have linked major dietary nutrient patterns to chronic diseases. Despite the growing evidence of associations between dietary patterns and obesity, we are aware of no study that examined the association between patterns of nutrient intake and obesity. Objective: To identify major nutrient patterns in Iranian adults and investigate their association with general and abdominal obesity. Methods: In this cross-sectional study that was conducted under the framework of the Study on the Epidemiology of Psychological Alimentary Health and Nutrition (SEPAHAN), dietary data were collected using a validated dish-based 106-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire in 8691 subjects aged 18-55 years. Complete data of 6724 and 5203 adults were available for general and abdominal obesity, respectively. Data on anthropometric measures were collected through a self-administered questionnaire. General obesity was defined as body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m, and abdominal obesity as waist circumference > 102 cm for men and >88 cm for women. Daily intakes of 38 nutrients and bioactive compounds were calculated for each participant. Factor analysis, followed by a varimax rotation, was applied to derive major nutrient patterns. Results: Three major nutrient patterns were identified: (1) The first pattern was high in fatty acids (including saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids), cholesterol, vitamin B, vitamin E, zinc, choline, protein, pyridoxine, phosphorus and pantothenic acid; (2) the second pattern was high in thiamine, betaine, starch, folate, iron, selenium, niacin, calcium, and manganese; and (3) the third pattern was high in glucose, fructose, sucrose, vitamin C, potassium, total dietary fiber, copper and vitamin K. Men in the highest quintile of the second pattern were less likely to be generally obese in the fully adjusted model [odds ratio (OR) 0.39, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.20-0.76]. After adjustment for potential confounders, a significant positive association was observed between the third pattern and general obesity among men (OR 1.77, 95 % CI 1.04-3.04), but not women (OR 1.18, 95 % CI 0.74-1.88). No overall association was seen between patterns of nutrient intake and abdominal obesity in both genders. Conclusion: Major nutrient patterns were significantly associated with general, but not abdominal obesity among male participants of the SEPAHAN study. Further studies in other populations, along with future prospective studies, are required to confirm these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Controversy exists regarding whether increasing dairy intake without energy restriction would lead to weight loss. We aimed to compare the potential weight-reducing effects of kefir drink (a probiotic dairy product) and milk in a dairy-rich non-energy-restricted diet in overweight or obese premenopausal women. Methods: One hundred and forty-four subjects were assessed for eligibility in this single-center, multi-arm, parallel-group, randomized controlled trial. Of these, seventy-five eligible women aged 25-45 years were randomly assigned to three groups, labeled as control, milk, and kefir, to receive an outpatient dietary regimen for 8 weeks. Subjects in the control group received a diet providing a maintenance level of energy intake, containing 2 servings/day of low-fat dairy products, while those in the milk and kefir groups received a weight maintenance diet, containing 2 additional servings/day (a total of 4 servings/day) of dairy products from low-fat milk or commercial kefir drink, respectively. Anthropometric outcomes including weight, body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference (WC) were measured every 2 weeks. Results: Fifty-eight subjects completed the study. Using analysis of covariance models in the intention-to-treat population ( n = 75), we found that at 8 weeks, subjects in the kefir and milk groups had significantly greater reductions in weight, BMI, and WC compared to those in the control group (all p < 0.01). However, no such significant differences were found between the kefir and milk groups. Conclusions: Kefir drink leads to a similar weight loss, compared with milk, in a dairy-rich non-energy-restricted diet in overweight or obese premenopausal women. However, further studies are warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Current experimental studies support a beneficial role of extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO) in several inflammatory diseases. The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of dietary EVOO on type II collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in mice. Methods: DBA-1/J mice were randomized in four experimental groups (10 or 15 animals per group): (1) Sham sunflower diet (SO-Sham), (2) CIA sunflower diet (SO-CIA), (3) Sham EVOO diet (EVOO-Sham) and (4) CIA EVOO diet (EVOO-CIA) group. After 6 weeks, arthritis was induced by type II collagen. Mice were sacrified 42 days after first immunization. In addition to macroscopic and histological analyses, serum levels of cartilage olimeric matrix protein (COMP), metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) and pro-inflammatory cytokines levels were evaluated by ELISA. The expressions of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) and nuclear transcription factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathways were studied by western blotting. Results: EVOO diet significantly reduced joint edema and cartilage destruction, preventing the arthritis development. Dietary EVOO significantly decreased serum COMP and MMP-3 levels, as well as, the pro-inflammatory cytokines levels (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-17). Moreover, the activation of JAK/STAT, MAPKs and NF-κB pathways was drastically ameliorated. According to Nrf2 and HO-1, the protein expressions were up-regulated in those mice fed with EVOO. Conclusion: These results support the interest of EVOO as a beneficial functional food to prevent the development of the rheumatoid arthritis (RA). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this study was to analyze whether the combination of resveratrol and quercetin showed additive or synergic effects on body fat accumulation and triacylglycerol metabolism in adipose tissue from rats fed an obesogenic diet. Methods: Rats were divided into four dietary groups: a control group and three groups each treated with either resveratrol (15 mg/kg/day; RSV), quercetin (30 mg/kg/day; Q), or both (15 mg resveratrol/kg/day and 30 mg quercetin/kg/day; RSV + Q) for 6 weeks. White adipose tissues from several anatomical locations were dissected. Serum parameters were analyzed by using commercial kits. The activities of fatty acid synthase and heparin-releasable lipoprotein lipase (HR-LPL) were measured using spectrophotometric and fluorimetric methods, and protein expression of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), adipose tissue triglyceride lipase (ATGL), and hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) by western blot. Results: The administration of either resveratrol or quercetin separately did not induce significant reductions in adipose tissue weights. By contrast, the combination of both molecules led to a significant reduction in all the fat depots analyzed. The percentage of reduction in each tissue was greater than the calculated additive effect. HR-LPL activity was reduced in RSV and RSV + Q groups. The activity of HSL was not modified. By contrast, ACC was inhibited and ATGL increased only by the combination of both polyphenols. Conclusion: The results obtained demonstrate a synergistic effect between resveratrol and quercetin and suggest that when these molecules are combined, a great number of metabolic pathways involved in adipose tissue triacylglycerol accumulation are affected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Dextran sodium sulphate (DSS)-induced colitis is a widely used model for inflammatory bowel disease. However, various factors including nutrition may affect the development of this colitis. This study aimed to compare and characterize the impact of purified and non-purified basal diets on the development of DSS-induced colitis in the rat. Methods: Wistar rats were fed a non-purified or a semi-synthetic purified diet for 21 days. Colitis was then induced in half of the rats by administration of DSS in drinking water (4 % w/v) during the last 7 days of experimentation. At the end of the experimental period, colon sections were taken for histopathological examination, determination of various markers of inflammation (myeloperoxidase: MPO, cytokines) and oxidative stress (superoxide dismutase: SOD, catalase: CAT, glutathione peroxidase: GPx and glutathione reductase: GRed activities), and evaluation of the expression of various genes implicated in this disorder. Results: DSS ingestion induced a more marked colitis in animals receiving the purified diet, as reflected by higher histological score and increased MPO activity. A significant decrease in SOD and CAT activities was also observed in rats fed the purified diet. Also, in these animals, administration of DSS induced a significant increase in interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β and IL-6. In addition, various genes implicated in inflammation were over-expressed after ingestion of DSS by rats fed the purified diet. Conclusions: These results show that a purified diet promotes the onset of a more severe induced colitis than a non-purified one, highlighting the influence of basal diet in colitis development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Muffins made with wheat flour are a popular snack consumed in western and emerging countries. This study aimed to examine the content of amylose, glycemic response (GR) and glycemic index (GI) of muffins baked with refined wheat and rice flours, as well as wholegrain corn, oat and barley flours. Methods: This study adopted a randomized, controlled, crossover, non-blind design. Twelve healthy participants consumed wheat, rice, corn, oat and barley muffins once and the reference glucose solution three times in a random order on non-consecutive day. Capillary blood samples were taken every 15 min in the first 60 min and every 30 min for the remaining 60 min for blood glucose analysis. The Megazyme amylose/amylopectin assay procedure was employed to measure amylose content. Results: The GR elicited from the consumption of wheat, rice and corn muffins was comparable between these samples but significantly greater when compared with oat and barley muffins. Consumption of wholegrain muffins, apart from corn muffin, blunted postprandial GR when compared with muffins baked with refined cereal flours. Muffins baked with wheat, rice, corn, oat and barley flours gave rise to GI values of 74, 79, 74, 53 and 55, respectively. The content of amylose was significantly higher in corn, oat and barley muffins than wheat and rice muffins. Conclusions: The greater content of amylose and fibre may play a part in the reduced glycemic potency of oat and barley muffins. Wheat flour can be substituted with oat and barley flours for healthier muffins and other bakery products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Currently, obesity has become a worldwide health problem. Adipocyte differentiation is closely associated with the onset of obesity. Our previous studies suggested that persimmon tannin might be a potent anti-adipogenic dietary bioactive compound. However, the mechanism of persimmon tannin on adipocyte differentiation is still unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of persimmon tannin on adipogenic differentiation in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and the underlying mechanisms. Methods: Adipogenic differentiation was induced by cocktail in the presence or absence of persimmon tannin. Intracellular lipid accumulation was determined by Oil red O staining and enzymatic colorimetric methods. Gene expression and protein levels were measured by real time RT-PCR and Western blot. Results: Persimmon tannin inhibited intracellular lipid accumulation markedly, and the inhibitory effect was largely limited to the early stage of adipocyte differentiation. Persimmon tannin suppressed the expression of C/EBPα and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ), significantly. Furthermore, genes related to lipogenesis, such as sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1, were down-regulated by persimmon tannin. In addition, adipocyte fatty acid binding protein (aP2), which is a target gene of PPARγ, was suppressed by persimmon tannin notably. Correspondingly, the expression of miR-27a and miR-27b were up-regulated by persimmon tannin from Day 2 to Day 8 significantly. Conclusion: Persimmon tannin inhibited adipocyte differentiation through regulation of PPARγ, C/EBPα and miR-27 in early stage of adipogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: In Caucasian women, research has shown that energy balance and taste preference change throughout the menstrual cycle. However, the contributory role of the menstrual cycle to obesity and insulin resistance among Asian women remains unclear. We investigate the impact of the menstrual cycle on energy balance and taste preference in Singaporean Chinese females. Methods: Thirty-one healthy young Chinese female subjects with regular menstrual cycles were recruited. Anthropometrics, body composition, energy intake, resting metabolic rate, premenstrual syndrome (PMS) severity and taste preference to sucrose were assessed during three phases (menses, follicular and luteal), over one ( N = 18) to two ( N = 13) menstrual cycles. Results: For all subjects ( N = 31), we found significant reductions in energy, fat intake ( p < 0.05) and taste preference for sucrose ( p < 0.05) in the luteal phase compared to early follicular phase as far as Cycle 1 is concerned. No significant differences were observed for carbohydrate and protein intake as well as PMS score. In those evaluated for two full cycles ( N = 13), we found that taste preference for sucrose and PMS score were significantly higher in the menstrual phase in Cycle 2 ( p < 0.05). No significant differences were observed in energy and macronutrient intake throughout Cycle 2. RMR was similar across the three phases. However, non-significant cyclic variations were noted within and between the cycles. Conclusion: Cyclic variations in energy intake and expenditure contributed by sensory and behavioural changes occur during the menstrual cycle. Whether this contributes to cyclic weight gain is speculative and remains to be proven. Further research in non-Caucasians spanning more than one menstrual cycle is needed to establish the impact of the menstrual cycle on taste preference and energy balance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of consumption of desserts with low glycemic index (GI) and low glycemic load (GL), as part of a balanced hypo-caloric diet, on anthropometric and biochemical parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: A total of 61 subjects with T2DM were randomly assigned to the intervention ( n = 30) or to the control group ( n = 31). Both groups followed the same hypo-caloric (−500 kcal) diet for 12 weeks. Consumption of four portions of low-GI/low-GL desserts/week was included in the diet in the intervention group while one portion of a favorite usual sweet/week was allowed to be consumed in the control group. Results: Thirty subjects in the control and 28 subjects in the intervention group completed the trial. Body weight, body mass index, and waist circumference were reduced significantly in both groups. Arterial blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, insulin, and γ-GT were reduced significantly only in the intervention group; however, there were no significant differences between the two groups at endpoint. C-reactive protein was reduced in the intervention, and HDL cholesterol was also reduced in the control group; the reductions were significantly different at the end of the trial. No significant changes were observed in the other plasma lipids, uric acid, leptin, adiponectin, and interleukin-6 in either study group. Conclusions: Consumption of desserts with low GI/GL in a balanced hypo-caloric diet has a positive impact on anthropometric and metabolic parameters of patients with T2DM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate whether daily consumption of coffee and tea was associated with components and prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in the Polish arm of the Health, Alcohol and Psychosocial factors In Eastern Europe cohort study. Methods: A cross-sectional population-based survey including 8,821 adults (51.4 % female) was conducted in Krakow, Poland. Coffee and tea consumption was evaluated using food frequency questionnaires. MetS was defined according to the International Diabetes Federation definition. Linear and logistic regression models were performed to estimate odds ratios and confidence intervals. Results: Among high coffee and tea consumers (3 or more cups/day), high prevalence of female gender, young age, medium-high educational and occupational level, high total energy intake, and smoking habit were found. High coffee drinkers had lower BMI, waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, triglycerides, and higher HDL cholesterol than those drinking less than 1 cup/day. In contrast, high tea consumers had lower BMI, waist circumference, but not diastolic blood pressure, which was higher than low drinkers. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, both higher coffee and tea consumption were negatively associated with MetS (OR 0.75, 95 % CI 0.66, 0.86 and OR 0.79, 95 % CI 0.67, 0.92, respectively). Among specific components of MetS, high coffee consumption was negatively associated with waist circumference, hypertension, and triglycerides, whereas tea consumption with central obesity and fasting plasma glucose in women, but not in men. Conclusions: Coffee and tea consumption was negatively associated with MetS and some of its components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Tomato products are a dietary source of natural antioxidants, especially lycopene, which accumulates in the liver, where it exerts biological effects. Taking into consideration this fact, the aim of the present study was to ascertain the effect of tomato consumption on biomarkers and gene expression related to lipid metabolism in rats with induced steatosis. Methods: Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (8 weeks old) were randomly grouped ( n = 6 rats/group) in four experimental groups: NA (normal diet and water), NL (normal diet and tomato juice), HA (high fat diet and water) and HL (high fat diet and tomato juice). After 7 weeks, rats were euthanized, and plasma, urine, feces and liver were sampled to analyze the biomarkers related to lipid metabolism, inflammation and oxidative stress. Results: The H diet induced steatosis (grade II) in the HA and HL groups, which was confirmed by the levels of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase, histological examination and the presence of dyslipidemia. The intake of tomato juice led to an accumulation of all- E and Z-lycopene and its metabolites in the livers of these animals; levels were higher in HL than in NL, apparently due to higher absorption (63.07 vs. 44.45 %). A significant improvement in the plasma level of high-density lipoprotein was observed in the HL group compared with HA animals, as was an alleviation of oxidative stress through reduction of isoprostanes in the urine. In relation to fatty acid gene expression, an overexpression of several genes related to fatty acid transport, lipid hydrolysis and mitochondrial and peroxisomal β-fatty acid oxidation was observed in the HL group. Conclusions: The consumption of tomato juice and tomato products reduced hallmarks of steatosis, plasmatic triglycerides and very low-density lipoproteins, and increased lipid metabolism by inducing an overexpression of genes involved in more efficient fatty acid oxidation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Williams syndrome (WS) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are associated with atypical social-emotional functioning. Affective visual stimuli were used to assess autonomic reactivity and emotion identification, and the social responsiveness scale was used to determine the level social functioning in children with WS and ASD contrasted with typical development (TD), to examine syndrome-specific and syndrome-general features. Children with ASD exhibited the highest arousal in response to faces, with a lack of difference in autonomic sensitivity across different emotional expressions, unlike in WS and TD. The WS group demonstrated unique deficits in identifying neutral stimuli. While autonomic responsivity to neutral faces was associated with social functioning in all children, converging profiles characterized children with WS contrasted with TD and ASD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined psychological well-being and coping in parents of children with ASD and parents of typically developing children. 73 parents of children with ASD and 63 parents of typically developing children completed a survey. Parents of children with ASD reported significantly more parenting stress symptoms (i.e., negative parental self-views, lower satisfaction with parent-child bond, and experiences of difficult child behaviors), more depression symptoms, and more frequent use of Active Avoidance coping, than parents of typically developing children. Parents of children with ASD did not differ significantly in psychological well-being and coping when compared as according to child's diagnosis. Study results reinforced the importance of addressing well-being and coping needs of parents of children with ASD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a retrospective design, we examined verbal and physical child-to-parent violence (CPV) in terms of frequency and family correlates. Results from 365 university students revealed low frequencies of CPV, with higher means for child-to-mother violence. Regressions showed that ethnicity (African-Canadian and Middle Eastern) and, surprisingly, lower positive discipline were associated with less verbal CPV for both parents. Greater psychological aggression predicted greater mother-directed verbal violence, whereas more spanking, and the presence of child physical abuse and physical intimate partner violence were associated with mother-directed physical violence. Finally, verbal intimate partner violence between parents predicted children's verbal violence towards mothers and fathers. Findings indicate that certain variables may place families at risk for CPV and, in this way, help inform interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Resveratrol is a natural polyphenolic stilbene widely found in grapes, berries, and other plants. Caloric restriction-like effects of resveratrol have been associated with suppressive and apoptotic effects on adipocyte differentiation in vitro when used at high doses (≥20 µM), which may not be achievable in vivo. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of resveratrol at physiologically achievable low doses (1 and 10 μM) on 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation. Methods: 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were differentiated into adipocytes using a modified adipogenic cocktail in the presence or absence of resveratrol. Differentiation was determined by lipid accumulation and mRNA expression of marker genes. Activation of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) was determined by transcription factor-mediated reporter assays and mRNA expression of target genes. Protein samples were collected for the study of AMPK activation. Results: Resveratrol at physiologically achievable doses (1 and 10 µM) significantly enhanced 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation although the effect was less pronounced compared with that achieved under optimal differentiation cocktail in vitro. Resveratrol (1-50 µM) dose dependently activated or synergized with the synthetic ligand or adipogenic treatment to activate GR and PPARγ. However, resveratrol induced cell death when used at doses above 10 µM in differentiating cells. Conclusions: Our results report for the first time that resveratrol at physiologically achievable doses (1 and 10 µM) enhances 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation, which supports the emerging paradigm that enhanced adipocyte differentiation may be associated with caloric restriction-like metabolic effects for resveratrol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Recently, we reported that preferential maternal-fetal vitamin C (vitC) transport across the placenta is likely to be impaired by prolonged maternal vitC deficiency. Maintenance of a basal maternal vitC supply at the expense of the fetus may impair fetal development; however, the knowledge of vitC's impact on intrauterine development is sparse. The aim of this study was to explore the effect of maternal vitC status on fetal and placental development in guinea pigs. Methods: Twenty pregnant Dunkin Hartley guinea pigs were randomized into four groups to receive diets either sufficient (918 mg/kg CTRL) or deficient (100 mg/kg DEF) in vitC. Cesarean sections at gestational day (GD) 45 or 56 allowed for fetal and placental measurements. Results: At GD45, body, brain and placental weights were significantly reduced in DEF pups compared with CTRL ( p < 0.05, p < 0.001 and p < 0.05, respectively). DEF plasma vitC levels were ~6 % of those of CTRL ( p < 0.0001), and the fetal/maternal plasma vitC ratio was significantly reduced at GD56 in the DEF animals compared with controls ( p = 0.035). Placental vitC levels were reduced in DEF animals ( p < 0.0001) and the ascorbate oxidation ratio and glutathione elevated compared with controls ( p < 0.0001). Conclusions: Although no clinical differences between CTRL and DEF pups were observed at GD56, the present data suggest that vitC plays a role in early fetal development. Although no clinical differences between CTRL and DEF pups were observed at GD56, the present data suggest that vitC plays a role in early fetal development. Low maternal vitC intake during pregnancy may compromise maternal weight gain, placental function and intrauterine development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Ulcerative colitis (UC), a chronic gastrointestinal disorder, is a debilitating disease affecting many people across the globe. Research suggests that the levels of several antioxidants, including β-carotene (β-CAR), decrease in the serum of patients with UC. The present study was aimed at elucidating the molecular mechanisms involved in β-CAR-mediated protection against UC in mice. Methods: UC was induced in mice using 3 %w/v dextran sulfate sodium in drinking water for two cycles; one cycle comprised of 7 days of dextran sulfate sodium-treated water followed by 14 days of normal drinking water. β-CAR was administered at the doses of 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg bw/day, po throughout the experiment. The effect of β-CAR in mice with UC was evaluated using biochemical parameters, histological evaluation, comet and micronucleus assays, immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis. Results: The results indicated that β-CAR treatment ameliorated the severity of UC by modulating various molecular targets such as nuclear factor-kappa B, cyclooxygenase-2, interleukin 17, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2, matrix metalloproteinase-9 and connective tissue growth factor. Further, β-CAR treatment maintained the gut integrity by increasing the expression of a tight junction protein, occludin, which was decreased in the colon of mice with UC. Also β-CAR treatment significantly reduced UC-associated elevated plasma lipopolysaccharide level, systemic inflammation and genotoxicity. Conclusion: β-CAR ameliorated UC-associated local and systemic damage in mice by acting on multiple targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To study the effect of isoenergetic administration to adult rats of high-fat or high-fat-high-fructose diet for 2 weeks on skeletal muscle mitochondrial energetic. Methods: Body and skeletal muscle composition, energy balance, plasma lipid profile and glucose tolerance were measured, together with mitochondrial functionality, oxidative stress and antioxidant defense. Results: Rats fed high-fat-high-fructose diet exhibited significantly higher plasma triglycerides and non-esterified fatty acids, together with significantly higher plasma glucose and insulin response to glucose load. Skeletal muscle triglycerides and ceramide were significantly higher in rats fed high-fat-high-fructose diet. Skeletal muscle mitochondrial energetic efficiency and uncoupling protein 3 content were significantly higher, while adenine nucleotide translocase content was significantly lower, in rats fed high-fat or high-fat-high-fructose diet. Conclusions: The results suggest that a high-fat-high-fructose diet even without hyperphagia is able to increase lipid flow to skeletal muscle and mitochondrial energetic efficiency, with two detrimental effects: (a) energy sparing that contributes to the early onset of obesity and (b) reduced oxidation of fatty acids and lipid accumulation in skeletal muscle, which could generate insulin resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Recent data suggest that chronic low-grade inflammation, a characteristic of obesity, is associated with altered tryptophan (Trp) and tyrosine (Tyr) metabolism and plays a role in neuropsychiatric symptoms. The present study assessed the effect of an extreme short-term diet on Trp breakdown and inflammatory biomarkers in overweight adults. Methods: Thirty-eight overweight participants (16 women, 22 men; average body mass index: 29 kg/m, mean age 52.8 years) were randomized into two diet groups: a very low kcal diet group (VLCD; Ø 600 kcal/day, n = 21) and a low kcal diet group (LCD; Ø 1,200 kcal/day, n = 17). Assays included the measurement of Trp, kynurenine (Kyn), and their ratio, neopterin, phenylalanine (Phe), Tyr, as biologic markers; leptin, plasma insulin, glucose, and homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance; and interleukin 6, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and C-reactive protein, as biochemical and inflammatory markers at baseline and after 2 weeks of treatment. Results: Weight loss diet lowered leptin levels in both groups by 46 %, although not reaching significance. Trp and Kyn decreased significantly by 21 and 16 % for VLCD and by 15 and 17 % for the LCD group, respectively. A significant reduction in Phe was only seen after VLCD. Inflammatory biomarkers, neopterin, and Tyr were not significantly altered during the study period. Leptin was significantly correlated with Trp breakdown before and after the intervention ( P < 0.02). Conclusions: Since disturbed metabolism of Trp affects biosynthesis of serotonin and might be associated with increased susceptibility for mood disturbances and carbohydrate craving, strategies to supplement Trp while dieting could be highly useful in treating uncontrolled weight gain or in preventing neuropsychiatric symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Previous studies regarding the association between carrot intake and prostate cancer risk have reported inconsistent results. We conducted a meta-analysis to summarize evidence on this association and to quantify the potential dose-response relationship. Method: A systematic literature search of papers published in August 2013 was conducted using PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, the Cochrane register, and the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure databases, and the references of the retrieved articles were screened. The summary risk estimates with 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) for the highest versus the lowest intake of carrots were calculated. A dose-response meta-analysis was also conducted for the studies reporting categorical risk estimates for a series of exposure levels. Results: We found a significantly decreased risk of prostate cancer associated with the intake of carrots (odds ratio 0.82, 95 % CI 0.70-0.97). In addition, the dose-response meta-analysis indicated that for each serving per week, or 10 g per day increment of carrot intake, the risk estimate of prostate cancer was 0.95 (0.90-0.99) or 0.96 (0.94-0.99). There was no evidence of significant publication bias based on Begg's funnel plot ( P = 1.000) or Egger's test ( P = 0.804). Conclusion: Carrot intake might be inversely associated with prostate cancer risk. Because of the limited number of cohort studies and substantial heterogeneity observed between studies in this meta-analysis, further well-designed prospective studies are warranted to confirm the findings from our study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of creatine (Cr), yet its use in human nutrition is limited due to a lack of a clear understanding of its' dose-response effect. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of three different dosages of GAA (1.2, 2.4 and 4.8 g/day) administered for 6 weeks on serum and urinary variables related to GAA metabolism. Methods: Forty-eight healthy volunteers participated in the randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, repeated-measure study. At baseline, after 1, 2, 4 and 6 weeks, participants provided both fasting blood samples and 24-h urine. Results: GAA intervention significantly increased serum and urinary GAA, Cr and creatinine as compared to placebo ( P < 0.05). Differences were found for serum GAA and Cr responses between the three GAA dosages, with high-dose GAA resulting in a greater increase ( P < 0.05) in the plasma concentration of both variables as compared to other GAA dosages. In GAA groups, fasting plasma total homocysteine (T-Hcy) increased by 3.5 μmol/L on average at post-administration, yet no dose-response differences were found between trials. Serum B vitamins were not affected by either placebo or GAA intervention ( P > 0.05). Conclusion: Results indicate that low-to-high dosages of exogenous GAA can increase serum concentrations of Cr and T-Hcy while not depleting the B vitamins pool available for remethylation of homocysteine. Clinical trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, identification number NCT01133899. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: White rice is the main staple for the majority in the world. The effects of protein, fat and vegetables on the glycaemic and insulinaemic responses to a white rice-based meal have not been reported. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of co-ingesting a high-protein food (breast chicken), a fat (ground nut oil), a leafy vegetable or all three on the glycaemic and insulinaemic responses of white rice in healthy adults. Methods: This was a randomized crossover trial conducted at the Clinical Nutrition Research Centre in Singapore. Twelve healthy volunteers were given five test meals (white rice alone, white rice with chicken, white rice with oil, white rice with vegetable and white rice with chicken, oil and vegetable) once and the reference food (glucose solution) three times in a random order at 1-week intervals. Capillary blood samples were then drawn serially for 3 h, and glucose and insulin were analysed. Results: The glycaemic response (GR) to white rice with chicken breast, ground nut oil and vegetable was significantly lower than to white rice alone. The glycaemic index (GI) of pure white rice was 96, whereas combined with chicken breast, ground nut oil and vegetable, it was 50. The addition of oil delayed the peak glucose response and reduced the iAUC, resulting in a GI value of 67. The addition of chicken and vegetable resulted in a GI value of 73 and 82, respectively. The insulinaemic index (II) of the white rice-based meals varied between 54 and 89. Chicken breast in the meal increased the insulinaemic response and decreased the GR. White rice II was lower than the glucose control, which indicated that the former was not as insulinogenic as the latter. White rice with vegetable had the lowest II. Conclusions: Co-ingesting chicken, oil or vegetable with white rice considerably influences its glycaemic and insulinaemic responses. Co-ingesting white rice with all three components attenuates the GR to a greater degree than when it is eaten with any single one of them, and that this is not at the cost of an increased demand for insulin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Maternal obesity is a risk factor for metabolic diseases in offspring. The aim of this study was to investigate whether quercetin administration during gestation and lactation could have any protective effect against the impact of maternal obesity on increased sensitivity to obesity and metabolic disorders in offspring. Methods: Female Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a high-fat diet to induce obesity. Obese dams were administered 0, 50, 100 or 200 mg/kg body weight (BW) quercetin intragastrically during gestation and lactation. Normal weight dams were used as controls. The F1 generation was fed with a standard diet after weaning, and blood glucose, lipids and inflammatory factors were assessed. Expression of biomarkers involved endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and related inflammatory pathways in liver and adipose tissues were analyzed at postnatal day 100. Results: Maternal obesity resulted in increased birth weight, postnatal BW gain, hyperglycemia, hyperlipemia, hyperinsulinemia, increased serum levels of inflammatory factors, and up-regulated biomarkers involved in ER stress and related inflammatory pathways in the offspring. Maternal quercetin intervention (QI) had significant ameliorating effects on maternal blood lipids, especially cholesterol, which resulted in improved glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity and alleviated ER stress and related inflammation in the grown offspring of obese dams. Conclusions: Maternal QI in obese dams during gestation and lactation reduced birth weight and postnatal BW gain in the offspring, and helped to improve insulin sensitivity and lipid metabolism of the mature offspring via reducing ER stress and related inflammation in the liver and adipose tissue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Fe overload is a common consequence of the anaemia treatment, increasing the oxidative stress and promoting the accumulation of damaged biomolecules, with the subsequently impairment of cell functions. Oxidative stress and the role of folic acid preventing free radical damage have been extensively studied; nevertheless, no studies are available about the influence of folic acid-supplemented goat milk consumption on the oxidative stress-mediated damage. Aim: The objective of the present study was to assess the influence of folic acid supplementation of goat milk- or cow milk-based diets, after Fe-overload treatment to palliate anaemia, on oxidative stress-mediated biomolecular damage in the liver, brain, erythrocytes, duodenal mucosa and plasma. Methods: Control and anaemic rats were fed goat milk- or cow milk-based diets, either with normal Fe or Fe overload (450 mg/kg), and normal folic acid (2 mg/kg) or folic acid supplemented (40 mg/kg) for 30 days. Results: During chronic Fe repletion, background DNA damage was significantly lower in anaemic rats fed folic acid-supplemented goat milk-based diet, as revealed by tail DNA (%), and folic acid-supplemented goat milk also had a beneficial effect, reducing the extent of lipid peroxidation in liver, plasma, erythrocytes and especially in brain and duodenal mucosa. Furthermore, protein oxidative damage was lower in anaemic rat duodenal mucosa for all goat milk-based diets. Conclusions: Folic acid supplement in goat milk avoids the undesirable effects of Fe overload during anaemia recovery in all the tissues studied, especially in the liver and duodenal mucosa, which are the tissues with higher exposition to dietary Fe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim was to investigate the effect of iron or combined iron/zinc supplementation on rat liver antioxidant status. Methods: The 6-week male Wistar rats were examined in 3 stages: (1) 4-week adaptation to the diets (C-control AIN-93M diet, D-iron deficient and R-with 50 % reduction in all vitamin and mineral amounts); (2) 4-week supplementation with the same regimen enriched with tenfold more iron or iron/zinc; (3) 2-week post-supplementation period (the same diets as in the stage I). Results: Combined iron/zinc supplementation similarly to iron supplementation alone significantly ( p values ≤ 0.05) increased the iron content in the liver in D and R rats after stages II and III. Moreover, iron/zinc supplementation compared to iron supplementation alone significantly decreased the liver concentration of 8-isoprostane (after stage II in D and after stage III in R rats), protein carbonyl groups (only after stage III in R rats) and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (after stage II in R and after stage III in D and R rats). In rats fed R-type of diets after stage II hepatic superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity, but not glutathione peroxidation activity and total antioxidant capacity, was lower in iron and iron/zinc supplemented than in non-supplemented rats, whereas after stage III in iron/zinc supplemented SOD was lower and CAT activity was higher in comparison with non-supplemented and iron supplemented rats. Conclusions: The simultaneous iron/zinc supplementation can protect liver against peroxidative damage induced by high doses of iron during and after the intervention in rats fed iron-deficient diet and diet with reduced amounts of vitamins and minerals. The post-intervention observation is relevant because the effect may be delayed and visible only after this period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Preclinical studies suggest a potential protective effect of oleuropein in osteoporosis, and one of the proposed mechanisms is the modulation of the oxidative stress. Oleuropein bioavailability and its effect on antioxidant status in pre- and postmenopausal women are unknown. The aim of the present study was to investigate the oral bioavailability of an olive leaf extract rich in oleuropein (40 %) and its effect on antioxidant status in postmenopausal women compared to premenopausal women. Methods: Premenopausal ( n = 8) and postmenopausal women ( n = 8) received 250 mg of olive leaf extract, blood samples ( t = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16 and 24 h) were taken, and 24-h urine divided into five fractions was collected. Olive-leaf-extract-derived metabolites were analyzed in plasma and urine by HPLC-ESI-QTOF and UPLC-ESI-QqQ, and pharmacokinetics parameters were determined. Ferric reducing antioxidant ability and malondialdehyde levels were measured in plasma. Results: Plasma levels of hydroxytyrosol glucuronide, hydroxytyrosol sulfate, oleuropein aglycon glucuronide and oleuropein aglycon derivative 1 were higher in postmenopausal women. MDA levels were significantly decreased (32 %) in postmenopausal women and inversely correlated with hydroxytyrosol sulfate levels. Postmenopausal women excreted less sulfated metabolites in urine than premenopausal women. Conclusions: Our results suggest that postmenopausal women could be a target population for the intake of olive phenolics in order to prevent age-related and oxidative stress-related processes such as osteoporosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Garlic has been shown to exhibit antioxidant effects and cardioprotective properties. However, the effects of garlic extract on the heart in insulin resistance induced by long-term high-fat-diet consumption are not well defined. Therefore, we sought to determine the effects of garlic extract in the obese insulin-resistant rats. Methods: Male Wistar rats (180-200 g) were divided into two groups: normal-diet or high-fat-diet ( n = 24/group) fed for 12 weeks. Rats in each groups were divided into three subgroups ( n = 8 each): vehicle or garlic extract (250 or 500 mg/kg/day, respectively) treated for 28 days. At the end of the treatment, the metabolic parameters, heart rate variability (HRV), cardiac function, and cardiac mitochondrial function were determined. Results: Rats that received a high-fat-diet for 12 weeks had increased body weight, visceral fat, plasma insulin levels, total cholesterol, oxidative stress levels, depressed HRV, and cardiac mitochondrial dysfunction. Garlic extract at both concentrations significantly decreased the plasma insulin, total cholesterol, homeostasis model assessment index, and oxidative stress levels. Furthermore, garlic extract at both doses restored the HRV, cardiac function, and cardiac mitochondrial function. Conclusion: We concluded that garlic extract at both concentrations exerted cardioprotective effects against cardiac dysfunction and mitochondrial dysfunction in obese insulin-resistant rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a central role in the maintenance of self-tolerance. Animal and in vitro studies suggest that vitamin D is involved in reducing the risk of autoimmunity by modulating Tregs. Methods: In a double-blind, placebo controlled study in 60 healthy volunteers, we assessed the effect of a 12-week high-dose oral cholecalciferol supplementation (140,000 IU/month) on the number and function of CD4CD25FoxP3CD127 Tregs. We also assessed the clinical safety of the supplementation and the effect on the frequency of other immune cells such as monocytes, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, natural killer T cells, B cells and subgroups of T cells. We also tested the in vitro effect of cholecalciferol on Tregs in human cell cultures. Results: By using FACS analysis, ex vivo suppressive co-cultures and apoptosis assays, we were able to show that a cholecalciferol supplementation leads to significantly increased numbers of peripheral Tregs in vivo. Tregs function and the frequency of other immune cells remained unchanged, and no clinically relevant safety concerns were found. The in vitro exposure of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells to cholecalciferol also supported our in vivo findings. Conclusions: Our results indicate a substantial effect of a supplementation with inactive vitamin D on the immune system of healthy humans in vivo and provide a rationale for future studies to investigate the immunomodulatory effects of vitamin D in autoimmune diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Cumulative evidence suggests that moderate red wine consumption protects the cardiovascular system. The effect of cultured cells derived from red grape berry (RGC) on blood pressure (BP) has not been investigated. We therefore studied the antihypertensive effects of oral consumption of RGC in experimental rat model of metabolic-like syndrome and assessed its effect on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Methods: Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed for 5 weeks with either a high fructose diet (HFD) ( n = 10) or HFD supplemented, during the last 2 weeks, with different doses (200, 400 and 800 mg/kg/day) of RGC suspended in their food ( n = 30). BP, plasma triglycerides, insulin and adiponectin levels were measured at the beginning and after 3 and 5 weeks of diet. RGC effect on vasodilatation was evaluated by its ability to affect endothelin-1 (ET-1) production and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression in HUVECs. Results: BP, plasma triglycerides, insulin and adiponectin increased significantly in rats fed with a HFD. The increase in BP, plasma triglycerides and insulin was attenuated by RGC supplementation. Incubation of HUVECs with RGC demonstrated a concentration-dependent inhibition of ET-1 secretion and increase in the level of eNOS, signaling a positive effect of RGC on vasodilatation. Conclusion: In rats with metabolic-like syndrome, RGC decreased BP and improved metabolic parameters. These beneficial effects may be mediated by the cell constituents, highly rich with polyphenols and resveratrol, reside in their natural state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the long-term consequences of TNFα inhibitors on body composition and fat distribution, as well as changes in serum adipokines in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Methods: Eight patients with RA and twelve with AS requiring a TNFα inhibitor were prospectively followed for 2 years. Body composition was evaluated by dual X-ray absorptiometry and included measurements of total fat mass, lean mass, fat in the gynoid and android regions, and visceral fat. Serum leptin, total and high molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin, resistin, and ghrelin were also assessed. Results: There was a significant gain in body mass index ( p = 0.05) and a tendency for weight ( p = 0.07), android fat ( p = 0.07), and visceral fat ( p = 0.059) increase in patients with RA, while in AS, total fat mass significantly increased ( p = 0.02) with a parallel weight gain ( p = 0.07). When examining the whole population of patients, we observed after 2 years a significant increase in body weight (+1.9 %; p = 0.003), body mass index (+2.5 %; p = 0.004), total fat mass (+11.1 %; p = 0.007), and fat in the android region (+18.3 %; p = 0.02). There was a substantial, albeit nonsignificant gain in visceral fat (+24.3 %; p = 0.088). Lean mass and gynoid fat were not modified. No major changes were observed for serum leptin, total adiponectin, and ghrelin, while HMW adiponectin and the HMW/total adiponectin ratio tended to decrease (−15.2 %, p = 0.057 and −9.3 %, p = 0.067, respectively). Resistin decreased significantly (−22.4 %, p = 0.01). Conclusions: Long-term TNFα inhibition in RA and AS is associated with a significant gain in fat mass, with a shift to the android (visceral) region. This fat redistribution raises questions about its influence on the cardiovascular profile of patients receiving these treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Single mothers suffer more frequently from chronic diseases, depression, and elevated stress level. Their children display adaptation and behavior problems more often than children of dual-parent families. To prevent these risks, a parental training program (PALME) for single mothers and their preschool children was developed. The concept of PALME is based on attachment theory and psychodynamic-interactional approaches. Subject and methods: The efficacy of the program was evaluated in a randomized control intervention study with 58 single mothers. Outcomes from the revised version of the Symptom Checklist SCL-90-R, SF-12 Health Survey, Psychogenic Impairment Score (BSS), Scales on the Experience of Emotions (SEE) and Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire SDQ were compared at baseline (t1), post-treatment (t2), and 6 months follow-up (t3) for statistical and clinical significance. Per-protocol analyses of variance were used to examine intervention effects. Results: Statistically significant group x time interaction effects in favor of the intervention group indicated intervention effects on the mothers' psychological symptom load GSI score of SCL-90 R, depression, psychological well-being and psychogenic impairment. Some aspects of maternal emotional competence and behavioral problems of their children improved only in the short term. Conclusion: The results suggest that PALME is an effective prevention program for the reduction of maternal depression and psychological symptom load and the improvement of well-being among single mothers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Typhoid fever is a serious health problem in tropical and developing countries. Although asymptomatic typhoid carriers show no clinical signs, they can spread infection to others. This study investigated the Toll like receptor 5 ( TLR5) polymorphism and various clinical parameters in typhoid patients and asymptomatic typhoid carriers. Subjects and methods: TLR5 gene was amplified in typhoid patients ( n = 15), asymptomatic carriers ( n = 10) and healthy control subjects ( n = 10) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of TLR5 gene was performed with restriction enzyme (Ddel). Clinical parameters such as total leukocyte, platelets, C-reactive protein (CRP), and adenosine de-aminase (ADA) were estimated. A correlative analysis of TLR5 gene polymorphism and clinical parameters was performed. Results: Typhoid fever patients had significantly ( p < 0.05) reduced total leukocyte and platelet counts when compared to asymptomatic carriers and control subjects. Typhoid patients showed significantly ( p < 0.05) reduced ADA activity, while elevated CRP level when compared to carriers and controls. TLR5 gene was amplified in all individuals, but only two typhoid patients showed TLR5 gene polymorphism ( TLR5). There was no significant correlation between TLR5 gene polymorphism and clinical parameters studied in typhoid patients. Conclusion: The TLR5 gene polymorphism seems to be not associated with susceptibility to typhoid fever. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To explore the effect of a fructose-rich diet on morphological and functional changes in white adipose tissue (WAT) that could contribute to the development of insulin resistance. Methods: Adult sedentary rats were fed a fructose-rich diet for 8 weeks. Glucose tolerance test was carried out together with measurement of plasma triglycerides, non-esterified fatty acids and lipid peroxidation. In subcutaneous abdominal and intra-abdominal WAT, number and size of adipocytes together with cellular insulin sensitivity and lipolytic activity were assessed. Results: Rats fed a fructose-rich diet exhibited a significant increase in plasma insulin, triglycerides, non-esterified fatty acids and lipid peroxidation, together with significantly increased body lipids and epididymal and mesenteric WAT, compared to controls. Mean adipocyte volume in subcutaneous abdominal WAT was significantly lower, while mean adipocyte volume in intra-abdominal WAT was significantly higher, in rats fed a fructose-rich diet compared to controls. A significant increase in larger adipocytes and a significant decrease in smaller adipocytes were found in intra-abdominal WAT in rats fed a fructose-rich diet compared to controls. Insulin's ability to inhibit lipolysis was blunted in subcutaneous abdominal and intra-abdominal adipocytes from fructose-fed rats. Accordingly, lower p-Akt/Akt ratio was found in WAT in rats fed a fructose-rich diet compared to controls. Conclusions: Long-term consumption of high levels of fructose elicits remarkable morphological and functional modifications, particularly in intra-abdominal WAT, that are highly predictive of obesity and insulin resistance and that contribute to the worsening of metabolic alterations peculiar in a fructose-rich, hypolipidic diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this study is to evaluate the long-term influence of l-arginine intake on mineral concentration in patients with obesity and to assess the changes in lipid serum levels, fat content, and insulin resistance that result. Methods: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study was conducted. 88 obese patients were randomly assigned to receive either 9 g of l-arginine or placebo daily, for 6 months. At baseline and after 6 months, selected anthropometrical measurements and blood biochemical analyses were performed and mineral levels were assessed. To assess insulin sensitivity, the gold-standard euglycemic clamp methodology was used. Results: We found that 6 months of l-arginine supplementation resulted in significant increases in insulin sensitivity (Δ1.1 mg/kg/min, P < 0.01) and zinc levels (Δ1.5 μmol/L, P < 0.001). Moreover, a positive correlation between the change in zinc concentration in serum and the change in insulin sensitivity was observed ( R = 0.80, P < 0.01). In the group of patients treated with l-arginine, a negative correlation between the change in zinc concentration in serum and the change in body fat content was noted ( R = −0.38, P < 0.05). Conclusions: l-Arginine supplementation affects zinc status in obese patients. One beneficial influence is related to the improvements in insulin sensitivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The role of oxidative stress is well known in the pathogenesis of acquired malnutrition. Intrauterine growth restriction has been associated with an imbalance in oxidative stress/antioxidant system. Therefore, early postnatal environment and, consequently, extrauterine growth restriction might be associated with alterations in the antioxidant defense system, even in the prepubertal stage. Methods: This is a descriptive, analytical, and observational case-control study. The study included two groups; 38 Caucasian prepubertal children born prematurely and with a history of extrauterine growth restriction as the case group, and 123 gender- and age-matched controls. Plasma exogenous antioxidant (retinol, β-carotene, and α-tocopherol) concentrations were measured by HPLC; antioxidant enzyme activities of catalase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase were determined in lysed erythrocytes by spectrophotometric techniques. Results: Catalase and glutathione peroxidase concentrations were significantly lower in extrauterine growth restriction children than in controls ( P < 0.001). Lower plasma retinol concentrations were found in the case group ( P = 0.029), while concentrations of β-carotene and α-tocopherol were higher ( P < 0.001) in extrauterine growth restriction prepubertal children as compared with controls. After correction by gestational age, birth weight, and length, statistically significant differences were also found, except for retinol. Conclusions: Prepubertal children with a history of extrauterine growth restriction present alterations in their antioxidant defense system. Knowing these alterations may be important in establishing pharmacological and nutritional treatments as this situation might be associated with higher metabolic disorders in adulthood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Evidence suggests that plasma retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) and insulin resistance are related to body fat (BF). We aimed to assess the relationship between RBP4 and insulin resistance with obesity in a mixed (skin color) cohort of the Brazilian population. Methods: A nested case-control study was conducted in 227 schoolchildren aged 7-14 years. Schoolchildren with a high BF percentage (% BF, ≥ 30 for girls and ≥ 25 for boys) were identified as the obese group ( n = 137), and those with lower values were identified as the non-obese group ( n = 90). Percentage of body fat (% BF) was determined by tetrapolar bioimpedance (Quantum II, RJL System), RBP4 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Immunology Consultants Laboratory), plasma fasting insulin by chemiluminescent immunoassay (Access Immunoassay System) and insulin resistance by the homeostasis model insulin resistance (IR) index. Serum lipid profile and arterial blood pressure were evaluated. Results: The significant independent risk factors associated with obesity were as follows: male sex, increased serum LDL-C, RBP4 and IR. Among children with higher RBP4, the association with obesity increased significantly (from 3.1 to 8.5) in the presence of insulin resistance, when compared to higher RBP4 and non-insulin resistance. Conclusion: IR and RBP4 showed significant associations with obesity and traditional CVD risk factors. They might therefore be used as a marker for CVD risk and have clinical implications in the development of comorbidities associated with obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Recently, several large, randomized clinical trials have proven the benefits of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in cardiovascular prevention. However, the precise protective mechanisms of EPA for heart disease are still controversial. In this study, we evaluate the possible protective effects of EPA, especially the role of autophagy, against cardiomyocyte apoptosis induced by oxidative stress. Methods: H9C2 myocardioblasts were incubated with 80 μM EPA for 24 h and then exposed to 400 μM of hydrogen peroxide for 3 h. Autophagic response, lysosome function, and apoptosis were analyzed at the end of the experiment. Results: Preincubation of EPA significantly inhibited apoptosis and increased cell viability for H9C2 cells under oxidative stress. The effects of EPA on apoptosis and cell viability were suppressed by 3-MA treatment (autophagic inhibitor). Oxidative stress decreased Beclin 1 protein expression, increased the ratio of LC3II/LC3I, and reduced the formation of acid organelles, whereas the preincubation of EPA abrogated the negative effect of oxidative stress on H9C2 by mediating the autophagic response. Inhibiting autophagy by 3-methyladenine reversed the EPA effect significantly by increasing the ratio of LC3II-LC3I. Treatment with 3-MA did not alter the increment of acid organelles by EPA preincubation. In addition, EPA restored the phosphorylation of Akt activated by HO treatment and induced the phosphorylation of AMPK in H9C2 cells under oxidative stress. Conclusion: EPA attenuated oxidative stress-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis by activating an adaptive autophagic response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Decisions about support for predictions of theories in light of data are made using statistical inference. The dominant approach in sport and exercise science is the Neyman-Pearson (N-P) significance-testing approach. When applied correctly it provides a reliable procedure for making dichotomous decisions for accepting or rejecting zero-effect null hypotheses with known and controlled long-run error rates. Type I and type II error rates must be specified in advance and the latter controlled by conducting an a priori sample size calculation. The N-P approach does not provide the probability of hypotheses or indicate the strength of support for hypotheses in light of data, yet many scientists believe it does. Outcomes of analyses allow conclusions only about the existence of non-zero effects, and provide no information about the likely size of true effects or their practical/clinical value. Bayesian inference can show how much support data provide for different hypotheses, and how personal convictions should be altered in light of data, but the approach is complicated by formulating probability distributions about prior subjective estimates of population effects. A pragmatic solution is magnitude-based inference, which allows scientists to estimate the true magnitude of population effects and how likely they are to exceed an effect magnitude of practical/clinical importance, thereby integrating elements of subjective Bayesian-style thinking. While this approach is gaining acceptance, progress might be hastened if scientists appreciate the shortcomings of traditional N-P null hypothesis significance testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Few studies have focused on the metabolic changes induced by creatine supplementation. This study investigated the effects of creatine supplementation on plasma and urinary metabolite changes of athletes after endurance and sprint running. Methods: Twelve male athletes (20.3 ± 1.4 y) performed two identical (65-70 % maximum heart rate reserved) 60 min running exercises (endurance trial) before and after creatine supplementation (12 g creatine monohydrate/day for 15 days), followed by a 5-day washout period. Subsequently, they performed two identical 100 m sprint running exercises (power trial) before and after 15 days of creatine supplementation in accordance with the supplementary protocol of the endurance trial. Body composition measurements were performed during the entire study. Plasma samples were examined for the concentrations of glucose, lactate, branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), free-tryptophan (f-TRP), glutamine, alanine, hypoxanthine, and uric acid. Urinary samples were examined for the concentrations of hydroxyproline, 3-methylhistidine, urea nitrogen, and creatinine. Results: Creatine supplementation significantly increased body weights of the athletes of endurance trial. Plasma lactate concentration and ratio of f-TRP/BCAAs after recovery from endurance running were significantly decreased with creatine supplementation. Plasma purine metabolites (the sum of hypoxanthine and uric acid), glutamine, urinary 3-methylhistidine, and urea nitrogen concentrations tended to decrease before running in trials with creatine supplements. After running, urinary hydroxyproline concentration significantly increased in the power trial with creatine supplements. Conclusions: The findings suggest that creatine supplementation tended to decrease muscle glycogen and protein degradation, especially after endurance exercise. However, creatine supplementation might induce collagen proteolysis in athletes after sprint running. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate the effect of cocoa powder supplementation on obesity-related inflammation in high fat (HF)-fed obese mice. Methods: Male C57BL/6J ( n = 126) were fed with either low-fat (LF, 10 % kcal from fat) or HF (60 % kcal from fat) diet for 18 weeks. After 8 weeks, mice from HF group were randomized to HF diet or HF diet supplemented with 8 % cocoa powder (HF-HFC group) for 10 weeks. Blood and tissue samples were collected for biochemical analyses. Results: Cocoa powder supplementation significantly reduced the rate of body weight gain (15.8 %) and increased fecal lipid content (55.2 %) compared to HF-fed control mice. Further, cocoa supplementation attenuated insulin resistance, as indicated by improved HOMA-IR, and reduced the severity of obesity-related fatty liver disease (decreased plasma alanine aminotransferase and liver triglyceride) compared to HF group. Cocoa supplementation also significantly decreased plasma levels of the pro-inflammatory mediators interleukin-6 ( IL-6, 30.4 %), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1, 25.2 %), and increased adiponectin (33.7 %) compared to HF-fed mice. Expression of pro-inflammatory genes ( Il6, Il12b, Nos2, and Emr1) in the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) of the epididymal white adipose tissue (WAT) was significantly reduced (37-56 %) in the cocoa-supplemented mice. Conclusions: Dietary supplementation with cocoa ameliorates obesity-related inflammation, insulin resistance, and fatty liver disease in HF-fed obese mice, principally through the down-regulation of pro-inflammatory gene expression in WAT. These effects appear to be mediated in part by a modulation of dietary fat absorption and inhibition of macrophage infiltration in WAT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]