711 results on '"Physiology"'
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2. Chronological development of the morphological, physiological, biochemical, and transcriptomic changes provides insights into the mechanisms of gametogenesis in Saccharina japonica.
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Liang, Zhourui, Wang, Xiao, Zhang, Pengyan, Liu, Wenhui, Wang, Wenjun, and Liu, Fuli
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The multiannual delayed gametophyte of kelp species maintains continuous vegetative growth under unsuitable conditions and can restart gametogenesis under suitable conditions. However, the processes and mechanisms of this phenomenon are still poorly understood. To gain insight into the processes and mechanisms of gametogenesis in multiannual delayed gametophytes of the kelp Saccharina japonica, the ultrastructure changes, photosynthetic and biochemical responses, and dynamics of gene expression were investigated. Data were collected at four time points (0, 3, 6, and 9 days) during gametogenesis. After gametogenesis induction there were notable changes in the ultrastructure, including increases in mitochondria and the Golgi bodies, and changes in chloroplast and endoplasmic reticulum structures. The contents of abscisic acid and H2O2 as well as the activities of pivotal respiratory enzymes (malic dehydrogenase and phosphofructokinase) and key antioxidant enzymes (catalase and ascorbate peroxidase) all increased significantly after 3 days of gametogenesis induction, implying that these changes were closely related to the gametophyte's transition from vegetative growth to gametogenesis. Notably, photosynthetic and respiratory indicators both showed significantly upregulated trends after 6 days of induction, indicating that the gametophyte's metabolism was most active during transformation from vegetative growth into gametogenesis. Time-specific DEGs (differentially expressed genes) were identified during the vegetative and reproductive stages of gametophytes. Gene ontology analysis indicated that "cell part", "cellular process" and "binding" represented the largest categories in the DEG datasets. Moreover, the predominant transcription factor families were bHLH, MYB, and C3H in the DEG datasets. There were 8 genes related to peroxisomes, 12 genes related to proteasomes, 4 genes related to oxidative phosphorylation, and 59 genes related to ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis identified as up- or downregulated DEGs at the two key stages during gametogenesis, the initial developmental stage and the oogonia formation stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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3. From "New Botany" to "New Systematics": an historical perspective on the Jodrell Laboratory.
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Rudall, Paula J.
- Abstract
Summary: Kew's Jodrell Laboratory was established in 1876 as a centre for botanical research in disciplines including plant physiology, anatomy and embryology, palaeobotany and mycology. Despite relatively little available funding, its location in one of the world's largest botanic gardens and close to several well-curated plant collections has ensured its continued existence for almost a century and a half. Under the far-sighted leadership of Kew's second Director, Joseph Dalton Hooker, the Jodrell Laboratory was established to coincide with Thomas Henry Huxley's pioneering course at the Normal School of Science in London. Funded by a generous private donation, the Laboratory complemented and augmented the programme in taxonomy and systematics already established in Kew's Herbarium, and provided a broader educational and research base to explore contemporary laboratory-based discoveries in fields such as physiology and lifecycles (sometimes termed the "New Botany"). The Jodrell Laboratory represents one of the world's first non-university affiliated laboratories and has spawned several "spin-off" facilities such as the Laboratory of Plant Pathology and the Millennium Seed Bank. This paper traces its early influence as an important centre for research in palaeobotany and plant systematics, its subsequent decline during the inter-war years, and a relatively dynamic period of innovative research following the construction of a new building on the same site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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4. Dissecting the phytohormonal, genomic and proteomic regulation of micronutrient deficiency during abiotic stresses in plants.
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Banerjee, Aditya and Roychoudhury, Aryadeep
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DEFICIENCY diseases , *ABIOTIC stress , *MICRONUTRIENTS , *PROTEOMICS , *IRON , *SOIL absorption & adsorption , *TRACE elements , *CHLORINE - Abstract
Compromised productivity and yield loss due to inadequate nutrient abundance or inefficient mineral absorption from the soil are one of the most prevalent agricultural concerns across the world. Essential minerals, required in trace amounts for optimum plant growth and development, are termed as micronutrients. Due to low abundance of these vital elements (iron, zinc, copper, manganese, boron, nickel, molybdenum and chlorine), significant stretches of agricultural land often have limited supply of these micronutrients. As a result, plants, crops and vegetables grown in such soil exhibit unpredictable anatomical, biochemical and metabolic abnormalities associated with deteriorated physiological alterations. This communication details out the genomic, proteomic and metabolomic dynamism mediated by various plant species exposed to micronutrient starvation or grown under micronutrient-limiting environment. Furthermore, deficiency of vital trace elements inhibits the activity of crucial enzymes associated with detoxification of oxidants and regulation of important physiological processes like photosynthesis, respiration, nitrogen assimilation, sugar metabolism, etc. Thus, these plants experience an inherent oxidative stress and are more susceptible to multiple abiotic stresses due to inefficient defence machinery. The differential physiological adaptations mediated under such variable microelement deficiency have also been critically delineated. Thus, diverse signaling crosstalks, regulated by phytohormonal homeostasis, chiefly synchronize such responses of the physiome during micronutrient deficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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5. Blood plasma biochemistry and the effects of age, sex, and captivity in Short-toed Snake Eagles (Circaetus gallicus).
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Baumbusch, Ryan, Morandini, Virginia, Urios, Vicente, and Ferrer, Miguel
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PLASMA chemistry , *BIOCHEMISTRY , *SNAKES , *ANIMAL ecology , *CAPTIVITY , *BLOOD plasma - Abstract
Physiology can either be a product of or affect the behavior and ecology of individual animals. Blood plasma chemistry contains many components that are indicative of several aspects of a bird's physiological state at the time of sampling. Plasma chemistry is routinely used in clinical settings. However, despite its potential application in ecological studies, few birds have published reference values for these parameters from wild populations. Here, we analyzed the blood plasma chemistry for 17 parameters in Short-toed Snake Eagles (Circaetus gallicus) captured in southern Spain. Most values did not differ between age classes and sexes. However, we found differences between our captive and wild populations of fledgling eagles. These differences arose primarily in parameters associated with nutritional condition, as we expected due to captive individuals being fed ad libitum prior to blood draws. We also compared urea levels and a body condition index with hatching date and found a much stronger relationship with urea than the body condition index. Our results demonstrate the necessity to obtain blood chemistry reference values from wild populations and not just captive individuals, and also illustrate how these parameters can complement other traditional data collected when handling birds in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2021
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6. Biochemistry and physiology of zebrafish photoreceptors.
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Zang, Jingjing and Neuhauss, Stephan C. F.
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PHOTORECEPTORS , *BIOCHEMISTRY , *BRACHYDANIO , *PHYSIOLOGY , *NEURAL transmission , *ZEBRA danio , *GENETIC transduction - Abstract
All vertebrates share a canonical retina with light-sensitive photoreceptors in the outer retina. These photoreceptors are of two kinds: rods and cones, adapted to low and bright light conditions, respectively. They both show a peculiar morphology, with long outer segments, comprised of ordered stacks of disc-shaped membranes. These discs host numerous proteins, many of which contribute to the visual transduction cascade. This pathway converts the light stimulus into a biological signal, ultimately modulating synaptic transmission. Recently, the zebrafish (Danio rerio) has gained popularity for studying the function of vertebrate photoreceptors. In this review, we introduce this model system and its contribution to our understanding of photoreception with a focus on the cone visual transduction cascade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2021
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7. Downregulation of ITGA6 confers to the invasion of multiple myeloma and promotes progression to plasma cell leukaemia.
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Song, Sha, Zhang, Ji, Su, Qi, Zhang, Weimin, Jiang, Yunxin, Fan, Gao, Qian, Chen'ao, Li, Bingzong, and Zhuang, Wenzhuo
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MULTIPLE myeloma diagnosis , *BIOCHEMISTRY , *DISEASE progression , *RESEARCH , *RESEARCH methodology , *CELL physiology , *PROGNOSIS , *MEDICAL cooperation , *EVALUATION research , *PHENOMENOLOGY , *COMPARATIVE studies , *GENE expression profiling , *GENES , *RESEARCH funding , *MULTIPLE myeloma , *CELL lines , *PHYSIOLOGY - Abstract
Background: Secondary plasma cell leukaemia (sPCL) is an aggressive form of multiple myeloma (MM), but the mechanism underlying MM progresses into PCL remains unknown.Methods: Gene expression profiling of MM patients and PCL patients was analysed to identify the molecular differences between the two diseases. Cox survival regression and Kaplan-Meier analysis were performed to illustrate the impact of integrin subunit alpha 6 (ITGA6) on prognosis of MM. Invasion assays were performed to assess whether ITGA6 regulated the progression of MM to PCL.Results: Gene expression profiling analyses showed that cell metastasis pathways were enriched in PCL and ITGA6 was differentially expressed between PCL and MM. ITGA6 expression was an independent prognostic factor for event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) of MM patients. Moreover, the stratification ability of the International Staging System (ISS) of MM was improved when including ITGA6 expression. Functional studies uncovered that increased ITGA6 reduced the myeloma cell invasion. Additionally, low expression of ITGA6 resulted from epigenetic downregulating of its anti-sense non-coding RNA, ITGA6-AS1.Conclusion: Our data reveal that ITGA6 gradually decreases during plasma cell dyscrasias progression and low expression of ITGA6 contributes to myeloma metastasis. Moreover, ITGA6 abundance might help develop MM prognostic stratification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2021
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8. Adult male Xenopus laevis can tolerate months of fasting by catabolizing carbohydrates and lipids
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Ami Nakajima, Ryo Yamaguchi, Maya Sasazaki, Akinori Ishihara, and Kiyoshi Yamauchi
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Xenopus laevis ,Endocrinology ,gluconeogenesis ,fasting ,Physiology ,gene expression ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Biochemistry ,metabolism ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics - Published
- 2023
9. Differential responses of sorghum genotypes to drought stress revealed by physio-chemical and transcriptional analysis.
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Rajarajan, K., Ganesamurthy, K., Raveendran, M., Jeyakumar, P., Yuvaraja, A., Sampath, P., Prathima, P. T., and Senthilraja, C.
- Abstract
Sorghum is an essential food crop for millions of people in the semi-arid regions of the world, where its production is severely limited by drought stress. Drought in the early stages of crop growth and development irreversibly interferes, which leads to poor yield. The effect of drought stress in sorghum was studied at physiological, biochemical, and molecular levels in a set of two genotypes differing in their tolerance to drought. Drought stress was imposed by restraining water for 10 days on 25 days old seedlings. A significant influence of water stress was observed on the considered morpho-physiological and biochemical traits. The genotype DRT1019 exhibited physiological and biochemical indicators of drought avoidance through delayed leaf rolling, osmotic adjustment, ideal gas-exchange system, solute accumulation, an increased level of enzyme synthesis and root trait expression as compared to the ICSV95022 genotype. Furthermore, differences in the metabolite changes viz. total carbohydrate, total amides, and lipids were found between the two genotypes under drought stress. In addition, transcript profiling of potential candidate drought genes such as SbTIP3-1, SbDHN1, SbTPS, and SbDREB1A revealed up-regulation in DRT1019, which corresponded with other important physiological and biochemical parameters exhibited in the genotype. In conclusion, this study provides an improved understanding of whole plant response to drought stress in sorghum. Additionally, our results provide promising candidate genes for drought tolerance in sorghum that can be used as potential markers for drought tolerance breeding programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
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10. Nuclear receptor crosstalk - defining the mechanisms for therapeutic innovation.
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De Bosscher, Karolien, Desmet, Sofie J., Clarisse, Dorien, Estébanez-Perpiña, Eva, and Brunsveld, Luc
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CROSSTALK , *SMALL molecules , *HETERODIMERS , *REGULATOR genes , *TRANSCRIPTION factors , *EXPERIMENTAL design , *BIOCHEMISTRY , *CELL physiology , *CELL receptors , *CELLULAR signal transduction , *PHENOMENOLOGY , *PHYSIOLOGY - Abstract
Nuclear receptor crosstalk can be defined as the interplay between different nuclear receptors or between their overlapping signalling pathways. A subset of nuclear receptors (such as PPARs and RARs) engage in the formation of well-characterized 'typical' heterodimers with RXR. 'Atypical' heterodimers (such as GR with PPARs, or PPAR with ERR) might form a novel class of physical complexes that might be more transient in nature. These heterodimers might harbour strong transcriptional flexibility, with no strict need for DNA binding of both partners. Direct crosstalk could stem from a pairwise physical association between atypical nuclear receptor heterodimers, either via pre-existing interaction pairs or via interactions that are newly induced with small molecules; such crosstalk might constitute an uncharted space to target nuclear receptor physiological and/or pathophysiological actions. In this Review, we discuss the emerging aspects of crosstalk in the nuclear receptor field and present various mechanistic crosstalk modes with examples that support applicability of the atypical heterodimer concept. Stabilization or disruption, in a context-dependent or cell type-dependent manner, of these more transient heterodimers is expected to fuel unprecedented translational approaches to yield novel therapeutic agents to treat major human diseases with higher precision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2020
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11. The ubiquitin-proteasome system in kidney physiology and disease.
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Meyer-Schwesinger, Catherine
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CELL physiology , *KIDNEY diseases , *RENAL fibrosis , *PROTEOLYSIS , *PROTEIN synthesis , *CELL metabolism , *KIDNEY physiology , *PROTEIN metabolism , *SODIUM metabolism , *GLUCOSE metabolism , *AUTOPHAGY , *BIOCHEMISTRY , *BIOLOGICAL transport , *EPITHELIAL cells , *ERYTHROPOIETIN , *HOMEOSTASIS , *LYSOSOMES , *PHENOMENOLOGY , *MUSCULAR atrophy , *PROTEOLYTIC enzymes , *WATER-electrolyte balance (Physiology) , *PROTEASE inhibitors , *VON Hippel-Lindau disease , *PHARMACODYNAMICS , *PHYSIOLOGY - Abstract
Intracellular proteins continuously turn over by degradation and synthesis in all organ tissues. Owing to its irreversible nature, protein degradation is a highly selective process to avoid irreparable breakdown of cellular constituents, thereby disrupting cellular stability, integrity and signalling. The majority of intracellular proteins are degraded by the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), a multi-enzyme process that involves the covalent conjugation of ubiquitin to a substrate protein and its recognition and degradation by the core multicomponent proteolytic complex of the UPS, the proteasome. In addition to labelling misfolded, damaged, aggregation-prone and intact but unneeded proteins for proteasomal degradation, ubiquitylation regulates a multitude of cellular processes, such as transcription, translation, endocytosis, and receptor activity and subcellular localization. In addition, the proteasome generates peptides for antigen presentation in the immune system and for further degradation by peptidases to provide amino acids for protein biosynthesis and gluconeogenesis. Alterations of the UPS or of protein substrates that render them more or less susceptible to degradation are responsible for disorders associated with renal cell dysfunction. In this Review, we provide insight into the elegant and complex nature of UPS-mediated proteostasis and focus on its established and potential roles in renal cell physiology and pathophysiology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2019
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12. miR-214 Down-Regulation Promoted Hypoxia/Reoxygenation-Induced Hepatocyte Apoptosis Through TRAF1/ASK1/JNK Pathway.
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Huang, Xinli, Gao, Yun, Qin, Jianjie, and Lu, Sen
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APOPTOSIS , *ALANINE aminotransferase , *ASPARTATE aminotransferase , *REPORTER genes , *LIVER cells , *OXYGEN metabolism , *ANIMAL experimentation , *BIOCHEMISTRY , *CARRIER proteins , *CELL culture , *CELL physiology , *CELLULAR signal transduction , *COMPARATIVE studies , *EPITHELIAL cells , *PHENOMENOLOGY , *RESEARCH methodology , *MEDICAL cooperation , *MICE , *RESEARCH , *RNA , *TRANSFERASES , *EVALUATION research , *CHEMICAL inhibitors , *PHYSIOLOGY - Abstract
Objective: This study investigated the role of miR-214 in the hepatocyte apoptosis induced by hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) injury.Materials and Methods: In vivo hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (HIR) injury, mice model and in vitro HR model were established. miR-214, TRAF1, ASK1, and JNK expression levels were detected by qRT-PCR and western blot. The apoptosis of mouse hepatocyte AML12 was detected by flow cytometry analysis. The interaction between miR-214 and TRAF1 was confirmed by dual-luciferase reporter gene assay.Results: Serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were elevated in HIR injury mice compared with sham mice. miR-214 expression was down-regulated in liver tissues of HIR and H/R-induced hepatocytes, whereas TRAF1, ASK1, and JNK expressions were up-regulated in HIR and H/R groups. H/R stimulation promoted the apoptosis of hepatocytes, and miR-214 overexpression inhibited the apoptosis of hepatocytes. Besides, TRAF1 was a target of miR-214 and negatively regulated by miR-214. miR-214/TRAF1 pathway involved in the modulation of H/R-induced apoptosis of hepatocytes. In vivo study proved miR-214 reduced hepatic injury of HIR mice.Conclusion: miR-214 overexpression reduces hepatocyte apoptosis after HIR injury through negatively regulating TRAF1/ASK1/JNK pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2019
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13. Effect of Primary Hypertension on Treatment Outcomes of Patients with Postmenopausal Osteoporosis: A 5 Year Follow Up Retrospective Study.
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Yilmaz, Volkan, Umay, Ebru, Gundogdu, Ibrahim, and Cakcı, Fatma Aytul
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CALCIUM , *DIPHOSPHONATES , *ANTIHYPERTENSIVE agents , *OSTEOPOROSIS diagnosis , *THERAPEUTIC use of vitamin D , *VASODILATORS , *FEMUR neck , *AGE distribution , *BIOCHEMISTRY , *BODY weight , *ALCOHOL drinking , *EMPLOYMENT , *BONE fractures , *HYPERTENSION , *INGESTION , *LONGITUDINAL method , *LUMBAR vertebrae , *PHENOMENOLOGY , *MENARCHE , *MENOPAUSE , *OSTEOPOROSIS , *STATURE , *COMORBIDITY , *SYMPTOMS , *EDUCATIONAL attainment , *BONE density , *TREATMENT effectiveness , *RETROSPECTIVE studies , *PHYSICAL activity , *PROGNOSIS , *PHYSIOLOGY , *THERAPEUTICS - Abstract
Aim: To investigate the efficacy of primary hypertension (HTN) on the treatment prognosis of patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMOP).Methods: 45 patients who were diagnosed as PMOP with lumbar and/or femur neck bone mineral density screening (BMD) but have no history of PMOP treatment including calcium and vitamin D, have comorbid primary HTN and treated with a vasodilator antihypertensive drug at least a year were included to the study. Control group was constituted with 44 patients with PMOP at same age but have no comorbidity. Demographic features including age, height, weight, occupation, educational level menarche and menopause age, clothing style, daily intake of calcium, smoking and/or alcohol consumption, daily physical activity level, personal history of fragility fracture or in mother and duration of primary HTN diagnosis were recorded. Biochemical parameters were also recorded. Patients were treated with bisphosphonate, calcium and vitamin D and same parameters were evaluated at the end of first and fifth year.Results: Demographic and disease characteristics were not different between groups before treatment (p > 0.05). In group analysis, there was significant improvement in lumbar and femur neck T scores of PMOP + HT and PMOP groups after 1 and 5 years of treatment compared to baseline (p < 0.05) Lumbar and femur neck T score variations between the baseline, first and fifth years of treatment were not significantly different in PMOP + HT and PMOP groups (p < 0.05).Conclusions: Although the results vary between populations, primary HTN does not have an impact on the prognosis of PMOP treatment in Turkish population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
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14. Carbon tetrachloride induced hepato/renal toxicity in experimental mice: antioxidant potential of Egyptian Salvia officinalis L essential oil.
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Fahmy, Maha A., Diab, Kawthar A., Abdel-Samie, Negm S., Omara, Enayat A., and Hassan, Zeinab M.
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CARBON tetrachloride ,HEPATOTOXICOLOGY ,SAGE ,OXIDATIVE stress ,BIOCHEMISTRY ,PHYSIOLOGY - Abstract
The present research designed to assess the protective role of Salvia officinalis essential oil (SO) against carbon tetrachloride (CCl
4 )-induced liver and kidney damage in mice. This is evidenced by estimation of antiradical scavenging activity of SO using DPPH assay, biochemical markers, histological investigation of liver and kidney sections, and comet assay. Mice were given CCl4 (1.2 mL/kg for 24 h or 0.8 mL/kg for 2 weeks, 3 times/week) and with or without SO (0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 mL/kg, for 2 week, 5 times/week). The findings demonstrated that both acute and subacute treatment with CCl4 alone had adverse side effects on liver and kidney of mice. These effects were evidenced by a significant increase in serum hepatic enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP, LDH, and G-GT), bilirubin, and renal function markers (blood urea, creatinine). Toxic effect of CCl4 was accompanied by a decline in the serum total protein, albumin, globulin, and prothrombin (%). CCl4 induced oxidative stress as evidenced by increasing serum lipid peroxidation (LPO) along with decreasing serum total glutathione S transferase (GST). A remarkable increase in hepatic DNA strand breakages and histopathological distortion in liver and kidney specimens were observed in CCl4 -intoxicated groups. Ultrastructurally, hepatocytes exhibited irregular nuclei, vacuolated cytoplasm, and distorted microorganelles. Essential oil form S. officinalis possessed antiradical scavenging (EC50 = 4602 μg/mL) lower than ascorbic acid (EC50 = 5.9 μg/mL). This oil was effectively exhibited hepato-nephroprotective activity especially at its higher concentrations in co-treated groups (SO plus CCl4 ). The activity of SO was associated with lowering the liver enzymes, bilirubin, urea, and creatinine, along with increasing total protein, albumin, globulin, and prothrombin. The increase in GST content and the decrease in LPO and DNA breakage levels, alongside repairing the histo-architectural distortions further confirmed the protective activity of SO. SO is a potential candidate for counteracting hepato/renal injury associating CCl4 . This effect may occur via antioxidant defense mechanism which in part related to the complexity of its chemical constituents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2018
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15. Fast Fourier infrared spectroscopy to characterize the biochemical composition in diatoms.
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Kumar, Vikas, Joshi, Khashti Ballabh, Kashyap, Mrinal, Gautam, Shristy, Vinayak, Vandana, and Shukla, Prashant
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DIATOMS , *BIOCHEMISTRY , *AXENIC cultures , *FOURIER transform infrared spectroscopy , *FRESHWATER organisms , *PHYSIOLOGY - Abstract
Diatoms are photosynthetic unicellular microalgae and are nature’s hidden source of several biosynthetic metabolites with their use in biofuel, food and drug industries. They mainly contain various lipids, sterols, isoprenoids and toxins with their use in apoptotic, fertility controlling and cancer drugs. Chemical studies on diatoms are limited due to various limitations such as variation of nutrients, contaminants and change in seasonal factors in the environment. To overcome these limitations, we obtained axenic cultures of 12 fresh-water diatom strains on the 22nd day of inoculation having a dry weight of 1 mg each and performed their Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) study for the detection of functional groups responsible for their chemical moiety. The spectral mapping showed a varied level of polyunsaturated fatty acids, amides, amines, ketone bodies and esters for their applications in various pharmacological, food and biofuel industries in the exponential phase of their growth in f/2 media. The FTIR study of the 12 diatom strains showed various similarities in the form of some common peak patterns ranging from 3000 to 3600 cm−1 for νO-H absorption. The symmetric stretching vibration frequency of Diadesmis confervaceae (V2) type species showed different behaviour than others in the spectral region starting from 1600 to 1700 cm−1. The absorption between 1500 and 1575 cm−1 reflects the presence of the -N-H group. Infrared (IR) absorptions falling between 1600 and 1700 cm−1 reflect the presence of amide’s νC=O in all species. Placoneis elginensis (V8) type species showed an additional absorption band which is centred around 1735-1750 cm−1 which perhaps reflects the presence of ester’s νC=O. Diadesmis confervaceae (V2), Nitzschia palea (V4), Placoneis elginensis (V8), Nitzschia palea var. debilis (V6), Nitzschia inconspicua (V10), Gomphonema parvulum (V11) and Sellaphora (V12) showed distinct structural features with important key functionalities that can make them essential drug markers in the pharmaceutical industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
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16. Physiological and Biochemical Responses of Lettuce to Thymol, as Allelochemical.
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Nasrollahi, P., Razavi, S. M., Ghasemian, A., and Zahri, S.
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LETTUCE , *THYMOL , *BIOCHEMISTRY , *ALLELOPATHY , *PLANT habitats , *PHYSIOLOGY - Abstract
Nowadays, allelopathic investigations have focused to identify action mechanisms of this compounds on target organisms in natural habitats. It may tend to introduce new natural herbicides and pesticides for replacing the synthetic ones. In the present study, the allelopathic effects of thymol on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) as a model plant were investigated in physiological and biochemical aspects. At the first stage, the effect of different concentrations of thymol on some growth parameters, including seed germination, radicle and plumule growth were evaluated to determine the optimum concentration for the continuation of our experiment. Then, the lettuce seedlings were cultured in pots containing peat and were irrigated with Hoagland nutrient solution supplemented with thymol at the concentration of 50 and 100 μg/mL. The effect of these treatments on physiological, biochemical aspects of the plant were studied following the plant growth. The results showed whereas, the shoot fresh and dry weights and photosynthetic rate in the treated group were decreased significantly compared to the control group at P ≤ 0.05, photochemical efficiency of photosystem II, total protein concentration, proline content and the activity of some antioxidant enzymes such as polyphenol oxidase, ascorbate peroxidase and catalase were increased in treated plants than control ones. However, there was no significantly change in chlorophyll content in treated group than control. It can be concluded that the thymol as an allelochemical caused some physiological and biochemical responses in the lettuce which are much similar to induced responses under abiotic stress. Indeed, it induces a kind of stress named as allelochemical stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
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17. Mechanisms of curcumin-induced gastroprotection against ethanol-induced gastric mucosal lesions.
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Czekaj, Renata, Majka, Jolanta, Magierowska, Katarzyna, Sliwowski, Zbigniew, Magierowski, Marcin, Pajdo, Robert, Ptak-Belowska, Agata, Surmiak, Marcin, Kwiecien, Slawomir, and Brzozowski, Tomasz
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GASTRIC mucosa , *CURCUMIN , *ETHANOL , *TRADITIONAL medicine , *ANTI-inflammatory agents , *THERAPEUTICS , *PHYSIOLOGY , *RNA metabolism , *ANIMALS , *BIOCHEMISTRY , *BLOOD circulation , *CAPSAICIN , *CARRIER proteins , *DENERVATION , *GENE expression , *HETEROCYCLIC compounds , *INDOMETHACIN , *PHENOMENOLOGY , *NEUROPEPTIDES , *NITRIC oxide , *NONSTEROIDAL anti-inflammatory agents , *ORGANIC compounds , *OXIDOREDUCTASES , *PROSTAGLANDINS , *PROTEINS , *RATS , *RESEARCH funding , *GASTRIC diseases , *SULFONES , *SUPEROXIDE dismutase , *CYCLOOXYGENASE 2 , *CHEMICAL inhibitors , *PHARMACODYNAMICS - Abstract
Background: Curcumin, a pleiotropic substance used for centuries in traditional medicine, exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative efficacy against various tumours, but the role of curcumin in gastroprotection is little studied. We determined the effect of curcumin against gastric haemorrhagic lesions induced by 75% ethanol and alterations in gastric blood flow (GBF) in rats with cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and COX-2 activity inhibited by indomethacin, SC-560 or rofecoxib, inhibited NO-synthase activity, capsaicin denervation and blockade of TRPV1 receptors by capsazepine.Methods: One hour after ethanol administration, the gastric mucosal lesions were assessed by planimetry, the GBF was examined by H2 gas clearance, plasma gastrin was determined by radioimmunoassay, and the gastric mucosal mRNA expression of Cdx-2, HIF-1α, HO-1 and SOD 2 was analysed by RT-PCR.Results: Curcumin, in a dose-dependent manner, reduced ethanol-induced gastric lesions and significantly increased GBF and plasma gastrin levels. Curcumin-induced protection was completely reversed by indomethacin and SC-560, and significantly attenuated by rofecoxib, L-NNA, capsaicin denervation and capsazepine. Curcumin downregulated Cdx-2 and Hif-1α mRNA expression and upregulated HO-1 and SOD 2, and these effects were reversed by L-NNA and further restored by co-treatment of L-NNA with L-arginine.Conclusions: Curcumin-induced protection against ethanol damage involves endogenous PG, NO, gastrin and CGRP released from sensory nerves due to activation of the vanilloid TRPV1 receptor. This protective effect can be attributed to the inhibition of HIF-1α and Cdx-2 expression and the activation of HO-1 and SOD 2 expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2018
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18. Medial Frontal Lobe Neurochemistry in Autism Spectrum Disorder is Marked by Reduced <italic>N</italic>-Acetylaspartate and Unchanged Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid and Glutamate + Glutamine Levels.
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Carvalho Pereira, Andreia, Violante, Inês R., Mouga, Susana, Oliveira, Guiomar, and Castelo-Branco, Miguel
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DIAGNOSIS of autism , *FRONTAL lobe , *ASPARTIC acid , *BIOCHEMISTRY , *COMMUNICATIVE competence , *CREATINE , *DEVELOPMENTAL disabilities , *GABA , *GLUTAMINE , *INTERVIEWING , *COMORBIDITY , *PHYSIOLOGY - Abstract
The nature of neurochemical changes in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) remains controversial. We compared medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) neurochemistry of twenty high-functioning children and adolescents with ASD without associated comorbidities and fourteen controls. We observed reduced total
N -acetylaspartate (tNAA) and total creatine, increased Glx/tNAA but unchanged glutamate + glutamine (Glx) and unchanged absolute or relative gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA+) in the ASD group. Importantly, both smaller absolute and relative GABA+ levels were associated with worse communication skills and developmental delay scores assessed by the autism diagnostic interview—revised (ADI-R). We conclude that tNAA is reduced in the mPFC in ASD and that glutamatergic metabolism may be altered due to unbalanced Glx/tNAA. Moreover, GABA+ is related to autistic symptoms assessed by the ADI-R. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2018
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19. The physiology of the Tambaqui (<italic>Colossoma macropomum</italic>) at pH 8.0.
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Wood, Chris M., Gonzalez, R. J., Ferreira, Márcio Soares, Braz-Mota, Susana, and Val, Adalberto Luis
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TAMBAQUI , *PHYSIOLOGY , *HYDROCORTISONE , *BIOCHEMISTRY , *HYDROGEN-ion concentration - Abstract
The Tambaqui is a model neotropical teleost which is of great economic and cultural importance in artisanal fisheries and commercial aquaculture. It thrives in ion-poor, often acidic Amazonian waters and exhibits excellent regulation of physiology down to water pH 4.0. Curiously, however, it is reported to perform poorly in aquaculture at pH 8.0, an only slightly alkaline pH which would be benign for most freshwater fish. In initial experiments with Tambaqui of intermediate size (30-50 g), we found that ammonia excretion rate was unchanged at pH 4, 5, 6, and 7, but elevated after 20-24 h at pH 8, exactly opposite the pattern seen in most teleosts. Subsequent experiments with large Tambaqui (150-300 g) demonstrated that only ammonia, and not urea excretion was increased at pH 8.0, and that the elevation was proportional to a general increase in MO2. There was an accompanying elevation in net acidic equivalent excretion and/or basic equivalent uptake which occurred mainly at the gills. Net Na+ balance was little affected while Cl− balance became negative, implicating a disturbance of Cl− versus base exchange rather than Na+ versus acid exchange. Arterial blood pH increased by 0.2 units at pH 8.0, reflecting combined metabolic and respiratory alkaloses. Most parameters recovered to control levels by 18-24 h after return to pH 6.0. With respect to large Tambaqui, we conclude that a physiology adapted to acidic pH performs inappropriately at moderately alkaline pH. In small Tambaqui (4-15 g), the responses were very different, with an initial inhibition of ammonia excretion rate at pH 8.0 followed by a subsequent restoration of control levels. Elevated ammonia excretion rate occurred only after return to pH 6.0. Furthermore, MO2, plasma cortisol, and branchial vH+ATPase activities all declined during pH 8.0 exposure in small Tambaqui, in contrast to the responses in larger fish. Overall, small Tambaqui appear to cope better at pH 8.0, a difference that may correlate with their natural history in the wild. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
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20. DownRegulated SOX4 Expression Suppresses Cell Proliferation, Migration, and Induces Apoptosis in Osteosarcoma In Vitro and In Vivo.
- Author
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Chen, Dong, Hu, Chuanzhen, Wen, Gen, Yang, Qingcheng, Zhang, Changqing, and Yang, Huilin
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OSTEOSARCOMA , *SOX transcription factors , *APOPTOSIS , *CELL proliferation , *GENE silencing , *PROTEIN expression , *THERAPEUTICS , *PROTEIN metabolism , *RNA metabolism , *ANIMAL experimentation , *BIOCHEMISTRY , *CELL lines , *CELL physiology , *COMPARATIVE studies , *PHENOMENOLOGY , *RESEARCH methodology , *MEDICAL cooperation , *MICE , *PROTEINS , *RESEARCH , *EVALUATION research , *PHYSIOLOGY - Abstract
The SOX4 transcription factor is involved in various cellular processes, such as embryonic development and differentiation. Deregulated expression of Sox4 in several human cancers has been reported to date, but its biological functions in the progression of osteosarcoma remain unclear. In this study, we found that the expression levels of SOX4 protein were significantly higher in high-grade osteosarcoma tissues and metastatic osteosarcoma tissues. Its overexpression was associated with poor prognosis in osteosarcoma. Knockdown of the SOX4 gene in the osteosarcoma cell lines resulted in decreased cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and induced apoptosis. After SOX4 gene silencing, the protein expression levels of Bax, Caspase-3, and P53 in osteosarcoma cells were significantly elevated, while the protein expression levels of Bcl-2, MMP2, and MMP9 were obviously decreased. In vivo analysis in nude mice further confirmed that knockdown of SOX4 suppressed tumor growth. In conclusion, SOX4 appears to be an important tumor oncogene in the regulation of osteosarcoma cell proliferation, apoptosis, and invasion, and it may be a potential target for effective osteosarcoma therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
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21. Preliminary report on the age-related variations in the serum and seminal plasma testosterone, seminal plasma biochemistry and seminal vesicle histochemistry of male broodstock African catfish ( Clarias gariepinus).
- Author
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Okoye, Chidozie, Dan-Jumbo, Susan, Udoumoh, Anietie, Eze, Ukamaka, Ozokoye, Anthony, Ugwu, Onyinye, and Agina, Onyinye
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CATFISHES , *FISH age , *BLOOD serum analysis , *PHYSIOLOGICAL effects of testosterone , *BIOCHEMISTRY , *SEMINAL vesicles , *HISTOCHEMISTRY , *PHYSIOLOGY - Abstract
This study investigated the age-related changes in the concentrations of serum testosterone and seminal plasma testosterone, ions, total protein, glucose concentrations and alkaline phosphatase (AP), amino aspartate transferase (AST) activities and the periodic acid Schiff-Alcian blue histochemistry of the seminal vesicle of cultured male broodstock African catfish of 6, 9 and 12 months of age. Each of these months constituted an age group and had five fish. The mean seminal plasma testosterone concentrations of the 6 months-age group were significantly higher ( P < 0.05) than that of the other age groups. The 9 months-age group had significantly higher ( P < 0.05) values for calcium and magnesium ions, AP and AST. There were no significant variations ( P > 0.05) in the values of serum testosterone, seminal plasma cholesterol, sodium and chloride ions across the groups. The seminal plasma potassium ion, total protein and pH values were significantly higher ( P < 0.05) in the 12, 9 and 6 months-age groups respectively. The seminal plasma potassium ion of the 12-month-old fish was significantly ( P < 0.05) higher than those of others, while the total protein of the 9-month old was significantly higher ( P < 0.05) than those of other groups, and the pH of the 6-month old was significantly higher than those of other age groups. There was no significant variation in the values of the different parameters of the seminal plasma of the left and right testes. The seminal vesicles of the different age groups showed the presence of mucopolysacharides and neutral polysaccharides in varying staining intensities. It was therefore concluded that 9-month-old male catfish may be the most suitable for spawning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
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22. Lurbinectedin reduces tumour-associated macrophages and the inflammatory tumour microenvironment in preclinical models.
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Belgiovine, Cristina, Bello, Ezia, Liguori, Manuela, Craparotta, Ilaria, Mannarino, Laura, Paracchini, Lara, Beltrame, Luca, Marchini, Sergio, Galmarini, Carlos M, Mantovani, Alberto, Frapolli, Roberta, Allavena, Paola, and D'Incalci, Maurizio
- Subjects
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PROTEIN metabolism , *ANIMALS , *ANTINEOPLASTIC agents , *APOPTOSIS , *BIOCHEMISTRY , *CARRIER proteins , *CELL physiology , *CELL motility , *GENE expression , *HETEROCYCLIC compounds , *INFLAMMATORY mediators , *INTERLEUKINS , *ISOQUINOLINE , *MACROPHAGES , *PHENOMENOLOGY , *MICE , *MONOCYTES , *OVARIAN tumors , *PYRIDINE , *RESEARCH funding , *VASCULAR endothelial growth factors , *GENE expression profiling , *LEUKOCYTE count , *PATHOLOGIC neovascularization , *PHARMACODYNAMICS , *PHYSIOLOGY , *THERAPEUTICS ,CONNECTIVE tissue tumors - Abstract
Background: Lurbinectedin is a novel anticancer agent currently undergoing late-stage (Phase II /III) clinical evaluation in platinum-resistant ovarian, BRCA1/2-mutated breast and small-cell lung cancer. Lurbinectedin is structurally related to trabectedin and it inhibits active transcription and the DNA repair machinery in tumour cells.Methods: In this study we investigated whether lurbinectedin has the ability to modulate the inflammatory microenvironment and the viability of myeloid cells in tumour-bearing mice.Results: Administration of lurbinectedin significantly and selectively decreased the number of circulating monocytes and, in tumour tissues, that of macrophages and vessels. Similar findings were observed when a lurbinectedin-resistant tumour variant was used, indicating a direct effect of lurbinectedin on the tumour microenviroment. In vitro, lurbinectedin induced caspase-8-dependent apoptosis of human purified monocytes, whereas at low doses it significantly inhibited the production of inflammatory/growth factors (CCL2, CXCL8 and VEGF) and dramatically impaired monocyte adhesion and migration ability. These findings were supported by the strong inhibition of genes of the Rho-GTPase family in lurbinectedin-treated monocytes.Conclusions: The results illustrate that lurbinectedin affects at multiple levels the inflammatory microenvironment by acting on the viability and functional activity of mononuclear phagocytes. These peculiar effects, combined with its intrinsic activity against cancer cells, make lurbinectedin a compound of particular interest in oncology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2017
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23. Associations between trace elements and clinical health parameters in the North Pacific loggerhead sea turtle ( Caretta caretta) from Baja California Sur, Mexico.
- Author
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Ley-Quiñónez, César, Hart, Catherine, Peckham, Sherwood, Zavala-Norzagaray, Alan, Rossi-Lafferriere, Natalia, Espinoza-Carreon, Teresa, and Aguirre, Alfredo
- Subjects
LOGGERHEAD turtle ,SEA turtles ,TRACE elements ,BIOCHEMISTRY ,PHYSIOLOGY - Abstract
This study investigated selected trace elements toxicity in sea turtles Caretta caretta population from Baja California Sur (BCS), Mexico, by analyzing associations among Zn, Se, Cu, As, Cd, Ni, Mn, Pb, and Hg with various biochemical parameters (packed cell volume, leukocytes, and selected blood parameters), and whether their concentrations could have an impact on the health status of sea turtles. Blood samples from 22 loggerhead ( C. caretta) sea turtles from BCS, Mexico, were collected for trace elements on biochemistry parameter analyses. Significant associations among trace element levels and the biochemistry parameters were found: Cd vs ALP ( R = 0.874, p ˂ 0.001), As vs ALP ( R = 0.656, p ˂ 0.001), Mn vs ALP ( R = 0.834, p ˂ 0.001), and Ni vs LDH ( R = 0.587, p ˂ 0.001). This study is the first report of the biochemical parameters of the North Pacific loggerhead sea turtle ( C. caretta) from Baja California Sur, Mexico, and it is the first to observe several associations with toxic and essential trace elements. Our study reinforces the usefulness of blood for the monitoring of the levels of contaminating elements and the results suggest that, based on the associations with health clinical parameters, high levels of Cd and As could be representing a risk to the North Pacific loggerhead population health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
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24. Osteogenic Potential of the Transcription Factor c-MYB.
- Author
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Oralova, V., Matalova, E., Killinger, M., Knopfova, L., Smarda, J., and Buchtova, M.
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BONE growth , *TRANSCRIPTION factors , *CELL differentiation , *HEMATOPOIETIC stem cells , *PROTEIN precursors , *GENETIC overexpression , *BONE metabolism , *PROTEIN metabolism , *OSTEOBLAST metabolism , *ANIMAL experimentation , *ANIMALS , *BIOCHEMISTRY , *CHONDROGENESIS , *PHENOMENOLOGY , *MICE , *PROTEINS , *OSTEOBLASTS , *OSTEOCALCIN , *PHYSIOLOGY - Abstract
The transcription factor c-MYB is a well-known marker of undifferentiated cells such as haematopoietic cell precursors, but recently it has also been observed in differentiated cells that produce hard tissues. Our previous findings showed the presence of c-MYB in intramembranous bones and its involvement in the chondrogenic steps of endochondral ossification, where the up-regulation of early chondrogenic markers after c-myb overexpression was observed. Since we previously detected c-MYB in osteoblasts, we aimed to analyse the localisation of c-MYB during later stages of endochondral bone formation and address its function during bone matrix production. c-MYB-positive cells were found in the chondro-osseous junction zone in osteoblasts of trabecular bone as well as deeper in the zone of ossification in cells of spongy bone. To experimentally evaluate the osteogenic potential of c-MYB during endochondral bone formation, micromasses derived from embryonic mouse limb buds were established. Nuclear c-MYB protein expression was observed in long-term micromasses, especially in the areas around nodules. c-myb overexpression induced the expression of osteogenic-related genes such as Bmp2, Comp, Csf2 and Itgb1. Moreover, alizarin red staining and osteocalcin labelling promoted mineralised matrix production in c-myb-overexpressing cultures, whereas downregulation of c-myb by siRNA reduced mineralised matrix production. In conclusion, c-Myb plays a role in the osteogenesis of long bones by inducing osteogenic genes and causing the enhancement of mineral matrix production. This action of the transcription factor c-Myb might be of interest in the future for the establishment of novel approaches to tissue regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
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25. Chemical composition and biomass of Coscinodiscus asteromphalus in Jiaozhou Bay, China.
- Author
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Shen, Zhi-Liang, Shi, Qian, Zheng, Shan, and Pan, Sheng-Jun
- Subjects
DIATOMS ,BIOCHEMISTRY ,CARBON content of seawater ,PHOSPHORUS content of seawater ,PLANT growth ,PHYSIOLOGY - Abstract
The large diatom Coscinodiscus asteromphalus was separated from seawater in Jiaozhou Bay using a repeated precipitation method and then its chemical compositions of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and silicon (Si) combined with chlorophyll a (Chl a) were examined for the first time for a natural population in this study. Results show that the contents of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, silicon, and Chl a in C. asteromphalus cells were 35,610.5, 9374.2, 352.4, 1105.5, and 1767.0 pg/cell, respectively, and the corresponding molar ratios of C/N, N/P, Si/P, and Si/N in C. asteromphalus cells were 4.5, 66.0, 2.7, and 0.07, respectively, which are different from the Redfield ratio. Additionally, their C/Chl a mass ratio was 23.2. High N/P ratio and low Si/P and Si/N ratios in C. asteromphalus cells were consistent with those in particulates of any size and seawater in the bay, reflecting an ecological response of phytoplankton to the nutrient structure of seawater, suggesting Si limitation to phytoplankton growth. The fact that C. asteromphalus spread all over the bay mainly in summer and autumn and the fact that Chl a content in C. asteromphalus cells could account for a maximum percentage of 78% of those in the water column suggest that the contribution of C. asteromphalus to phytoplankton biomass was significant in Jiaozhou Bay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
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26. Relationship between Serum Biochemistry in Macaca Mulatta Males and the Duration of Stay in Individual Cage.
- Author
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Chuguev, Yu., Chalyan, V., Meishvili, N., and Chugueva, I.
- Subjects
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RHESUS monkeys , *BIOCHEMICAL genetics , *BLOOD serum analysis , *WILCOXON signed-rank test , *BIOCHEMISTRY , *PHYSIOLOGY - Abstract
A relationship between transfer of monkeys from yard to individual cage and duration of stay in individual cage and the serum biochemical parameters is detected in Macaca mulatta males. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
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27. Periostin promotes hepatic fibrosis in mice by modulating hepatic stellate cell activation via αv integrin interaction.
- Author
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Sugiyama, Akiko, Kanno, Keishi, Nishimichi, Norihisa, Ohta, Shoichiro, Ono, Junya, Conway, Simon, Izuhara, Kenji, Yokosaki, Yasuyuki, Tazuma, Susumu, and Conway, Simon J
- Subjects
- *
HEPATIC fibrosis , *PERIOSTIN , *KUPFFER cells , *INTEGRINS , *LABORATORY mice , *THERAPEUTICS , *CELL metabolism , *ANIMAL experimentation , *BIOCHEMISTRY , *CELL adhesion molecules , *CELL culture , *CELLS , *CELL motility , *CHOLESTASIS , *DISEASE susceptibility , *GENETIC techniques , *CIRRHOSIS of the liver , *PHENOMENOLOGY , *MICE , *RATS , *DISEASE complications , *PHYSIOLOGY - Abstract
Background: Periostin is a matricellular protein that serves as a ligand for integrins and is required for tissue remodeling and fibrosis. We investigated the role of periostin in hepatic fibrosis and the mechanisms involved.Methods: Primary hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and the HSC-immortalized cell line LX2 were used to study the profibrotic property of periostin and the interaction of periostin with integrins. Wild-type and periostin-deficient (periostin-/-) mice were subjected to two distinct models of liver fibrosis induced by hepatotoxic (carbon tetrachloride or thioacetamide) or cholestatic (3.5-diethoxycarbonyl-1.4-dihydrocollidine) injury.Results: Periostin expression in HSCs and LX2 cells increased in association with their activation. Gene silencing of periostin resulted in a significant reduction in the levels of profibrotic markers. In addition to enhanced cell migration in response to periostin, LX2 cells incubated on periostin showed significant induction of α-smooth muscle actin and collagen, indicating a profibrotic property. An antibody targeting αvβ5 and αvβ3 integrins suppressed cell attachment to periostin by 60 and 30 % respectively, whereas anti-α5β1 antibody had no effect. Consistently, αv integrin-silenced LX2 cells exhibited decreased attachment to periostin, with a significant reduction in the levels of profibrotic markers. Moreover, these profibrotic effects of periostin were observed in the mouse models. In contrast to extensive collagen deposition in wild-type mice, periostin-/- mice developed less noticeable hepatic fibrosis induced by hepatotoxic and cholestatic liver injury. Accordingly, the profibrotic markers were significantly reduced in periostin-/- mice.Conclusion: Periostin exerts potent profibrotic activity mediated by αv integrin, suggesting the periostin-αv integrin axis as a novel therapeutic target for hepatic fibrosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2016
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28. Baicalein suppresses the proliferation of acute T-lymphoblastic leukemia Jurkat cells by inhibiting the Wnt/β-catenin signaling.
- Author
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Liu, Xiaoping, Liu, Shengcai, Chen, Jiarui, He, Li, Meng, Xiangyu, and Liu, Shangqin
- Subjects
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FLAVONES , *LYMPHOBLASTIC leukemia treatment , *CANCER cell proliferation , *LYMPHOCYTES , *WNT signal transduction , *CATENINS , *MESSENGER RNA , *PHYSIOLOGY , *THERAPEUTICS , *PREVENTION , *ANTINEOPLASTIC agents , *APOPTOSIS , *BIOCHEMISTRY , *CELL division , *CELLULAR signal transduction , *CYTOSKELETAL proteins , *DOSE-effect relationship in pharmacology , *GENES , *LYMPHOBLASTIC leukemia , *PHENOMENOLOGY , *PROTEINS , *RNA , *TIME , *FLAVANONES , *PHARMACODYNAMICS - Abstract
Although the response rates of chemotherapy in patients with acute T-lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) have improved significantly, the outcome of these patients is still poor. Previous studies suggested that baicalein could inhibit the growth of several cancers, while its effect on T-ALL cells remains unclear. We used Jurkat cells as an in vitro model of T-ALL. Cell counting kit-8 assay and cytometric analysis with Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining were used to investigate the proliferation and apoptosis of Jurkat cells treated with increasing concentration of baicalein for indicated time. RT-PCR and western blotting was used to test the expression of Wnt/β-catenin associated genes and proteins. In cell viability assay, baicalein could inhibit the proliferation of Jurkat cells both in dose- and time-dependent manners. In cell apoptosis assay, baicalein could stimulate apoptosis of Jurkat cells both in dose- and time-dependent manners. Moreover, we demonstrated that baicalein could down-regulated the mRNA and protein levels of β-catenin and its widely accepted downstream targets (c-Myc, cyclin D1, and Axin2) in dose-dependent manners. These results proved that baicalein might be a potential choice for the treatment of T-ALL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
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29. Serum biochemical and non-specific immune responses of rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) to dietary nucleotide and chronic stress.
- Author
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Yousefi, Morteza, Paktinat, Mehdi, Mahmoudi, Nemat, Pérez-Jiménez, Amalia, and Hoseini, Seyyed
- Published
- 2016
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30. Cortisol and testosterone dynamics following exhaustive endurance exercise.
- Author
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Anderson, Travis, Lane, Amy, Hackney, Anthony, Lane, Amy R, and Hackney, Anthony C
- Subjects
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HYDROCORTISONE , *TESTOSTERONE , *ANDROGENS , *PERFORMANCE-enhancing drugs , *PHYSICAL training & conditioning , *PHYSICAL fitness , *HEALTH behavior , *PHYSICAL activity , *BIOCHEMISTRY , *EXERCISE , *PHENOMENOLOGY , *RUNNING , *OXYGEN consumption , *PHYSIOLOGY - Abstract
Purpose: Cortisol (C) and testosterone (T) are impacted significantly by prolonged endurance exercise with inverse responses. Increases in C are witnessed concurrently with decrements in T, possibly impacting recovery. This study was conducted to assess the dynamics of C and free T (fT) concentration and recovery time following an exhaustive endurance exercise session (EES).Methods: 12 endurance-trained males (X ± SD: VO2max 66.3±4.8 ml/kg/min, age 22.8 ± 3.1 years, body fat 11.0 ± 1.4 %, training 7.1 ± 3.2 years) completed a treadmill EES at ventilatory threshold (74.7 ± 4.6 % of VO2max; 96.9 ± 10.8 min). Basal blood C and fT were collected at baseline: -48, -24 h, and immediately before (0 h) the EES as well as immediately (+0 h), +24 h, +48 h, and +72 h after the EES. Blood glucose (G) was measured to confirm no undue influence on C. Statistically data were analyzed with repeated measures ANOVA (LSD post hoc).Results: C (nmol/L) increased significantly from -48 h (321 ± 59) to +0 h (701 ± 178) (p < 0.001), and displayed a baseline overshoot with +24 h (209 ± 67) being significantly lower than -48 and +0 h (p < 0.03). fT (pmol/L) decreased significantly from -48 h (161 ± 40) to +0 h (106 ± 38) (p < 0.01) and remained lower at +24 h (110 ± 33) and +48 h (129 ± 30) (p < 0.001). G remained stable throughout. A moderately negative correlation (r = -0.636, p < 0.026) was found between C and fT at +0 h.Conclusions: EES recovery may require 48 h for C and 72 h for fT to return to baseline values. Furthermore, C and fT were only correlated immediately post-exercise. Future research should perform more frequent measurements throughout time course. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2016
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31. Deposit Generation During Camel and Cow Milk Heating: Microstructure and Chemical Composition.
- Author
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Felfoul, Imène, Beaucher, Eric, Cauty, Chantal, Attia, Hamadi, Gaucheron, Frédéric, and Ayadi, M.A.
- Subjects
- *
BIOCHEMISTRY , *MICROSTRUCTURE , *CAMEL milk , *HEAT treatment , *STRENGTHENING mechanisms in solids , *MATHEMATICAL models , *PHYSIOLOGY - Abstract
The aim of this study is to identify the chemical composition and the microstructure of the deposits obtained after heating camel and cow milks at 80 °C for 60 min using a laboratory-scale device. Like cow milk, camel milk was affected by heat treatment with the reduction of the non-casein nitrogen content reflecting the denaturation of camel whey proteins. The composition of the deposits generated during heating camel and cow milks at 80 °C for 60 min revealed that while camel deposit contained 57 % w/ w protein, cow deposit showed a higher protein content of 69 % w/ w. The mineral content was 35 % w/ w for camel deposit which was higher than that of cow sample, which was 28 % w/ w. SEM of both deposits showed a familiar structure of a protein deposit with large clumps composed of smaller aggregates. Camel deposit showed an amorphous structure due to its deficiency in β-lactoglobulin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
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32. Upregulation of miR-183 expression and its clinical significance in human brain glioma.
- Author
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Ye, Zhennan, Zhang, Zihuan, Wu, Lingyun, Liu, Cegang, Chen, Qiang, Liu, Jingpeng, Wang, Xiaoliang, Zhuang, Zong, Li, Wei, Xu, Shanshui, and Hang, Chunhua
- Subjects
- *
GLIOMAS , *NERVOUS system tumors , *BRAIN anatomy , *MICRORNA , *RNA analysis , *RNA metabolism , *ANALYSIS of variance , *BIOCHEMISTRY , *BRAIN tumors , *PHENOMENOLOGY , *RNA , *RETROSPECTIVE studies , *SEVERITY of illness index , *KARNOFSKY Performance Status , *PHYSIOLOGY - Abstract
Glioma is the most common type of primary malignant tumor in the central nervous system (CNS) with a high incidence and a high mortality rate, as well as an extremely low 5-year survival rate. As a class of small non-coding RNAs, microRNAs (miRNAs) may be closely involved in carcinogenesis and might also be connected with glioma diagnosis and prognosis. In this study, we aimed at investigating the expression level of microRNA-183 (miR-183) in 105 cases of glioma tissues of four World Health Organization (WHO) grades and 10 cases of normal brain tissues and its potential predictive and prognostic values in glioma. We found that the expression levels of miR-183 were significantly higher in glioma tissues than that in normal brain tissues, and also higher in high-grade gliomas (WHO grade III and IV) compared with low-grade gliomas (WHO grade I and II). The miR-183 expression level was classified as low or high according to the median value. High expression of miR-183 was found to significantly correlate with larger tumor size, higher WHO grade, and worse Karnofsky performance score (KPS). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that patients with high miR-183 expression had worse overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) than patients with low miR-183 expression. Moreover, univariate and multivariate analyses indicated that miR-183 expression level was an independent prognostic parameter of a patient's OS and PFS. In conclusion, our study indicated that miR-183 was upregulated in glioma, and that it may be used as a potential biomarker of poor prognosis in patients with glioma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
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33. Chemical and structural characterization of the bark of Albizia niopoides trees from the Amazon.
- Author
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Carmo, Jair, Miranda, Isabel, Quilhó, Teresa, Sousa, Vicelina, Carmo, Fábio, Latorraca, João, and Pereira, Helena
- Subjects
- *
ALBIZIA , *ETHANOL , *XYLOSE reductase , *LIGNINS , *BIOCHEMISTRY , *PHYSIOLOGY - Abstract
The chemical composition and anatomy of Albizia niopoides bark from trees grown in a native forest area in the Amazon region, Brazil, were studied. The A. niopoides bark has a narrow rhytidome with thin phellem layers. Conspicuous structural elements are strands of axial parenchyma associated with fibres and large sclereid nodules. The mean chemical composition of A. niopoides bark was ash 5.5 %, total extractives 14.5 %, mainly corresponding to polar compounds that were soluble in ethanol and water, lignin 37.1 % and suberin 0.5 %. The polysaccharides composition showed a predominance of glucose and xylose (59.9 and 33.3 % of total monosaccharides, respectively). The ethanol-water bark extract had a high content in phenolics: total phenolics 247.15 mg gallic acid/g extract, flavonoids 59.08 mg catechin/g extract and tannins 149.98 mg catechin/g extract. The antioxidant activity corresponded to 839.05 mg Trolox per g of extract or 95.98 mg Trolox per g of bark. Albizia niopoides bark fractures easily with a predominance of larger particles over 2 mm (60.4 % of the total sample mass) and with little formation of fines (15 % of the total sample mass). Extractives were present preferentially in the finest fraction with enrichment in ethanol solubles. A potential valorization of A. niopoides bark based on the use of polar extractives and lignin was suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
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34. Transcriptomic, Biochemical, and Histopathological Responses of the Clam Ruditapes decussatus from a Metal-Contaminated Tunis Lagoon.
- Author
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Chalghmi, Houssem, Bourdineaud, Jean-Paul, Haouas, Zohra, Gourves, Pierre-Yves, Zrafi, Ines, and Saidane-Mosbahi, Dalila
- Subjects
CLAMS ,GENETIC transcription ,BIOCHEMISTRY ,HISTOPATHOLOGY ,LAGOONS ,PHYSIOLOGY - Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the molecular (transcriptional expression), biochemical (oxidative stress and neurotoxicity), and histopathological effects of metal contamination in the gill of clams ( Ruditapes decussatus) sampled from the Tunis lagoon. The concentrations of five heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Hg, Cu, and Zn) in surface sediments and their accumulation in soft tissues of R. decussatus were evaluated in three sites (Z1, Z2, and Z3). A metal contamination state of Tunis lagoon sediments was noted with spatial variations with relatively high levels at Z2. Biomarker analyses showed an increase in glutathione S-transferase and catalase activities and lipid peroxidation levels and a decrease in acetylcholinesterase activity in the studied sites. Molecular investigation showed a significant overexpression of: cytochrome c oxidase subunit I, ribosomal RNA 16S, Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase, heat shock protein 70, and metallothioneins in the three sampling sites. Moreover, our data were correlated to severe and diverse histopathological alterations in the clam gills. The principal component analysis showed that the Z2 region is more affected by metal contamination than Z1 and Z3 regions. Current field results suggest the use of several combined biomarkers at different cell levels instead of individual ones in monitoring programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
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35. Antisense inhibition of microRNA-21 and microRNA-221 in tumor-initiating stem-like cells modulates tumorigenesis, metastasis, and chemotherapy resistance in pancreatic cancer.
- Author
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Zhao, Yue, Zhao, Lu, Ischenko, Ivan, Bao, Qi, Schwarz, Bettina, Nieß, Hanno, Wang, Yan, Renner, Andrea, Mysliwietz, Josef, Jauch, Karl-Walter, Nelson, Peter, Ellwart, Joachim, Bruns, Christiane, Camaj, Peter, Nieß, Hanno, Nelson, Peter J, Ellwart, Joachim W, and Bruns, Christiane J
- Subjects
RNA metabolism ,CARCINOGENESIS ,ANIMAL experimentation ,BIOCHEMISTRY ,CELL differentiation ,CELL lines ,CELL physiology ,DRUG resistance in cancer cells ,GENETIC techniques ,PHENOMENOLOGY ,METASTASIS ,MICE ,NUCLEOTIDES ,PANCREATIC tumors ,RNA ,STEM cells ,TUMOR treatment ,PHYSIOLOGY - Abstract
Our preliminary studies identified a small population side population (SP) cells in pancreatic cancer cells with stem cell-like properties, which were able to induce fast and aggressive tumor formation in nude mice. Gene expression analysis showed a significant difference in the expression of more than 1,300 genes in SP cells, among which a highly significant difference in microRNA expression of miR-21 and miR-221 between SP and NSP cells was identified. SP cells were identified and characterized by flow cytometry using Hoechst 33342 dye staining from a highly metastatic human pancreatic cancer cell line (L3.6pl). Antagomir transfection was performed using miRNA-21 and miRNA-221 antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) and followed by detection of cell apoptosis, cell cycle progression, chemosensitivity, and invasion. Sorted SP cells from gemcitabine-resistant L3.6pl cells (L3.6pl(Gres)-SP) cells were orthotopically implanted in nude mice with or without miRNA-21 and miRNA-221 ASOs mono- and combination therapy. The administration of antagomir-21 and antagomir-221 significantly reduced the SP cell fraction, decreased SP cell differentiation, and downstream gene regulation, and thereby induced reduction of L3.6pl cell proliferation, invasion, and chemoresistance against gemcitabine and 5-Fluorouracil. Combination of ASOs therapy against miRNA-21 and miRNA-221 significantly inhibited primary tumor growth and metastasis compared to single antagomir treatment, especially, in L3.6plGres-SP-induced pancreatic tumor growth in vivo. These findings further indicate that the inhibition of miR-21 and miR-221 appear particularly suitable to target stem-like subpopulations and address their specific biological function to promote tumor progression in pancreatic cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2015
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36. Par-3 modulates intestinal epithelial barrier function through regulating intracellular trafficking of occludin and myosin light chain phosphorylation.
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Yu, Min, Yang, Songwei, Qiu, Yuan, Chen, Guoqing, Wang, Wensheng, Xu, Chao, Cai, Wenqiang, Sun, Lihua, Xiao, Weidong, and Yang, Hua
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EPITHELIAL cells , *INTESTINAL diseases , *MYOSIN , *OCCLUDINS , *PHOSPHORYLATION , *INTRACELLULAR membranes , *ANIMAL experimentation , *BIOCHEMISTRY , *CELL adhesion molecules , *COLON (Anatomy) , *CYTOPLASM , *DEXTRAN , *INFLAMMATORY bowel diseases , *INTESTINAL mucosa , *PHENOMENOLOGY , *MEMBRANE proteins , *MICE , *CELL cycle proteins , *PHYSIOLOGY - Abstract
Background: Tight junctions play a critical role in the maintenance of intestinal barrier function. Partitioning-defective protein 3 (Par-3) can regulate intestinal barrier function through the modulation of tight junction assembly and cell polarity. However, the mechanisms are still not fully understood.Methods: Adult C57BL/6 mice were treated with dextran sulfate sodium for 7 days, and segments of colon were harvested for immunofluorescent staining of Par-3. Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells were treated with tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) for 24 h, and Par-3 expression was detected by Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence. Additionally, Caco-2 cells were treated with Par-3 small interfering RNA, and altered expression and subcellular localization of tight junction proteins were studied by Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence. Furthermore, the interaction between Par-3 and myosin light chain (MLC) was detected by immunoprecipitation.Results: Par-3 was downregulated in murine dextran sulfate sodium induced acute inflammation and TNF-α-treated Caco-2 cells. Depletion of Par-3 expression by small interfering RNA delayed intestinal epithelial barrier development in Caco-2 cells. This regulation was due to the redistribution of the tight junction protein occludin rather than the altered total levels of tight junction proteins. Par-3 silencing blocked the trafficking of occludin from or through the Golgi complex to the cell surface, and dramatically induced occludin accumulated at the Golgi complex. Importantly, Par-3 can interact with MLC, and loss of Par-3 upregulated MLC kinase expression and MLC phosphorylation, which contributed to intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction.Conclusions: These results indicate that Par-3 plays an important role in the modulation of intestinal barrier function by regulating delivery of occludin as well as suppression of MLC phosphorylation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2015
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37. Localization of three forms of gonadotropin-releasing hormone in the brain and pituitary of the self-fertilizing fish, Kryptolebias marmoratus
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Yoshitaka Sakakura, Ayae Kuriu, Junpei Yamashita, Naoyuki Yamamoto, Ayano Yasuta, Masafumi Amano, Kataaki Okubo, and Noriko Amiya
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endocrine system ,Physiology ,Gonadotropin-releasing hormone ,In situ hybridization ,Aquatic Science ,Biochemistry ,Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone ,03 medical and health sciences ,Animals ,Humans ,Hermaphroditic Organisms ,Killifish ,Amino Acid Sequence ,Self-fertilizing fish ,Peptide sequence ,Phylogeny ,030304 developmental biology ,0303 health sciences ,biology ,Base Sequence ,Killifishes ,Reproduction ,Brain ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,General Medicine ,biology.organism_classification ,Immunohistochemistry ,Cell biology ,Pituitary Gland ,GnRH ,GTH ,040102 fisheries ,0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries ,Midbrain tegmentum ,Luteinizing hormone ,Hormone - Abstract
The localization of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in the brain and pituitary of the self-fertilizing mangrove killifish Kryptolebias marmoratus was examined by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization to understand its neuroendocrine system. The genome assembly of K. marmoratus did not have any sequence encoding GnRH1, but sequences encoding GnRH2 (chicken GnRH-II) and GnRH3 (salmon GnRH) were found. Therefore, GnRH1 was identified by in silico cloning. The deduced amino acid sequence of the K. marmoratus GnRH1 (mature peptide) was identical to that of the medaka GnRH. GnRH1 neurons were detected in the ventral part of the preoptic nucleus by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization, and GnRH1-immunoreactive (ir) fibers were observed throughout the brain. GnRH1-ir fibers were in close contact with luteinizing hormone (LH)-ir cells in the pituitary using double immunohistochemistry. GnRH2 neurons were detected in the midbrain tegmentum by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. Although GnRH2-ir fibers were observed throughout the brain, they were not detected in the pituitary. GnRH3 neurons were detected in the lateral part of the ventral telencephalic area by both methods. GnRH3-ir fibers were observed throughout the brain, and a few GnRH3-ir fibers were in close contact with LH-ir cells in the pituitary. These results indicate that GnRH1 and possibly GnRH3 are responsible for gonadal maturation through LH secretion and that all three forms of GnRH function as neurotransmitters or neuromodulators in the brain of K. marmoratus., Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 45(2), pp.753-771; 2019
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- 2019
38. Clobetasol promotes neuromuscular plasticity in mice after motoneuronal loss via sonic hedgehog signaling, immunomodulation and metabolic rebalancing
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Graziana Spoto, Michele Vecchio, Angela Maria Amorini, Michelino Di Rosa, Rosalba Parenti, Rosario Gulino, Nunzio Vicario, Grazia Scandura, Federica M. Spitale, Cirino Botta, Simona D’Aprile, G. Leanza, Massimo Gulisano, Giuseppe Lazzarino, Joshua D. Bernstock, Emanuele Buratti, Daniele Tibullo, Cristiana Alberghina, Cesarina Giallongo, Renata Mangione, Miriam Wissam Saab, Robert Zorec, Giovanni Li Volti, Vicario N., Spitale F.M., Tibullo D., Giallongo C., Amorini A.M., Scandura G., Spoto G., Saab M.W., D'Aprile S., Alberghina C., Mangione R., Bernstock J.D., Botta C., Gulisano M., Buratti E., Leanza G., Zorec R., Vecchio M., Di Rosa M., Li Volti G., Lazzarino G., Parenti R., and Gulino R.
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Male ,Cancer Research ,Physiology ,129 Strain ,Biochemistry ,Mice ,Databases, Genetic ,Medicine ,Myocyte ,Motor Neurons ,Neuronal Plasticity ,Skeletal ,Smoothened Receptor ,Hedgehog signaling pathway ,Muscle atrophy ,Mitochondria ,Astrogliosis ,Neuroprotective Agents ,Muscle ,medicine.symptom ,Inflammation Mediators ,Signal Transduction ,Cholera Toxin ,Mice, 129 Strain ,hedgehog ,Immunology ,Motor Activity ,Neuroprotection ,Article ,Databases ,Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience ,smoothened ,Genetic ,Animals ,Humans ,Hedgehog Proteins ,Muscle, Skeletal ,Hedgehog ,Glucocorticoids ,Muscle Denervation ,QH573-671 ,Animal ,business.industry ,Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ,Glial biology ,Cell Biology ,medicine.disease ,Saporins ,Spine ,Mitochondria, Muscle ,Disease Models, Animal ,clobetasol ,inflammation ,Case-Control Studies ,Disease Models ,Diseases of the nervous system ,Cytology ,Smoothened ,business ,Energy Metabolism ,Neuroscience ,Open Field Test - Abstract
Motoneuronal loss is the main feature of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, although pathogenesis is extremely complex involving both neural and muscle cells. In order to translationally engage the sonic hedgehog pathway, which is a promising target for neural regeneration, recent studies have reported on the neuroprotective effects of clobetasol, an FDA-approved glucocorticoid, able to activate this pathway via smoothened. Herein we sought to examine functional, cellular, and metabolic effects of clobetasol in a neurotoxic mouse model of spinal motoneuronal loss. We found that clobetasol reduces muscle denervation and motor impairments in part by restoring sonic hedgehog signaling and supporting spinal plasticity. These effects were coupled with reduced pro-inflammatory microglia and reactive astrogliosis, reduced muscle atrophy, and support of mitochondrial integrity and metabolism. Our results suggest that clobetasol stimulates a series of compensatory processes and therefore represents a translational approach for intractable denervating and neurodegenerative disorders.
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- 2021
39. Influence of Amino Acids Mixture Application on Some Biochemical Aspects, Antioxidant Enzymes and Endogenous Polyamines of Vicia faba Plant Grown under Seawater Salinity Stress.
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Sadak, Mervat Sh. and Abdelhamid, Magdi T.
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FAVA bean ,AMINO acids ,BIOCHEMISTRY ,ANTIOXIDANTS ,POLYAMINES ,EFFECT of salts on plants ,EFFECT of stress on plants ,SEAWATER salinity ,PHYSIOLOGY - Abstract
Copyright of Gesunde Pflanzen is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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- 2015
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40. Effects of growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein 34 (GADD34) on inflammation-induced colon cancer in mice.
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Tanaka, Yuriko, Ito, Sachiko, Oshino, Reina, Chen, Nana, Nishio, Naomi, and Isobe, Ken-Ichi
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DNA , *ANIMALS , *BIOCHEMISTRY , *BIOLOGICAL models , *CARRIER proteins , *CELL physiology , *CELLULAR signal transduction , *COLITIS , *COLON tumors , *EPITHELIAL cells , *ESTERASES , *INFLAMMATION , *INTERLEUKINS , *PHENOMENOLOGY , *MICE , *OXIDOREDUCTASES , *TUMOR necrosis factors , *NEOPLASTIC cell transformation , *METABOLISM , *PHYSIOLOGY - Published
- 2015
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41. New data on programmed aging - slow phenoptosis.
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Skulachev, M. and Skulachev, V.
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BIOCHEMISTRY , *ORGANISMS , *MORTALITY , *AGING , *MOLECULAR weights , *AGE factors in disease , *LABORATORY rats , *PHYSIOLOGY - Abstract
This review summarizes the latest data on biochemistry and physiology of living organisms. These data suggest that aging, i.e. coordinated age-dependent weakening of many vital functions leading to gradual increase in the probability of dying, is not common to all organisms. Some species have been described whose probability of death does not depend on age or even decreases with age, this being accompanied by constant or increasing fertility. In the case of the naked mole rat (a non-aging mammal), a mechanism has been identified that protects this animal from cancer and the most common age-related diseases. The high molecular weight polysaccharide hyaluronan, a linear polymer composed of multiple repeated disaccharide of glucuronic acid and glucosamine, plays the key role in this mechanism. Hyaluronan is accumulated in the intercellular spaces in the organs and tissues of the naked mole rat. This polysaccharide provides early contact inhibition of cell division (anti-cancer effect). In addition, hyaluronan prevents the development of certain types of apoptosis, in particular, those induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) (geroprotective effect preventing ROS-induced decrease in cellularity in the organs and tissues of aging organisms). Extraordinary longevity of the naked mole rat (over 30 years, which is long for a rodent the size of a mouse) is connected to its eusocial lifestyle, when only the 'queen' and its few 'husbands' breed, while the huge army of non-breeding 'subordinates' provide the 'royal family' with protection from predators, food, and construction and maintenance of an underground labyrinth size of a football field. This way of life removes the pressure of natural selection from the 'family' and makes aging - the program that is counterproductive for the individual but increases 'evolvability' of its offspring - unnecessary. The example of the naked mole rat demonstrates the optional character of the aging program for the organism. Many facts indicating that aging can be regulated by an organism provide another argument in favor of optionality of aging. Cases have been described when aging as a program useful for the evolution of offspring but counterproductive for the parental individual slows under conditions that threaten the very existence of the individual. These conditions include food restriction (the threat of death from starvation), heavy muscular work, decrease or increase in the environmental temperature, small amounts of poisons (including ROS; here we speak about the paradoxical geroprotective effect of the low doses of prooxidants that inhibit apoptosis). On the other hand, aging can be inhibited (and maybe even cancelled) artificially. This can be done by turning off the genes encoding the proteins participating in the aging program, such as FAT10, p66shc, and some others. In addition, the gene of the antioxidant enzyme catalase can be addressed into mitochondria, where it will split mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide, the level of which increases with age. However, today the simplest way to slow down the aging program is the use of mitochondria-targeted low molecular weight antioxidant compounds of plastoquinonyl decyltriphenylphosphonium-type (SkQ1), which prolong the life of animals, plants, and fungi and inhibit the development of many age-related diseases and symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2014
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42. Living biointerfaces based on non-pathogenic bacteria to direct cell differentiation.
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Rodrigo-Navarro, Aleixandre, Rico, Patricia, Saadeddin, Anas, Garcia, Andres J., and Salmeron-Sanchez, Manuel
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BIOLOGICAL interfaces , *BIOCHEMISTRY , *PATHOGENIC bacteria , *INACTIVATION of pathogenic bacteria , *PATHOGENIC microorganisms , *CELL differentiation , *FIBRONECTIN genetics , *PHYSIOLOGY , *BACTERIA - Abstract
Genetically modified Lactococcus lactis, non-pathogenic bacteria expressing the FNIII7-10 fibronectin fragment as a protein membrane have been used to create a living biointerface between synthetic materials and mammalian cells. This FNIII7-10 fragment comprises the RGD and PHSRN sequences of fibronectin to bind α5β1 integrins and triggers signalling for cell adhesion, spreading and differentiation. We used L. lactis strain to colonize material surfaces and produce stable biofilms presenting the FNIII7-10 fragment readily available to cells. Biofilm density is easily tunable and remains stable for several days. Murine C2C12 myoblasts seeded over mature biofilms undergo bipolar alignment and form differentiated myotubes, a process triggered by the FNIII7-10 fragment. This biointerface based on living bacteria can be further modified to express any desired biochemical signal, establishing a new paradigm in biomaterial surface functionalisation for biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2014
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43. Region-Specific Tendon Properties and Patellar Tendinopathy: A Wider Understanding.
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Pearson, Stephen and Hussain, Syed
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EXERCISE therapy , *ALGORITHMS , *BIOCHEMISTRY , *EXERCISE physiology , *PHENOMENOLOGY , *MEDLINE , *MUSCLE contraction , *ONLINE information services , *OVERUSE injuries , *PATELLA , *SYSTEMATIC reviews , *EVIDENCE-based medicine , *EXERCISE intensity , *PATELLAR tendon , *RESISTANCE training , *PHYSIOLOGY , *ANATOMY , *THERAPEUTICS ,RESEARCH evaluation - Abstract
Patellar tendinopathy is a common painful musculoskeletal disorder with a very high prevalence in the athletic population that can severely limit or even end an athletic career. To date, the underlying pathophysiology leading to the condition remains poorly understood, although reports suggesting that patellar tendinopathy most frequently concerns the proximal posterior region of the tendon has prompted some researchers to examine region-specific tendon properties for a better understanding of the etiology and potential risk factors associated with the condition. However, to date, research concerning the in vivo region-specific tendon properties in relation to patellar tendinopathy is very scarce, perhaps due to the lack of validated techniques that can determine such properties in vivo. In recent years, a technique has been developed involving an automated tendon-tracking program that appears to be very useful in the determination of region-specific tendon properties in vivo. In terms of regional variations in tendon properties, previous research has demonstrated differences in structural, mechanical, and biochemical properties between the discrete regions of the patellar tendon, but the extent to which these regional variations contribute to patellar tendinopathy remains elusive. In addition, with respect to treatment strategies for patellar tendinopathy, previous research has utilized a wide range of interventions, but the use of eccentric exercise (EE) and/or heavy-slow resistance (HSR) training appear to be most promising. However, the optimal program design variables of EE and HSR training that induce the most favorable effects are yet to be determined. This review article provides a detailed discussion of all of the above to allow a better understanding of the etiology and potential risk factors associated with the condition as well as the most effective treatment strategies. First, a comprehensive literature review is provided with respect to region-specific structural, mechanical, and biochemical properties, in association with patellar tendinopathy. Second, the automated tendon-tracking methodology is outlined to assist future researchers in the determination of region-specific tendon properties. Finally, potential treatment strategies are discussed, particularly with regards to the use of EE and HSR training for the management of patellar tendinopathy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2014
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44. Physical Exercise and Epigenetic Modulation: Elucidating Intricate Mechanisms.
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Pareja-Galeano, Helios, Sanchis-Gomar, Fabian, and García-Giménez, José
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PROTEIN metabolism , *DNA , *GENES , *ENZYME metabolism , *OXYGEN metabolism , *PHYSIOLOGICAL adaptation , *BIOCHEMISTRY , *CARBOXYLIC acids , *CELLULAR signal transduction , *ENERGY metabolism , *EXERCISE physiology , *MASS spectrometry , *METABOLISM , *METHYLATION , *PHYSIOLOGY - Abstract
Physical exercise induces several metabolic adaptations to meet increased energy requirements. Promoter DNA methylation, histone post-translational modifications, or microRNA expression are involved in the gene expression changes implicated in metabolic adaptation after exercise. Epigenetic modifications and many epigenetic enzymes are potentially dependent on changes in the levels of metabolites, such as oxygen, tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates, 2-oxoglutarate, 2-hydroxyglutarate, and β-hydroxybutyrate, and are therefore susceptible to the changes induced by exercise in a tissue-dependent manner. Most of these changes are regulated by important epigenetic modifiers that control DNA methylation (DNA methyl transferases, and ten-eleven-translocation proteins) and post-translational modifications in histone tails controlled by histone acetyltransferases, histone deacetylases, and histone demethylases (jumonji C proteins, lysine-specific histone demethylase, etc.), among others. Developments in mass spectrometry approaches and the comprehension of the interconnections between epigenetics and metabolism further increase our understanding of underlying epigenetic mechanisms, not only of exercise, but also of disease and aging. In this article, we describe several of these substrates and signaling molecules regulated by exercise that affect some of the most important epigenetic mechanisms, which, in turn, control the gene expression involved in metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2014
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45. The golden ratio and Loshu-Fibonacci Diagram: Novel research view on relationship of Chinese medicine and modern biology.
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Chen, Zhao-xue, Huang, Yun-kun, and Sun, Ying
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CHINESE medicine ,DNA analysis ,BIOCHEMISTRY ,BIOLOGY ,CONCEPTUAL structures ,MATHEMATICAL models ,MATHEMATICS ,PHENOMENOLOGY ,PHYSIOLOGY ,ETHNOLOGY research ,THEORY - Abstract
Associating geometric arrangements of 9 Loshu numbers modulo 5, investigating property of golden rectangles and characteristics of Fibonacci sequence modulo 10 as well as the two subsequences of its modular sequence by modulo 5, the Loshu-Fibonacci Diagram is created based on strict logical deduction in this paper, which can disclose inherent relationship among Taiji sign, Loshu and Fibonacci sequence modulo 10 perfectly and unite such key ideas of holism, symmetry, holographic thought and yin-yang balance pursuit from Chinese medicine as a whole. Based on further analysis and reasoning, the authors discover that taking the golden ratio and Loshu-Fibonacci Diagram as a link, there is profound and universal association existing between researches of Chinese medicine and modern biology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2014
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46. Hydrocarbon-oxidizing microorganisms of hot springs and their significance in the assessment of the biodiversity of microbial communities.
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Khalilova, E., Nuratinov, R., Kotenko, S., and Islammagomedova, E.
- Abstract
A microbiological study of surface thermal manifestations of the alkaline hot spring of the Kizlyarskoye deposit has been performed for the first time. The following organisms were isolated: nocardiomorphic actinomycetes, i.e., mycolic acid-containing bacteria ( Nocardia asteroidas, Nocardia transvalensis, Rhodococcus rhodochrous, Rhodococcus maris, Rhodococcus luteus, Rhodococcus terrae, Rhodococcus brouchialis), non-spore-forming Gram-positive bacilli of irregular shapes ( Corynebacterium bovis, Corynebacterium diphtheria, Propionibacterium freudenreichis), and mycobacteria ( Mycobacterium marinum). Their morphological and physiological-biochemical environmental peculiarities are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2014
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47. Energy efficiency of respiration in mature and newborn reindeer
- Author
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Signe Kjelstrup, Iratxe Lorea Casado Barroso, Lars P. Folkow, Natalya Kizilova, Simon Birger Byremo Solberg, Mario Acquarone, and Elisa Magnanelli
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0106 biological sciences ,Nasal cavity ,Physiology ,030310 physiology ,Entropy ,Mucous membrane of nose ,Biology ,Nose ,010603 evolutionary biology ,01 natural sciences ,Biochemistry ,03 medical and health sciences ,Endocrinology ,Animal science ,Neonate ,Heat exchanger ,Respiration ,medicine ,Animals ,Respiratory system ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Nasal Turbinate ,VDP::Mathematics and natural science: 400 ,0303 health sciences ,Original Paper ,Temperature ,Turbinates ,VDP::Matematikk og Naturvitenskap: 400 ,Rangifer tarandus ,Entropy production ,Heat conservation ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Energy efficiency ,Animals, Newborn ,Thermodynamics ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Body Temperature Regulation ,Reindeer - Abstract
Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) have evolved elaborate nasal turbinate structures that are perfused via a complex vascular network. These are subject to thermoregulatory control, shifting between heat conservation and dissipation, according to the animal’s needs. The three-dimensional design of the turbinate structures is essential in the sense that they determine the efciency with which heat and water are transferred between the structure and the respired air. The turbinates have already a relatively large surface area at birth, but the structures have yet not reached the complexity of the mature animal. The aim of this study was to elucidate the structure–function relationship of the heat exchange process. We have used morphometric and physiological data from newborn reindeer calves to construct a thermodynamic model for respiratory heat and water exchange and present novel results for the simulated respiratory energy losses of calves in the cold. While the mature reindeer efectively conserves heat and water through nasal counter-current heat exchange, the nose of the calf has not yet attained a similar efciency. We speculate that this is probably related to structure-size limitations and more favourable climate conditions during early life. The fully developed structure–function relationship may serve as inspiration for engineering design. Simulations of diferent extents of mucosal vascularization suggest that the abundance and pattern of perfusion of veins in the reindeer nasal mucosa may contribute to the control of temperature profles, such that nasal cavity tissue is sufciently warm, but not excessively so, keeping heat dissipation within limits. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
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- 2020
48. NOD1 deficiency promotes an imbalance of thyroid hormones and microbiota homeostasis in mice fed high fat diet
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Yolanda Sanz, Lisardo Boscá, Kevin J. Portune, María Jesús Obregón, Marta Paz-García, Paloma Martín-Sanz, Silvia González-Ramos, Emilio F. Acosta-Medina, Victoria Fernández-García, Antonio Castrillo, Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad (España), European Commission, Comunidad de Madrid, Fundación Ramón Areces, and Instituto de Salud Carlos III
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Physiology ,Thyroid Gland ,Adipose tissue ,lcsh:Medicine ,White adipose tissue ,Gut flora ,Biochemistry ,0302 clinical medicine ,Nod1 Signaling Adaptor Protein ,Brown adipose tissue ,Adipocytes ,Homeostasis ,lcsh:Science ,Mice, Knockout ,Multidisciplinary ,High fat diet ,Biodiversity ,Lipids ,Intestines ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Liver ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Thyroid Hormones ,Adipose Tissue, White ,Immunology ,030209 endocrinology & metabolism ,Biology ,Diet, High-Fat ,Article ,Proinflammatory cytokine ,03 medical and health sciences ,Internal medicine ,Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain protein ,medicine ,Animals ,Metabolomics ,Resting energy expenditure ,Obesity ,Inflammation ,lcsh:R ,Body Weight ,Feeding Behavior ,Glucose Tolerance Test ,biology.organism_classification ,Gastrointestinal Microbiome ,Fatty Liver ,Mice, Inbred C57BL ,body regions ,030104 developmental biology ,Endocrinology ,lcsh:Q ,Hormone - Abstract
The contribution of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain protein NOD1 to obesity has been investigated in mice fed a high fat diet (HFD). Absence of NOD1 accelerates obesity as early as 2 weeks after feeding a HFD. The obesity was due to increases in abdominal and inguinal adipose tissues. Analysis of the resting energy expenditure showed an impaired function in NOD1-deficient animals, compatible with an alteration in thyroid hormone homeostasis. Interestingly, free thyroidal T4 increased in NOD1-deficient mice fed a HFD and the expression levels of UCP1 in brown adipose tissue were significantly lower in NOD1-deficient mice than in the wild type animals eating a HFD, thus contributing to the observed adiposity in NOD1-deficient mice. Feeding a HFD resulted in an alteration of the proinflammatory profile of these animals, with an increase in the infiltration of inflammatory cells in the liver and in the white adipose tissue, and an elevation of the circulating levels of TNF-α. In addition, alterations in the gut microbiota in NOD1-deficient mice correlate with increased vulnerability of their ecosystem to the HFD challenge and affect the immune-metabolic phenotype of obese mice. Together, the data are compatible with a protective function of NOD1 against low-grade inflammation and obesity under nutritional conditions enriched in saturated lipids. Moreover, one of the key players of this early obesity onset is a dysregulation in the metabolism and release of thyroid hormones leading to reduced energy expenditure, which represents a new role for these hormones in the metabolic actions controlled by NOD1., This work was supported by Grants SAF2017-82436R, AGL2017-88801-P and SAF2016-75004R from MINECO/AEI/FEDER/EU, S2017/BMD-3686 from Comunidad de Madrid, CIVP18A3864 from Fundación Ramón Areces and CIBERCV and CIBERHED (funded by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III) and Fondos FEDER.
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- 2020
49. Metabolomics analysis of plasma and adipose tissue samples from mice orally administered with polydextrose and correlations with cecal microbiota
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Saarinen, M. T. (Markku Tapani), Kärkkäinen, O. (Olli), Hanhineva, K. (Kati), Tiihonen, K. (Kirsti), Hibberd, A. (Ashley), Mäkelä, K. A. (Kari Antero), Raza, G. S. (Ghulam Shere), Herzig, K.-H. (Karl-Heinz), and Anglenius, H. (Heli)
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endocrine system ,Physiology ,digestive system ,Biochemistry ,Microbiology ,hormones, hormone substitutes, and hormone antagonists ,Biomarkers - Abstract
Polydextrose (PDX) is a branched glucose polymer, utilized as a soluble dietary fiber. Recently, PDX was found to have hypolipidemic effects and effects on the gut microbiota. To investigate these findings more closely, a non-targeted metabolomics approach, was exploited to determine metabolic alterations in blood and epididymal adipose tissue samples that were collected from C57BL/6 mice fed with a Western diet, with or without oral administration of PDX. Metabolomic analyses revealed significant differences between PDX- and control mice, which could be due to differences in diet or due to altered microbial metabolism in the gut. Some metabolites were found in both plasma and adipose tissue, such as the bile acid derivative deoxycholic acid and the microbiome-derived tryptophan metabolite indoxyl sulfate, both of which increased by PDX. Additionally, PDX increased the levels of glycine betaine and l-carnitine in plasma samples, which correlated negatively with plasma TG and positively correlated with bacterial genera enriched in PDX mice. The results demonstrated that PDX caused differential metabolite patterns in blood and adipose tissues and that one-carbon metabolism, associated with glycine betaine and l-carnitine, and bile acid and tryptophan metabolism are associated with the hypolipidemic effects observed in mice that were given PDX.
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- 2020
50. Enriched environments enhance cognition, exploratory behaviour and brain physiological functions of Sparus aurata
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Xavier Capó, J. C. Caballero-Froilán, Manuel Jimenez-García, Antoni Sureda, Pablo Arechavala-Lopez, David Moranta, João Saraiva, Silvia Tejada, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (España), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, and Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (Portugal)
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Telencephalon ,Physiology ,Dopamine ,lcsh:Medicine ,Captivity ,Biochemistry ,Antioxidants ,0302 clinical medicine ,Cognition ,Animal Husbandry ,lcsh:Science ,conducta ,Multidisciplinary ,Behavior, Animal ,Cerebrum ,Dopaminergic ,conducta exploratoria ,Fishes ,Brain ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,estrés oxidativo ,dopamina ,encéfalo ,Serotonin ,Fish farming ,Zoology ,Biology ,Environment ,Serotonergic ,dorada ,Article ,03 medical and health sciences ,cognición ,peces ,serotonina ,antioxidantes ,medicine ,Juvenile ,Animals ,telencéfalo ,análisis multifactorial ,Environmental enrichment ,Behavior ,lcsh:R ,Hormesis ,ambiente ,Sea Bream ,Oxidative Stress ,030104 developmental biology ,Multivariate Analysis ,Exploratory Behavior ,animales ,lcsh:Q ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
Environmental enrichment is considered as a recommended tool to guarantee or improve the welfare of captive fish. This study demonstrates for the first time that structural environmental enrichment enhances cognition, exploratory behaviour and brain physiological functions of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). Seabream was reared in groups (n = 15) during 60 days under two different treatments: enriched tanks with plant-fibre ropes (EE) or bare/non-enriched tanks (NE). Fish were then exposed to a purpose-built maze for 1 h every second day in four trials. Analysis of video recordings showed that seabream under EE conditions presented higher overall exploratory behaviour, spatial orientation and learning capability compared to seabream from NE conditions. Results from brain monoamines analyses may suggest increased recent dopaminergic activity in telencephalon, known to be involved in learning processes; and increased serotonergic activity in cerebellum, involved in the coordination of balance, movements and orientation. In addition, EE-reared fish showed increased antioxidant activity in whole brain, with no apparent oxidative damage. Structural EE seemed to induce an hormetic response on juvenile seabream, improving their welfare status during captivity. Application of this kind of physical structure might be feasible at fish farms as a passive and noninvasive tool to improve welfare of intensively cultured seabream., PA-L was supported by Spanish Juan de la Cierva Incorporación postdoctoral Grants (Refs. IJCI-2015-25595); AS and ST were supported by Spanish government, Programme of Promotion of Biomedical Research and Health Sciences CIBEROBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain (CB12/03/30038). This study received Portuguese national funds from FCT—Foundation for Science and Technology through project UID/Multi/04326/2019.
- Published
- 2020
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