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There are worldwide growing concerns about environmental issues such as global warming and climate change. Moreover, it is expected that there will be regional differences in environmental issues. Therefore, this study focuses on a tri-regional comparison: America, Europe, and Asia-Pacific. Previous literature has paid less attention to exploring regional comparisons while considering regional heterogeneity. Against this backdrop, this study delves into the dynamic relationship between fossil fuel utilization, economic growth, globalization, urbanization, and CO2 emissions to understand the environmental implications of these interconnected factors. The study period spans from 1990 to 2021. Additionally, it employed rigorous tests to confirm cross-sectional dependence and data heterogeneity, following methodologies proposed by Pesaran (2004, 2015) and Pesaran (2007), utilizing the CS-ARDL panel cointegration methodology by Chudik and Pesaran (2015). The results confirm long-term significant relationships among OC, NGC, FDI, and UR variables in both combined panels, with and without regional dummies. However, GDP and COC become insignificant in the long run in the dummy variables regression. Furthermore, the regional dummies were found to be negative but remain insignificant, possibly due to heterogeneous effects or unobserved factors influencing each region independently. Analysis by region reveals predominant coal consumption in Asia, higher oil consumption in America, and greater gas consumption in Europe. Economic growth and CO2 emissions are positive in Asia and America but negative in Europe, aligning with theories prioritizing growth over environmental concerns in Asia and America, and advocating for renewable energy adoption in Europe. Urbanization increases energy demand and emissions, supporting the environmental revolution theory, while FDI holds the potential to reduce CO2 emissions, as per the endogenous growth theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's highly advanced industrialised and modernised world, China's economy is still growing, and its demand for energy is increasing daily. It is crucial to examine the connection between energy consumption, carbon emissions, and economic growth in order to promote economic growth based on energy conservation and emission reduction. Using Dezhou City in Shandong Province as an example, the study builds a VAR model of carbon emission, energy consumption, and economic growth in Dezhou City based on simplified macroeconomic sub-models, energy sub-models, and environmental sub-models. It then determines the correlation and influence mechanism between the three using tests like ADF unit root and Granger causality. The pertinent elements affecting Dezhou's carbon emissions were then investigated using grey correlation analysis. Finally, based on the study's findings, policy suggestions are made regarding energy use, carbon emissions, and economic expansion. It is necessary not only to restrain high-energy consumption industries and fundamentally optimize the energy consumption structure, but also to find new economic growth points and improve economic growth channels, so as to optimize the industrial structure. In this process, increasing the proportion of the tertiary industry is a key measure. In addition, the government needs to advocate the citizens to adopt a low-carbon lifestyle, and the concept of low-carbon environmental protection will be deeply rooted in the hearts of the people. This study will provide suggestions and theoretical guidance for China's energy consumption and carbon emissions, and help achieve high-quality growth of China and even the world economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bangladesh, being the fastest growing economy in the South Asian region, necessitates a comprehensive study to evaluate the influence of various socio-economic factors. The primary objective of this study is to get a comprehensive understanding of the concept of sustainable development and its relationship to carbon emissions. This analysis will specifically consider the current status of economic and anthropogenic activities within the context of Bangladesh. This research examines the aforementioned matter by utilizing the latest accessible yearly data spanning from 1990 to 2020, as well as employing advanced econometric models including the dynamic autoregressive distributed lag approach and frequency domain causality test. The analysis of empirical data reveals that the economic growth experienced in Bangladesh has yielded a discernible and favorable influence on the degradation of the environment, in both the immediate and extended periods. Nevertheless, it is crucial to acknowledge that the observed impact holds no statistical significance. Furthermore, it is apparent that energy consumption has a substantial impact on the escalation of carbon emissions, in both the immediate and prolonged periods. Additionally, the processes of industrialization and foreign direct investment have also exerted adverse effects on short-term carbon emissions. A frequency domain causality test is used in this work to do a robustness analysis and confirm that there are causal links between economic growth, energy use, development, and carbon emissions over a range of time frames, such as the short, middle, and long terms. The above studies have given us a lot of useful information about how economic growth, energy use, industrialization, and environmental sustainability all affect each other in Bangladesh. Bangladesh should prioritize the formulation of policies and regulations that are centered around specific goals. These objectives include: (a) enhancing government engagement in activities related to environmental innovation, (b) integrating ecologically sustainable development targets by adopting renewable energy sources, and (c) devising strategies and initiatives to attract foreign direct investment, facilitate knowledge exchange, and promote energy-efficient manufacturing to stimulate economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy is essential for boosting economic expansion and lowering carbon dioxide emission (CO2) to achieve carbon neutrality. This study's objective is to investigate the relationship between the use of renewable energy, economic growth, and CO2 for South Caucasus Countries. For analysis purposes, time series methods were applied on the panel data. Second-generation unit root and cointegration tests were used to test the cross-sectional dependence. Afterward, panel causality and panel VAR techniques were performed to examine the relationship between the variables. Based on feedback hypothesis, results of our causality analysis revealed a bidirectional causality relationship between growth and renewable energy consumption. Moreover, we revealed unidirectional causality from CO2 to renewable energy and from growth to CO2 emission. We also found that the effect of a shock in renewable energy on growth is increasing, and on CO2, it is decreasing implying that renewable energy consumption will trigger growth and have a reducing effect on CO2 emissions. We portrayed significant workable implications for policymakers, regulation bodies, companies, stakeholders, and managers. Results from this study should be extrapolated with caution since their applicability is limited to the South Caucasus Countries. In addition, the research heavily depends on summaries, which may obscure regional differences. In the future, researchers may want to dig deeper into the data and examine the subtle effect of renewable energy policy nationally. Moreover, including socio-economic aspects and technical improvements in the research might give a more thorough picture of the dynamics at play. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

R&D spending upsurges technological advancement and innovation which results in lowering energy consumption and environmental degradation. The current study investigates the asymmetrical impact of R&D spending on CO2 emissions in China via employing annual data from 1980 to 2021 and the NARDL model for empirical analysis. The estimated results of the NARDL model confirmed that there are asymmetries in positive and negative coefficients of R&D spending in China. The results depict that the positive shock in R&D spending exerts a negative and statistically significant impact on CO2 emissions in both runs implying that an increase in R&D spending lowers CO2 emissions. However, the negative coefficient of R&D spending yields a positive and statistically significant impact on CO2 emissions revealing the fact that a negative shock in R&D spending results in the upsurge of CO2 emissions in China. According to these findings, the impact of positive and negative shocks in R&D spending on CO2 emissions is asymmetric. The findings also show that the impact of a negative shock in R&D spending is greater than the impact of a positive shock on CO2 emissions. In addition to the negative shock in R&D spending, increases in energy consumption, economic growth, and FDI inflows also contribute to an upsurge in CO2 emissions in China. The robustness of the estimated results is assessed using standard fully modified ordinary least square (FMOLS) and dynamic ordinary least square (DOLS) models. The FMOLS and DOLS results have been confirmed to be sound and consistent with the results of the NARDL model. The study suggests that the economic strategies should aim at investing in R&D spending to foster environment-friendly technological innovations and to lower environmental degradation in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The carbon emissions trading system (CETS) is a helpful policy instrument for separating carbon emissions from economic expansion, and it significantly impacts energy efficiency (EE). This study uses 30 Chinese provinces from 2007 to 2020 as its research samples, and classifies energy efficiency into single-factor energy efficiency (SFE) and total-factor energy efficiency (TFE), using the difference-in-differences model to examine the effect and mechanism of the CETS on EE. As an additional tool to assess the efficacy of the CETS, the corresponding evolution of the rebound effect of energy-related carbon emissions (RECE) is also calculated. This study shows that the CETS can significantly improve EE in China's pilot provinces. The influence mechanism indicates that the effect of the CETS on EE is influenced by the level of government governance, green innovation, and industrial structure optimization. Further study finds that after the CETS was carried out, the RECE in pilot provinces was higher than that in non-pilot provinces, and 31.4% of carbon emissions reduced by EE improvement rebounded. Therefore, the CETS has yet to realize its full carbon reduction potential. The study offers specific policy proposals for the enhancement of China's CETS in light of the aforementioned findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of climate change, which causes various negativities in the global sense, is one of the important research topics. It is necessary to determine the factors affecting carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, which are the main determinants of climate change, and to take measures for this. In this study, based on the hypothesis that economic growth, energy usage, trade openness, and foreign direct investment affect CO2 emissions, it was aimed to examine the effects of economic growth, energy usage, trade openness, and foreign direct investment on CO2 emissions for G8 countries using annual data for the period 1990–2018. For this purpose, first, a literature review was done in the study. Then, cross-section dependency and heterogeneity tests were performed as empirical analyses. Afterward, unit root tests, cointegration analyses, and causality analyses were performed in the study. Finally, in the study, short-term parameters and long-term parameters were estimated to capture possible dynamic relationships between variables. The Westerlund Error Correction Model (ECM) panel test for cointegration showed that there is a cointegration relationship between these variables for both the entire panel and the cross-section units. The results of the Augmented Mean Group (AMG) estimator method showed that (i) economic growth has no effect on CO2 emissions in 7 of 8 countries, (ii) energy usage increases CO2 emissions in 4 of the countries studied but decreases it in one of them, and (iii) foreign direct investments and trade openness do not affect CO2 emissions in 4 countries but positively affects in 2 countries and negatively in 2 countries. According to the results obtained from the Pooled Mean Group (PMG) analysis, while economic growth, energy usage, and trade openness affect CO2 emissions in the long run, economic growth, energy use, and trade openness affect CO2 emissions in the short run too. According to Dumitrescu-Hurlin panel causality results, it was seen that there is no causal relationship between CO2 emissions, economic growth, and energy use. While there is a unidirectional causality from CO2 emissions to foreign direct investments, it was determined that there is a bidirectional causality between trade openness and CO2 emissions. When the results were examined in general, it was understood that the variables of economic growth, trade openness, foreign direct investment, and energy usage are effective on CO2 emissions in the G8 countries. It would be beneficial for countries to include the objectives of making production with clean production technologies, ensuring efficient use of energy, and expanding the use of renewable energies among their main targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to examine the validity of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis in 37 Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries over the period from 1960 to 2019. Panel Quantile Regressions (QR) show that for the lower quartile, economic growth does not impact emissions; for the central quartile a U-shaped curve emerges; while for the upper quartile, an N-shaped curve is found. In addition, cointegrating regressions highlight that economic growth, fossil fuel consumption, and population exert a detrimental effect on the environment, while renewable energy consumption reduces carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. These results are confirmed by panel causality tests since a feedback mechanism is found between CO2 emissions and the remaining series. Furthermore, single-country estimates provide evidence of great variability in the sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the world's largest carbon dioxide emitter, China is curbing coal consumption and increasing natural gas and renewable energy consumption to curb the increase in carbon emissions. At the same time, China is still the largest developing country in the world. Therefore, it is very important to investigate the links between different types of energy consumption, economic growth, and carbon emissions. In this paper, impulse response functions and Granger causality test based on time-varying parameters vector autoregressive model are used to explore the time-varying relationship among CO2 emissions, economic growth, and heterogeneous energy consumption (coal, gas, oil, and renewable energy) in China over the period 1980–2019. The results show that reducing coal and oil consumption and increasing natural gas and renewable energy consumption will not significantly hinder economic growth. In addition, in the long run, reducing coal and oil consumption and increasing renewable energy consumption can significantly reduce carbon emissions. However, after 1998, increasing natural gas consumption will significantly increase carbon emissions. This study reveals the time-varying relationship between heterogeneous energy consumption, economic growth, and carbon emissions, and provides suggestions for China to achieve low-carbon economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper investigates the influence of renewable energy consumption (REC), economic growth (GDP), financial development index (FDI), z-score (ZS) and control of corruption (CC) on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, for eighteen different APEC economies over the period 2000–2019 using the Pooled Mean Group-Autoregressive Distributed Lags (PMG-ARDL) approach and Granger causality tests. The outcomes of the empirical study confirm that the variables are cointegration using Pedroni tests. The long-run estimates revealed that economic growth and renewable energy contribute to the huge of carbon emissions, while financial development, ZS and CC lead to decrease carbon emissions. Granger causality shows that, in the long-run, there is bidirectional causality between CO2 emissions, economic growth, and financial development. In the short-run and for basic variables, Granger shows a unidirectional causality from CO2 emissions and economic growth to REC and; unidirectional causality from financial development, ZC and CC to CO2 emissions. A comprehensive approach is needed in APEC countries to effectively reduce CO2 emissions and promote sustainable development, including encouraging green financial products, reinforcing financial regulations, transitioning to a low-carbon economy, enhancing renewable energy usage, and improving governance and institutional quality, while considering the distinctive characteristics of each country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis and using Chinese provincial panel data from 2002 to 2019, this study examines how different types of healthcare expenditure and levels of economic development and energy consumption contribute to carbon emissions regionally. Considering the wide regional differences in the development levels of China, this paper uses quantile regressions and draws the following robust conclusions: (1) The EKC hypothesis was validated by all methods in eastern China. (2) The carbon emission reduction of government, private, and social health expenditure is confirmed. Furthermore, the impact of health expenditure on carbon reduction decreases from East to West. (3) Government, private, and social health expenditure all cause reductions in CO2 emissions, with private health expenditure having the largest negative effect on CO2 emissions, followed by government health expenditure and finally social health expenditure. Overall, the limited empirical work available on the impact of different kinds of health expenditure on carbon emission in the existing literature, this study greatly assists policy makers and researchers to understand the importance of health expenditure in improving environmental performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A growing body of literature has highlighted the importance of green innovation and institutional quality in sustainability transitions. However, there is little empirical research knowledge about green innovation and institutional quality as significant factors for sustainable development, particularly in Africa. In this context, the study examines the relationship between green innovation, institutional quality, economic growth, export, energy consumption, urbanization, and CO2 emissions in three (3) African countries over the period 1990 to 2016 at a panel and individual country level. Westerlund–Edgerton panel cointegration test together with the Cross-sectional Augmented Dickey-Fulller (CADF) test and Cross-sectional Im, Pesaran and Shin (CIPS) test correspondingly confirmed the variables employed are co-integrated and as well stationary. Major findings from the augmented mean group (AMG) estimator unveiled that: (i) green innovation mitigates CO2 emissions, whereas institutional quality increases CO2 emissions at the panel level and in South Africa; (ii) energy consumption increases CO2 emissions at the panel level and in all the individual countries; (iii) urbanization increases CO2 emissions at the panel and in Egypt and South Africa; (iv) an inverted U-shaped is evidenced to exist among economic growth and CO2 emissions in Egypt and South Africa. Finally, Dumitrescu-Hurlin panel causality test revealed a unidirectional causal link from CO2 emissions to green innovation and institutional quality correspondingly. Policy implications of these findings are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oil and natural consumption are non-renewable energy sources that are the main drivers of economic growth, but these energy sources are also the main causes of environmental degradation in Northeast Asian countries. The main objective of this study is to examine the impact of renewable energy consumption, non-renewable energy consumption on CO2 emissions, and economic growth in seven selected Northeast Asian countries during the period 1970–2020. First, the cross-sectional dependence test recommended by Pesaran, Ullah, and Yamagata (2008) concludes that there is no cross-sectional dependence in the panel data model, so it is feasible to use the first-generation panel data methods. Later, cointegration tests proposed by Pedroni (Oxford Bull Econ Stat 61:653–670, 1999, Economet Theor 20:597–625, 2004), Kao (J Econom 90:1–44, 1999), and Westerlund (2007) were adopted, revealing long-term cointegration relationships among model panel variables. Long-term variable coefficient elasticities were detected using the estimation techniques of panel fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) and panel dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS). Two-way causality of variables was detected using the Dumitrescue-Hurlin (Econ Model 29:1450–1460, 2012) panel causality test. The results of the analysis highlight the significant progressive effects of renewable energy consumption, nonrenewable energy consumption, employed labor force, and capital formation on long-run economic growth. The study also concluded that renewable energy consumption significantly reduced long-term CO2 emissions, while non-renewable energy consumption significantly contributed to long-term CO2 emissions. Estimates from the FMOLS technique reflect a significant progressive effect of GDP and GDP3 on CO2 emissions, while GDP2 has a significant adverse effect on CO2 emissions, thus validating the N-shaped EKC assumption in selected group of countries. Furthermore, the feedback hypothesis is supported based on the two-way causality between renewable energy consumption and economic growth. Strategically, this evidence-based empirical study demonstrates that renewable energy is a valuable process that can protect the environment and contribute to future economic growth in selected countries by addressing energy security and reducing carbon emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study seeks to ascertain whether there is an unbalanced link between CO2 emissions, foreign direct investment, and economic growth in Malaysia over a 40-year timeframe between 1980 and 2019. We investigated the asymmetric relationship , using non-linear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) technique. The findings showed a noteworthy asymmetry between FDI, CO2 emissions, and GDP in Malaysia. The long-term and short-term effects of negative FDI on GDP are both equivalent to 0.028 and 0.021, respectively. This suggests that, compared to short-term fluctuations, long-term negative FDI adjustments have a considerably more negative impact on economic growth. The coefficient of positive (CO2+) and negative (CO2−) changes in economic growth is equal to 0.086 and − 0.152, respectively. It indicates that positive changes in CO2 emissions have stronger effects in the long run than negative shocks. Considering an asymmetric association between these two variables in the short and long term, Malaysian policymakers must comprehend the dynamic relationship between FDI, CO2 emissions, and GDP to plan appropriate economic and environmental policies that will support sustainable economic development and ensure a safer environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A major concern for the modern world is to deal with environmental issues without compromising on economic growth targets. Energy use from renewable and nuclear sources offers a solution to this issue. Therefore, the present study is an attempt to examine the nexus between disaggregated energy consumption, economic growth and carbon dioxide emissions. To this end, a sophisticated econometric technique proposed by Machado and Silva (J Econom 213:145–173, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2019.04.009) is used for a sample of 107 countries during 1996–2014. For robustness analysis, fixed and random effect with Driscoll Kraay standard errors model is used. The findings revealed an inverted N-shape EKC showing that nuclear and renewable energy alleviate pollution while non-renewable energy enhances it. Interestingly, the impact of nuclear and renewable energy is stronger at lower quantiles than at higher ones. Findings highlight the need for promoting nuclear and renewable energy to combat environmental challenges. Therefore, an adequate plan promoting the use of renewable energy should be established to ensure successful energy transition and reap its benefits in terms of economic development and environmental protection. In addition, important policy implications are suggested based on the findings of the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research examines the potential impact of economic growth, carbon emissions, trade, and energy use on tourism development in Pakistan from 1980 to 2018. This study employed the Autoregressive Distributed Lagged technique for the simultaneous estimations of short and long-run associations. The study found a positive impact of energy use, economic growth, and trade openness on tourism development in the short and long run. On the other hand, the study reveals a negative impact of CO2 emissions on tourism development in Pakistan. The study further applied an innovative accounting approach for robust results of the study. The study based on Toda Yamamoto causality approach revealed unidirectional causal association among the study variables. The results, thus, suggest the change in investment decisions as the government and policy makers should encourage investments in services sector rather than polluting industrial sector as the services sector is less polluting and leading sector of the economy. This, in turn, could help attract tourists due to environmentally and economically sustainable growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The logistics business is a crucial contributor to economic development, yet it is also the leading source of carbon emissions. Economic growth at the expense of environmental deterioration is a challenging issue; this phenomenon offered a new avenue for scholars and policymakers to investigate and address these issues. The recent study is one of the attempts to explore this intricate subject. The goal of this research is to determine whether or not the Chinese logistics sector has an impact on Pakistan's GDP and carbon emissions as a result of CPEC. The research utilized data from 2007Q1 to 2021Q4 using the ARDL approach for an empirical estimate. Due to the mixed order of variable integration and finite data set, the ARDL technique is well deserved, which helps reach sound policy inferences. The study's key results indicated that China's logistic business enhances Pakistan's economic development and carbon emissions in the short and long term. Similarly, China's energy usage, technology, and transportation contribute to Pakistan's economic progress at the price of environmental damage. The empirical study may be a model for other developing nations, given Pakistan's viewpoint. With the support of the empirical results, policymakers in Pakistan and other associated countries would be able to plan for sustainable growth in conjunction with CPEC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the role of export quality in climate action goal of the sustainable development goals in emerging Asian countries. For this purpose, the empirical model that observes the impact of real GDP, energy use and export quality index on carbon emissions is constructed and is analyzed by ARDL bounds testing approach for the period from 1970 to 2014. We also include the square of real GDP as independent variable to observe the existence of environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis which implies the parabolic relationship between economic growth and environmental degradation. The findings show that increase in export quality leads to a fall in CO2 emissions for China and India. In contrast, the effect of increasing export quality increases CO2 emissions in Thailand and the Philippines. Lastly, our asymmetric causality results show that the positive shocks of export quality causes positive shocks of CO2 emissions in Thailand and Indonesia. Furthermore, we found that positive export quality shocks cause negative CO2 emissions shocks in India while negative export quality shocks cause positive CO2 emissions shocks in China. We also confirm the inverted U-shaped EKC hypothesis in China and Thailand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary aim of this study is that whether Granger causality (GC) among CO2 emissions, energy consumption (EC) and economic growth (EG) in different regimes in Iran is similar and sustainable. We answer this question using Markov Switching Vector Autoregressive (MS-VAR) approach and the quarterly data from 1970Q1 to 2015Q4. The findings show that the causal relationship switches among these variables in different regimes. In the first regime, the results show a positive unilateral GC from EG to EC. In the second regime, the study shows a negative GC from EC to EG, and a positive causality from EG to EC, and a negative unilateral causality from CO2 emissions to EG. The results indicate no causality from EG and EC to CO2 emissions in the first and second regimes. The results further show that the probability of sustainability in this first regime, where the rate of EG is at a low level but the amounts of EC and CO2 emissions are at a high level, will be high compared to the second regime. These findings call for more attention to the various effects of these variables on each regime before the policy implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to investigate the impacts of economic growth, energy consumption, and the economic globalization process on ecological footprints in the top 10 countries that cause the highest carbon dioxide emissions in the world. The analyses were conducted on annual observations from 1970 to 2017 (a different range for each country) employing the Fourier bootstrap ARDL cointegration method developed by Yilanci et al. (2020) and the Fourier bootstrap Toda–Yamamoto causality method developed by Nazlioglu et al. (2016). In the cointegration approach, an additional F-test provides better insights to define degenerate cases and the bootstrap test performance is powerful than the asymptotic test. In this context, Fourier bootstrap ARDL test results revealed that there is a long-term relationship between ecological footprint and economic growth, energy consumption, and economic globalization in seven countries—namely, Canada, China, Germany, India, Indonesia, Iran, and Saudi Arabia. According to long-run coefficients, in general, economic growth and energy consumption have negative effects on ecological footprint, whereas economic globalization has a positive effect on the ecological footprint for these countries. To evaluate it more specifically, (i) real gross domestic product per capita has positive and statistically significant coefficients on the ecological footprint in China, India, Indonesia, Iran, and Saudi Arabia, except for Germany. (ii) Energy consumption per capita also has positive and statistically significant coefficients on the ecological footprint in China, Germany, Iran, and Saudi Arabia, except for Indonesia. (iii) Finally, the economic globalization process has negative and statistically significant coefficients on the ecological footprint in Canada, China, India, and Saudi Arabia, except for Indonesia. On the other hand, Fourier bootstrap Toda–Yamamoto causality test results show a mixed character. Governments should take action to reduce the negative effects of the climate crisis as immediate as possible, which has been widely expressed recently. Among these, increasing the use of renewable energy sources and new carbon-free technologies in the production process appears as important policy tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Health expenditures are affected by different macroeconomic variables. This study aims to examine the impact of renewable energy consumption, carbon emissions, the refugee population, and economic growth on Turkey's health expenditures from 1975 to 2019. For this purpose, firstly, the stationarity orders of the variables were examined with the Fourier-based stationarity test. The long-run effects of the variables on health expenditures were also examined using the Fourier-based cointegration test. The results show that there is a long-run relationship between health expenditures and the explanatory variables. In addition, long-run coefficients were calculated, and it was concluded that carbon emissions and the refugee population increased health expenditures while renewable energy consumption decreased. The causality results indicate that there is unidirectional permanent causality from health expenditures to renewable energy consumption and economic growth and bidirectional permanent causality between carbon emissions and health expenditures. Overall, adopting environmentally and renewable energy-friendly policies and controlling the refugee population are essential policy tools in terms of health expenditures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to examine the long-run asymmetric impact of energy productivity on environmental quality in Ireland. The data set covers the period from 1990Q1 to 2019Q4. Although the border issue has been the source of contention and terrorism for decades in Ireland, the country is conscious of modern innovations and has a coherent body of environmental law. Ireland's goal is to achieve 80% of its electricity as renewable energy and reduce carbon emissions by 51% in 2030. Unlike earlier studies, the novelty of this study lies in the thorough analysis of how energy productivity affects the quality of the environment in Ireland while controlling for financial development, primary energy consumption, and economic growth utilizing the nonlinear ARDL approach and other robust econometric techniques. Precisely, the results indicate that (i) energy productivity benefits the environment by lowering CO2 emissions (CO2E) in the long term; (ii) financial sector development enhances the quality of the environment in Ireland; (iii) increase in primary energy consumption and economic growth without eco-friendly protocols propel an increase in CO2E. These findings support the economic theory that energy productivity can stimulate steady green living and green technological growth. We recommend that policymakers in Ireland invest in energy productivity and prioritize R&D that embraces cleaner technologies and cross-cutting eco-friendly policies to combat environmental challenges in Ireland and the world at large. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concern of environmental degradation, poverty, and income inequality remains a priority in achieving sustainable development goals. Countries are trying to reduce income inequality, alleviate poverty, and reduce environmental degradation which needs special attention. Consequently, this study explores the effect of income inequality, poverty, and energy consumption on carbon dioxide emission in the Belt and Road Initiative countries from 1996 to 2018. By employing the generalized method of moments, the findings show that income inequality, poverty, and energy consumption significantly increase carbon dioxide emission and lead to environmental degradation, while access to electricity significantly raises environmental quality. Economic growth positively affects carbon dioxide emission; however, the environmental Kuznets curve is valid. Income inequality exerts a moderating effect on carbon dioxide emission via per capita economic growth that reduces environmental degradation in the Belt and Road Initiative countries. The results of this study give important policy implications for the Belt and Road Initiative countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the nexus between natural resources, renewable energy consumption, economic growth, and carbon emission in 35 belt and road initiative (BRI) countries from 1985 to 2019. By employing OLS, fixed effect, generalized method of moments, and seemingly unrelated regression models, the results show that carbon dioxide and renewable energy are the driver factors of economic growth while natural resources reduce economic growth. The effect of economic growth and natural resources on carbon dioxide is positive; however, renewable energy consumption significantly reduces carbon emission. Economic growth rise renewable energy consumption while carbon dioxide and natural resources reduce it. The findings of this study have considerable policy implications for the belt and road countries that how natural resources and income inequality influence the interlinkage of renewable energy consumption, economic growth, and carbon dioxide emission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today's economically developed nations are also among the most advanced in energy production and consumption. In particular, the widespread implementation of renewable energy sources and the plethora of technological advancements supporting long-term prosperity stand out. The present research examines how carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, technological advancements, and renewable energy sources affect economic expansion. Research and development (R&D) expenses are considered a proxy for technological progress. The analysis quantified the interplay between the factors using annual data for the G7 countries from 1996 through 2020. We examine the association between our variables using panel unit root tests, Pedroni cointegration tests, ARDL coefficient estimations, and Dumitrescu and Hurlin causality tests. The Pedroni cointegration test indicated that the variables are cointegrated. According to the ARDL method of computation, increasing levels of CO2 emissions are beneficial to long-term economic growth. However, improvements in renewable energy and technology dampen economic expansion. The economy's expansion and increased carbon dioxide emissions have a reciprocal relationship. The Dumitrescu and Hurlin causality test shows a uni-directional chain of events from CO2 emissions to technological improvements, from economic growth to the use of renewable energy, and from consumption of renewable energy to technological advances. Based on our research results, investing in renewable energy consumption is still suggested for long-term sustainable development and environmental protection. Also, directing technological innovations to renewable energy resources and facilities to reduce costs and improve efficiency is suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economic structural changes are a major factor that has a big impact on most of a country or region's economic systems and operations, as well as the environment. This study looks at how conventional energy-based power use affects carbon emissions in Pakistan through a structural change analysis of the country from 1971 to 2018. It uses the autoregressive distributed lags (ARDL) method and covers the period from 1971 to 2018. The long-term findings from the ARDL suggest that economic expansion, growth and development, and agro production lead to declining carbon emissions and in turn, will improve the state of the environment. Precisely, an increase in 1% of economic expansion and agricultural production will reduce carbon emissions by 1.26% and 0.53%, respectively. However, the current use of conventional energy to make electricity is causing carbon dioxide to be released into the air. People who live in cities use more conventional energy, which means that the amount of carbon dioxide they produce will go up by 1.53% for every 1% change in conventional energy use. This means that there are strong links between urbanzation and carbon emissions. Government and industry policymakers should encourage people to use renewable and conventional energy sources, encourage them to invest more in green-related businesses, and provide more social amenities and better infrastructure in Pakistan's rural areas, to name a few things. Doing so will help to reduce the continuing and uncontrolled influx of people to the country's cities, which simply further endangers the natural environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low-carbon economic growth in cities is important for reduction of carbon emissions in China. As the best practice city in China, Shenzhen city has experienced rapid economic growth with low carbon emissions. The study aims to evaluate the performance of Chinese cities on low-carbon economic growth through the case study of Shenzhen city. The study carries out the Tapio decoupling model for analyzing decoupling state, and uses the Kaya–Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index decomposition model to determine the main driving factors of carbon emissions in Shenzhen. Results indicate that Shenzhen has greatly decoupled carbon emissions with economic growth. The analysis of driving factors of carbon emission shows that the declining energy intensity and the upgrading industrial structure effectively hamper the increase of carbon emissions in Shenzhen. The decline in energy intensity in Shenzhen may come from an improvement of production efficiency of the industries. However, the irrational energy consumption structure, fast-growing economic output, and industry scale are hampering the low carbon emissions of Shenzhen. All estimated industries are highly dependent on coal and oil although some industries have slightly increased their proportion of clean energy consumption. Pursuing more clean energy consumption in the industry will be a key development strategy for reducing emissions in the future. Moreover, as Shenzhen is a fast-growing city, the increasing economic output and industry scale are inevitable. Changing people's way of living could also help in reducing carbon emissions in cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To cope with climate change, China commits that it will strive to achieve carbon peaking by 2030. Using the Cointegration model and the Markov Chain model, this paper forecasts China's carbon emissions during 2019–2030 in six scenarios, and assesses the contribution of optimizing the energy mix to China's carbon peaking. The research obtains three main conclusions. Firstly, optimizing the energy mix will contribute to achieving China's carbon peaking. In the economic slow-growth scenario, taking China's planned target of energy mix (PTEM) into account, the carbon peaking year will be brought forward from 2028 to 2023. In the economic medium-speed-growth scenario, optimizing the energy mix will make China achieve carbon peaking in 2028. Without considering the PTEM, however, the carbon emissions will not peak before 2030. In the economic fast-growth scenario, the peaking year will not occur whether considering the PTEM or not, but the growth rate of carbon emissions with the PTEM will be far lower than that without considering the PTEM. Secondly, in all three economic growth scenarios, optimizing the energy mix will largely reduce the growth rate of carbon emissions, and thus significantly reduce the peak value of carbon emissions. Thirdly, optimizing the energy mix has a negative adjusting effect on the impact of economic growth on the growth rate of carbon emissions, and the negative effect rise as the economic growth rate increases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research studied the impacts of the environmental Kuznets curve and the determinants of economic growth for Visegrad countries from 1990 to 2018. This paper reflects on the effects of renewable and non-renewable energy, urban population, foreign direct investment, economic growth, and carbon dioxide emissions. According to our results, the panel of unit root tests showed that the variables under study are integrated into the first differences. Considering the empirical results for the environmental Kuznets curve, we observe that economic growth is positively correlated with pollution emissions; nevertheless, the squared income per capita is negatively impacted by carbon dioxide emissions. Energy consumption increases carbon emissions, and foreign direct investment confirms the pollution halo hypothesis. Therefore, the econometric results showed that renewable energy consumption promotes regional growth. Consequently, urban population and foreign direct investment positively correlate with economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Applying a mixed frequency vector autoregressive (MF-VAR) approach, we examine relationships between CO2 emissions and economic growth from 1970Q1 to 2019Q4 among G7 countries. We incorporate primary energy consumption as a control variable, to avoid any bias from an omitted variable. Our empirical results, using forecast error variance decomposition and a Granger causality check, suggest that MF-VAR exhibits better explanatory ability over the more commonly used VAR model employing single frequency data. Results from LF-VAR exhibit a feedback loop connecting economic expansion and emissions of CO2 with one-way Granger causality from primary energy consumption to growth of the economies studied. MF-VAR model results also indicate that, in G7 countries, economic expansion exhibits a one-way causal link to CO2 emissions in Canada, UK, and US cases. Interestingly, MF-VAR shows feedback between economic expansion and primary energy use in Germany, while LF-VAR quantifies the link from economic growth to CO2 emissions in Canada and from CO2 to economic growth in the UK. Results raise implications for the G7 samples' policymakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The BRICS comprise of group of emerging market economies which are committed to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals agenda of the United Nations by the end of the year 2030. In this regard, it is critically important for these nations to sustain their annual rise in their economic growth rates while simultaneously declining the rate of discharge of carbon dioxide emissions. Against this backdrop, this study aims to investigate how financial development, greater primary energy consumption, and technological innovation affect the prospects of the BRICS nations in achieving economic and environmental sustainability. Considering the period from 1990 to 2020 and utilizing methods that are robust to working with cross-sectionally dependent, heterogeneous, and endogenous panel data, the key analytical findings derived in this study reveal that higher levels of financial development, primary energy consumption, and technological innovation boost the per capita economic growth rates of the BRICS nations. Besides, technological innovation also moderates the financial development–economic growth and the primary energy consumption–economic growth nexuses by jointly boosting economic growth rates with these two macroeconomic variables. On the other hand, financial development and higher primary energy consumption are seen to boost the annual per capita carbon dioxide emission growth in these emerging nations, while technological innovation is observed to do the opposite. Furthermore, technological innovation is witnessed to moderate the nexus between energy use and economic growth to further reduce the emission growth rate in the BRICS nations. Accordingly, a set of policies are recommended to the concerned governments in order to enable the BRICS nations to attain the Sustainable Development Goals agenda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reducing exhaust emissions, promoting economic development, and realizing clean energy utilization have always been concerns in China. To measure the relationship between them, this study selects the data related to energy consumption, economic growth, and exhaust emissions from 2000 to 2019 in 30 Chinese provinces. By constructing a panel vector autoregressive (PVAR) model, the dynamic relationship between them in China is quantitatively analyzed. The results show that there is a long-term interaction between energy consumption, economic growth, and exhaust emissions. Among them, economic growth is highly dependent on energy consumption, but it can promote the reduction of exhaust emissions. However, energy consumption will produce a large amount of industrial waste, such as sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide emissions. Specifically, the industrial structure and energy structure have the most obvious impact on reducing industrial sulfur dioxide emissions and carbon emissions, with the proportion between 0.071–0.090 and 0.031–0.032, respectively. Therefore, the adjustment of industrial structure and energy structure is the key to exhaust emission reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primarily, the current study seeks to explore the influence of financial development, economic growth, trade openness, non-renewable and renewable energy utilization on carbon dioxide (CO2) emission in Pakistan from 1990 to 2017. The findings of structural break unit root tests indicated that a few variables are stationary at the level and others integrated at the first difference. The bound F-test and Johansen cointegration tests confirmed the evidence that a long-run relationship exists among concerned variables. The long-run results explore that financial development and renewable energy penetration significantly accelerate the environmental quality, while economic growth, non-renewable energy utilization, and trade openness are responsible for deteriorating the environmental quality. The results from the short-run estimate explore that non-renewable energy utilization and trade openness significantly reduce the environmental quality while renewable energy sources are beneficial for environmental quality. Moreover, the current study discovered the unidirectional Granger causality relationship from economic growth, trade openness, non-renewable and renewable energy penetration to carbon emission in Pakistan. The outcomes of this study provide some insightful policy suggestions to overcome the detrimental effect of environmental degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study attempts to explore the environmental impacts of globalization under the umbrella of the EKC (environment Kuznets curve) approach in South Asia. For this reason, this study investigates the causality between energy usage and growth-driven CO2 emanations. The study adopts the FMOLS (fully modified OLS) technique for the econometric assessment, which portrays a significant demolish of environmental well-being in the region, whereas individual country, such as Nepal, also demonstrates a positive and significant effect of non-environmentally friendly power and globalization index on CO2 emanations. Nonetheless, negative as well as positive signs of GDP and its square (GDP)2, respectively, validate the EKC theory in the sample region. Furthermore, the empirical finding reveals the feedback effect between economic growth (GDP) and energy usage. Despite this, GDP Granger causes CO2 emanations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study revisits the energy-growth-environment nexus in the member countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) by examining the role of trade openness, financial development, and urbanization. The cross-sectional augmented distributed lag (CS-ARDL) approach is employed to address the presence of slope homoskedasticity and cross-sectional dependence in the data set. Results: Our empirical findings fail to confirm the validity of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis for emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) during the period researched. CO2 emissions have bidirectional causality with income, the share of renewable energy, and the share of nonrenewable energy. Trade openness, financial development, and urbanization play different roles in the energy-growth-environment nexus. Whereas trade openness increases CO2 emissions, financial development reduces consumption of renewable energy. Urbanization plays a limited role in this nexus. Conclusions: These findings lead to some policy implications. The close relationship between economic growth, CO2 emissions, and energy consumption is highlighted, which suggests that a policy targeting one component needs to consider the impacts on the other components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global climate change caused by greenhouse gases (GHGs), particularly carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, poses incomparable threats to the environment, development, and sustainability. This research investigates the potential of economic growth, renewable energy use, and technological innovation to achieve Malaysia's Paris Agreement by reducing CO2 emissions. Time-series data from 1990 to 2019 were utilized applying the Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS) method. The empirical findings show that the coefficient of economic growth is positive and significant with CO2 emissions, indicating a 1% increase in economic growth is related to a 0.9% rise in CO2 emissions. Furthermore, the coefficient of renewable energy use is negative and significant, which indicates that increasing renewable energy use by 1% is associated with CO2 emissions reduction by 0.3% in the long run. In addition, increasing technological innovation lowers CO2 emissions, implying that a 1% increase in the number of patent applications is linked to a 0.05% reduction of CO2 emissions. The empirical findings reveal that increased renewable energy use and technological innovation can reduce Malaysia's carbon emission while economic growth deteriorates the environmental quality. Thus, effective implementation of policy measures to a low-carbon economy, promoting renewable energy use, and financing technological innovation could help to achieve Malaysia's Paris Agreement by reducing CO2 emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving the quality of environmental indicators has become a global concern that necessitates the identification of possible channels through which environmental welfare can be enhanced worldwide. Against this backdrop, this current study aims to elucidate the environmental effects of ethnic diversity, controlling for financial development, urbanization, economic growth, and energy consumption in the context of 51 less-developed countries during the period from 1996 to 2016. For measuring the environmental impacts, we use both the ecological footprint and carbon dioxide emission figures of these countries. Overall, the cointegration analysis confirms the existence of long-run relationships among the study variables. Besides, the regression analysis reveals that ethnic diversity deteriorates environmental quality by surging the ecological footprint and carbon dioxide emission levels of the selected nations. Similarly, financial development and energy consumption are found to impose identical adversities on the environment while urbanization is evidenced to ensure environmental welfare. Lastly, for both the environmental indicators considered in this study, the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis is verified from the findings. Hence, considering these key outcomes, a set of relevant environmental welfare-related policy interventions are recommended in the context of less-developed countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although energy supply is not the only factor of the production function, it remains an important driver for any economy despite its negative environmental impacts. This paper examines the determinants of carbon dioxide emissions in a sample of 35 African countries from 1980 to 2016. It uses several econometric methods to ensure robust and reliable findings. Results from Mean group (MG) and Dynamic common correlated effects mean group (DCCEMG) models prove that the environmental degradation in the selected sample is caused mostly by economic growth and non-renewable energy consumption. Moreover, the results confirm that the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis is not significant when consider cross sectional dependence. These finding are contradictive to those obtained from similar studies that used traditional panel estimators. This means that energy consumption and economic growth will continue to increase emissions in the future. Furthermore, the study provides evidence of bidirectional causal relationships between carbon dioxide emissions and economic growth, non-renewable energy consumption and economic growth and between non-renewable energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions. These findings imply that a hard work must to be done by the African policymakers and a long corrective measure series have to be adopted to ensure more efficient and clean energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is aimed at examining the short- and long-run relationships among consumption of renewable and non-renewable energies, economic growth, and CO2 emissions in Mexico during the period 1973–2018. Data were obtained from the World Bank and the British Oil Company BP. A cointegration model together with a fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) is used to estimate possible associations among all variables. Subsequently, the Granger causality test is applied to empirically verify the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis. The main empirical results are that the variables under study explain CO2 emissions in the short and long run, with economic growth having the greatest influence on CO2 emissions, which provides empirical evidence of an EKC for Mexico. Moreover, consumption of renewable and non-renewable energies and economic growth causes in the Granger sense the current levels of CO2 emissions. Moreover, lagged GDP and lagged non-renewable energy consumption do influence (Granger cause) current CO2 emissions. Long-term policies should encourage the use of renewable energies in the electricity, transport, manufacture, and construction sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the empirical findings, economic growth, energy consumption, fossil fuel use, and infrastructure all have a positive impact on CO2 emissions. Forest rent and industrialization show a mix of results to explain CO2 emissions in N-11 countries. Forest and agriculture have negative coefficients in most of the estimations which indicate the reduction of CO2 emissions in 11 countries. Through the evidence of variance decomposition (VD) analysis, this study found an inverted U-shaped EKC hypothesis in the long run. Moreover, through the econometric analysis, it is clear that forest area is important to reduce CO2 emissions in N-11 countries, where forest investment and planning would be effective for carbon reduction. Agricultural activities and production with green investment play an important role in mitigating CO2 emissions in N-11 countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article titled "Retraction Note: Asymmetric nexus among financial globalization, non-renewable energy, renewable energy use, economic growth, and carbon emissions: impact on environmental sustainability targets in India" has been retracted by the publisher due to concerns regarding the peer review process, references, and scope of the journal. The publisher, in consultation with the Editor-in-Chief, no longer has confidence in the results and conclusions of the article. The authors of the article disagree with this retraction. Springer Nature, the publisher, remains neutral in regards to jurisdictional claims and institutional affiliations. [Extracted from the article]

Climate change currently observed and expected in the future is associated with risks to security and sustainable development and natural and irreversible consequences. To minimize these risks, it is necessary to adapt the public administration, economic sectors, and regional infrastructure to the changing climate conditions. This paper discovers the links between CO2 emissions and their key determinants such as economic growth, energy consumption, population, trade openness, and financial development including the period from 1990 to 2020 to test the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis by using ARDL bound test for the Russian Federation. Findings reveal that energy consumption and population have a positive impact on CO2 emissions, while economic growth, financial development, and trade openness have been found to decrease CO2 emissions in the long term. The results of this paper show that there is a "U"-shaped relationship between CO2 emissions and economic growth in the Russian Federation. This shows that EKC is valid up to a certain income level in the Russian Federation, and when this income level is exceeded, a positive relationship will begin between economic growth and environmental degradation. As a policy implementation, policymakers must implement clean energy technology policies to achieve the 2060 net zero carbon target. Policies such as fossil-based energy use and reducing energy intensity should be adopted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, carbon emissions from agricultural energy consumption (CEAEC) are fully analyzed using data from the Yangtze River Economic Belt (YEB) between 2000 and 2017. First, generalized LMDI is adopted to decompose the drivers of CEAEC into five components. Then, the decoupling indicator and the decoupling effort indicator are constructed to quantify the decoupling degrees and examine the government's emission reduction efforts, respectively. The results show that (1) CEAEC in the YEB has shown a phased increase, reaching a peak at 1732.25104t in 2012. Except for some decreases found in Shanghai, Chongqing, and Guizhou, it is shown that all provinces' CEAEC have risen to varying degrees. In contrast, the intensity of CEAEC in the YEB has been declining since 2005. (2) The economic output effect acts as the major contributor to the growth of CEAEC, followed by the population effect. In contrast, both the energy intensity effect and the energy structure effect are the primary reasons for reductions in CEAEC. The spatial difference in CEAEC in the YEB increased significantly from 2000 to 2017. (3) There was an alternating change from decoupling to coupling and then to negative decoupling from 2000 to 2017. Based on the conclusions mentioned above, it is proposed that the formulation of low-carbon agricultural development strategies should consider the structural adjustment of agricultural energy consumption and the advancements of agricultural technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, biomass energy tends to be one of the important sources of renewable energy in the world. The main objective of current research is to evaluate the impact of biomass energy on the economic growth of NEXT-11 economies. The data used in "the study is based on panel data of NEXT-11 covering the period 1990 to 2019. The included variables are GDP, biomass energy (BE) school enrollment gross ratio (SEGR; trade openness (TO; population growth (PG; and CO2 emission (CO2)." For estimation, this study applied the fully modified ordinary least square (FMOLS) and dynamic ordinary least square (DOLS) approaches. The results of FMOLS and DOLS analysis indicate a statistically significant and positive relationship among all the variables in our sample of nations. According to the findings, an increase in biomass energy use tends to positively affect economic growth. To meet the challenge of global warming, these countries need to increase their technical development and inventions as well as they need to improve biomass energy use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study empirically estimates the impact of clean and non-clean energy consumption on economic growth and carbon dioxide emissions within the framework of the environmental Kuznets curve and pollution haven hypothesis in the case of PIMC countries from 1980 to 2019. The results of the panel cointegration test proposed by Westerlund (2007) show a long-term equilibrium relationship among the variables of each designated model. The long-term elasticities of economic growth and carbon emission estimated by AMG, CCEMG, and MG estimators indicate that both clean and non-clean energy consumption has a significant impact on economic growth, while carbon emission hinders growth. The results also reveal that economic growth, non-clean energy consumption, and interaction between trade openness and non-clean energy consumption have a driving effect on carbon dioxide emission; however, clean energy consumption is found to reduce carbon emission. In addition, the analysis confirms the existence of the inverted U-shaped environmental Kuznets curve and pollution haven hypothesis in the panel of PIMC economies. Finally, there is a one-way causality from non-clean energy consumption to economic growth, but no such causation exists between clean energy consumption and economic growth. The objective of sustained economic growth with a safe environment may be achieved by encouraging clean energy consumption in the PIMC economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oman has traditionally relied upon natural gas and oil for meeting its domestic energy demand. As a result, despite growing economically, the level of carbon dioxide emissions in Oman has persistently surged; consequently, the nation has failed to ensure environmentally sustainable economic growth. Against this background, this current study aims to explore the impacts of energy consumption, energy efficiency, and financial development on Oman's prospects of attaining environmentally sustainable growth over the 1972–2019 period. The estimation strategy is designed to take into account the structural break issues in the data. Using the carbon productivity level as an indicator of environmentally sustainable economic growth, we find long-run associations amid the study variables. Besides, higher energy consumption and greater financial development are found to impede carbon productivity while improving energy efficiency is observed to boost carbon productivity in Oman. Therefore, it is pertinent for Oman to consume low-carbon and energy-efficient fossil fuels, improve energy efficiency levels, and green its financial sector to achieve environmentally sustainable growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary goal of this study was to examine the relationship between fossil fuel energy, electricity production from nuclear sources, renewable energy, CO2 emissions, and economic growth in Pakistan. Data ranging from 1975 to 2019 were utilized, and the stationarity of this data was verified through the unit root testing. The dynamic connections between variables were investigated by utilizing the linear autoregressive distributed lag technique. Long-run analysis results uncover that fossil fuel energy, renewable energy use, CO2 emissions, and GDP per capita have a productive relationship with economic progress in Pakistan, whereas electric power consumption, electricity produced from nuclear sources, and energy utilization have an adverse effect on economic growth. Furthermore, the consequences revealed that fossil fuel energy, renewable energy consumption, carbon dioxide emissions, and GDP per capita have a significant linkage to Pakistan's economic growth via short run, whereas we revealed that the variables electric power consumption, electricity produced from nuclear sources, and energy usage have an adversative linkage to Pakistan's economic growth. Feasible progressive policies are required from the Pakistani government to pay more attention for tackling the energy and power sectors' issues in terms of fulfilling the country's energy requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With less than ten years left to meet its pledge to peak carbon dioxide emissions (peak emissions hereafter) by 2030, China has entered a critical emissions reduction stage. How to meet this commitment in a context in which GDP per capita will double from 2020 by 2035 is a major decision-making issue for the Chinese government and people and one which warrants further study. To reveal the relationships between the GDP growth rate, the rate of decrease of carbon intensity and the time to reach peak emissions, this study translates the question as to "when China's carbon emissions peak will occur" into "how can one control the rate of carbon intensity decrease at a given GDP growth rate". In the light of the results of a random forest algorithm used to identify and project the key drivers of carbon intensity in China, a mathematical model was developed to simulate different scenarios relating to decreases in carbon intensity. The date at which Chinese carbon emissions will peak is predicted by comparing the rate of decrease of carbon intensity with the GDP growth rate. The results show that the time to peak emissions depends on the relationship between the rate of decrease of carbon intensity and the GDP growth rate, where the former depends mainly on the energy structure and policy. If China's annual GDP growth rate were 5.0% during the 15th Five-Year Plan, and if the share of non-fossil energy in total energy consumption were 23.0% or above, China's carbon emissions will peak before 2030. If the share of non-fossil fuels were 20.0% or less, China might not be able to reach its 2030 target. In this latter case an acceleration in the pace of energy restructuring would be required to reach peak emissions before 2030. The projected peak emissions scenarios suggest that the carbon peak will occur between 2025 to 2029, with average peak emissions of 11.2 billion tons and a distribution ranging from a minimum of 10.5 billion and a maximum of 11.9 billion tons. If the GDP growth rate were 4.5%, 5.5% or 6.0% during the 15th Five-year Plan, the share of non-fossil energy must reach 23.0%, 25.0% or 27.0%, respectively, to ensure that emissions peak by 2030. The results of this study provide a series of reference points for China's pursuit of feasible pathways to peak carbon emissions by 2030. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examined the nexus between economic growth, energy consumption, urbanization, population growth, and carbon emissions in the BRICS economies from 1990 to 2019. In order to yield valid and reliable outcomes, modern econometric techniques that are vigorous to cross-sectional dependence and slope heterogeneity were employed. From the findings, the studied panel was heterogeneous and cross-sectionally dependent. Also, all the series were first differenced stationary and co-integrated in the long run. The Augmented Mean Group (AMG) and the Common Correlated Effects Mean Group (CCEMG) estimators were employed to estimate the elastic effects of the predictors on the explained variable, and from the output of both estimators, energy consumption worsened environmental quality via high carbon emissions. Also, the AMG estimator affirmed economic growth to be a significantly positive determinant of carbon emissions. However, both estimators confirmed urbanization and population growth as trivial predictors of the emissivities of carbon. On the causal connections amidst the series, there was bidirectional causality between economic growth and carbon emissions, between energy consumption and economic growth, between economic growth and population growth, between energy consumption and urbanization, and between economic growth and urbanization. Lastly, a causation from urbanization to carbon emissions was unfolded. Policy implications are further discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study investigates the causal relations between CO2 emissions and the growth of Nigeria's economy, a topic of significant interest for the relevant authorities that has yet to be comprehensively examined. We test both the nonlinear and time-varying nature of the variables' relationships to provide effective and applicable policies. Unlike the linear method's lack of causal evidence, both nonlinear and time-varying Granger causality tests indicate the presence of dual causation between the variables. This suggests that appropriate and cost-effective environmental policies need to be adopted in Nigeria to prevent sustainable economic growth from being jeopardized while addressing environmental concerns. In this regard, it is recommended that clean energy resources make a greater contribution to the country's energy paradigm as a viable solution. This will lead to higher energy efficiency, which will help the country to maintain the economy's growth level in the ideal zone and mitigate environmental challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]