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This research study has been done to uncover the important aspects of the research in the context of entrepreneurship as a tool to deal with the problem of unemployment in economies by understanding the trends of research studies, contributing authors, and their research contributions. The literature review in this research study has been done using bibliometric analysis and content analysis through the 316 research studies published in ABDC-rated journals from 2012 to 2022. The findings suggest that the previous studies focused on studying the different aspects, like the relationship between unemployment and entrepreneurship, the role of education and training, and the impact of public policies on employment generation aspects of entrepreneurship, along with the performance assessment of the entrepreneurial firms. However, the emphasis of previous studies was less on the performance assessment of the firms that started after unemployment. The findings from the literature review also revealed the impact of the rapidly evolving technological transformations due to artificial intelligence (AI) and related technologies and the rising gig economy-based environment on employment generation and entrepreneurial endeavors in economies. This suggests that policymakers and practitioners look into designing relevant and effective policies and educational programs aligning with the changing employment and entrepreneurial landscape due to the impact of technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Although people receiving means-tested benefits are regularly taken care of at the job center, little is known about their mental health situation and mental health care. Objective: The aim of the study was to describe the diagnostic spectrum and the functional status as well as the mental health care utilization of individuals with mental illnesses who are receiving means-tested benefits. Methods: Mentally ill people with means-tested benefits were recruited at the job center as part of the "Leipzig Individual Placement and Support for Mentally Ill People" (LIPSY) project, where they were initially diagnosed according to ICD-10 and included in the project if they had a mental disorder. Mental healthcare utilization was recorded. In the present study, data from n = 583 consecutively included persons were analyzed descriptively and by multivariate statistics. Results: Of the study participants 60.7% (n = 583; 51.5% female; average age 36 years; unemployed for an average of 4.8 years) suffered from affective disorders, followed by neurotic, stress and somatoform disorders (42.5%). With a mean global assessment of functioning (GAF) value of 49.4 (SD 7.7), there was on average a serious impairment. Nearly half of the subjects (48.5%) had never received psychotherapeutic, psychiatric or neurological treatment in the 6 months prior to inclusion in the project. Discussion: It could be shown that there is a broad spectrum of mental disorders with substantial functional impairment. The data suggest that this group is significantly undertreated and difficult to reach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Late emerging adulthood is pivotal for identity exploration and development and is interrelated with life satisfaction. In the development of identity and life satisfaction, it is important to have a stable employment status that supports the foundation of life. However, the interrelationships among identity, life satisfaction, and employment status in late emerging adulthood are unclear. Using a two-wave longitudinal survey, this study examined identity development and whether the relationship between identity and life satisfaction varies by employment status. Participants included 875 Japanese emerging adults (65.5% women, Mage = 24.74, SDage = 0.44). Multivariate analysis of variance showed that identity synthesis decreased for those who lost their jobs or those who changed from being full-time to part-time employment. Additionally, individuals with full-time employment had higher identity synthesis and lower confusion than those with part-time or no employment. Multi-group path analysis indicated that identity synthesis was positively associated with life satisfaction and confusion was negatively associated, and these relationships did not differ by employment status. These findings suggest that identity development in late emerging adulthood varies by employment status and that the association between identity and life satisfaction may not be moderated by employment status. Overall, this study contributes to elucidating the characteristics of identity development along employment status and its relationship to life satisfaction in late emerging adulthood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study identifies potential predictors of unemployment and describes specific work difficulties and their determinants in a subgroup of employed people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS). The specific work difficulties were evaluated using a validated tool that measures the impact of respondents' symptoms and of workplace features. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in Italy during 2021–2022. The subjects included were adults (18–65 years) with a diagnosis of MS, currently employed or unemployed. Logistic regression models were used to determine the association between each potential determinant and employment status, while linear regression models were used to determine the association between determinants and specific work difficulties. Results: The main risk factors associated with a higher risk of being unemployed were being older, living in the South of Italy/islands, and having a higher disability level, while protective factors against unemployment were having a high level of education and 'stable' employment (an open-ended contract). Fatigue was found to be associated with all work difficulties analyzed; mood disorders emerged as the main predictors of mental health-related work difficulties; level of disability and comorbidity significantly impacted physical health-related ones, and a good quality of life was found to improve both workplace-related and mental health-related difficulties at work. Conclusion: Identifying the most significant difficulties is a crucial step in the development of vocational rehabilitation interventions tailored to maximize the ability of PwMS to handle their job-related duties and demands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Youth unemployment is one of the greatest concerns to labour authorities. To try to reduce its intensity and to improve the labour market insertion rates of the youngest working-age population, most European Union (EU) countries have opted, among other measures, for job training. This is an action that seeks to combine work with training. Spain is one of the countries with the greatest problems of labour market integration for young people, in contrast to other countries such as Germany or France. The Spanish case is also characterised by the application of a set of actions that have not always had the desired success, despite being framed within the EU Youth Guarantee Programme. The results from this research indicate that improvements can be made in the application of training contracts in Spain, based on the approach used in other countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's world, where the dramatic effects of climate change continue to increase, it is critical to turn from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources to achieve the CO2 emission reduction targets that countries have committed at the Paris Climate Agreement and COP 27 conference. This study analyzes the effects of macroeconomic factors, including economic growth, investments, and unemployment, on the transition to renewable energy in OECD countries. From 1996 to 2020, long-run relationships between variables were examined using advanced econometric methodologies for empirical analysis. For this purpose, panel data analysis, second-generation panel unit root tests, cross-sectional dependence tests, and panel cointegration tests were applied. Economically, in the long run, according to panel CCEMG and AMG estimator, while economic growth enhances the renewable energy transitions, investment does not statistically promote an impact on the renewable energy transitions. Renewable energy transition increases with unemployment. Moreover, the role of the considered variables in the renewable energy transition varies among country-specific. Within the framework of the results obtained, it has been proven that before determining policies for renewable energy transformation, it is necessary to do the necessary groundwork in the economy to increase economic growth and investments and reduce unemployment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates three alternative active labour market policy programmes available to young job seekers in Slovakia who were registered in 2011. All of the programmes facilitate gaining work experience and share a comparable design; however, they differ mainly in the collected workplace experience and the composition of participants. Using administrative data, we first explore the selection into each programme; second, we estimate the treatment effects on job seekers' postparticipation absence from the registry of the unemployed. For this we argue that we have sufficiently rich data to control for selection into programs. We use a dynamic estimator and report the average treatment effects of participation in different periods between the sixth and fifteenth month after starting unemployment. For participation in earlier stages of unemployment, we confirm differences in the programmes impacts, with patterns described by previous literature; workplace experience collected in either the private sector or in a regular workplace appears to improve the chances of absence from registered unemployment of young job seekers relatively more than does participation in a public works type of programme. When compared later in the unemployment spell, the between-programme differences level out. Despite its ambivalent average impact, the public works type of programme positively impacts specific subgroups of participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite conclusive evidence about the positive impact of working relative to unemployment for psychological well-being, there remains much uncertainty about why working relates to improved well-being. Two theoretical perspectives that have often been contrasted in examinations of this question are the latent deprivation model and the agency restriction model. The former emphasizes (latent) psychological benefits of work (time structure, collective purpose, social contact, social status, and enforced activity), asserting that lower well-being in unemployment is due to the deprivation of access to these benefits. The latter emphasizes the monetary (manifest) benefit of work, asserting that it is the financial strain caused by lacking income that is primarily responsible for restricting agency and lowering well-being in unemployment. Here, we integrate these theories with a meta-analysis based on 90 primary studies/sources, 1147 effect sizes, and 69,723 people. Results support a unified account of these theories: employment provides access to all of these psychological and monetary benefits of work, and each benefit is significantly associated with lower psychological distress and higher life satisfaction. The monetary benefit was especially strongly related to life satisfaction. Meta-analytic structural equation modeling revealed that the benefits (except for enforced activity) fully mediated the effect of employment status on psychological distress; in contrast, only collective purpose, social status, and financial strain partially mediated the effect of employment status on life satisfaction. We discuss the implications of these findings for future research and for individuals, organizations, and policymakers to improve the experience of employment and mollify the harms of unemployment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined caregivers' lived experiences during the initial weeks of stay-at-home mandates within the unique socio-cultural and healthcare context of the United States.To learn about the experiences of caregivers during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic, we conducted seventeen semi-structured interviewswith caregivers of young children with autism (ages 3–8) in Illinois.The inability to meet demands, the abrupt loss of social and therapeutic support, and the loss of opportunities for leisure and self-care took an emotional toll on the caregivers and the families. Although four caregivers attributed positive changes in their lives to the lockdown (e.g., more family time and improved academic standing for their child), the reported negative impacts overshadowed the positives. To foster resilience and reduce the adverse long-term effects of world-changing events on families of young children with autism, the information gleaned from this study can inform educators, service providers, and other concerned parties about unique considerations when creating future proactive and responsive support measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information friction makes it difficult for job seekers to find new employment opportunities. We propose a method for providing individual-specific occupation recommendations by ranking occupations based on their proximity to the worker's profile. We identify a set of twelve skills, abilities and work styles that capture the worker-oriented requirements of all occupations and discuss how to measure these items using online questions and tasks. We use the Euclidean distance between the measured items pertaining to a worker and the requirements of an occupation to measure the proximity between job seekers and occupations. We show that the proximity between job seekers' profiles and their preunemployment occupation predicts their intention to change occupations, thus suggesting that our method captures a meaningful conceptualization of mismatch. We also show that our method generates recommendations that differ from the previous occupations of mismatched job seekers, thereby potentially expanding their search scope. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the long-term consequences of unemployment on different dimensions of social exclusion. Based on longitudinal linked survey and administrative data from Germany and an event study analysis combined with inverse propensity score weighting, I document that becoming unemployed has lasting adverse effects on both individuals' material well-being and their subjective perception of social status and integration, persisting even after four years. An examination of effect heterogeneity underscores that the enduring effects of job loss are more pronounced for individuals confronted with challenging labor market conditions, those with a history of repeated unemployment, and individuals with lower levels of educational attainment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multilevel interventions (MLIs) hold promise for reducing health inequities by intervening at multiple types of social determinants of health consistent with the socioecological model of health. In spite of their potential, methodological challenges related to study design compounded by a lack of tools for sample size calculation inhibit their development. We help address this gap by proposing the Multilevel Intervention Stepped Wedge Design (MLI-SWD), a hybrid experimental design which combines cluster-level (CL) randomization using a Stepped Wedge design (SWD) with independent individual-level (IL) randomization. The MLI-SWD is suitable for MLIs where the IL intervention has a low risk of interference between individuals in the same cluster, and it enables estimation of the component IL and CL treatment effects, their interaction, and the combined intervention effect. The MLI-SWD accommodates cross-sectional and cohort designs as well as both incomplete (clusters are not observed in every study period) and complete observation patterns. We adapt recent work using generalized estimating equations for SWD sample size calculation to the multilevel setting and provide an R package for power and sample size calculation. Furthermore, motivated by our experiences with the ongoing NC Works 4 Health study, we consider how to apply the MLI-SWD when individuals join clusters over the course of the study. This situation arises when unemployment MLIs include IL interventions that are delivered while the individual is unemployed. This extension requires carefully considering whether the study interventions will satisfy additional causal assumptions but could permit randomization in new settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last two decades, social security reforms in several European countries have turned early retirement routes for older workers increasingly difficult. The size of the effects of these reforms on labour supply and social security transfers, and how these effects interact with workers' characteristics have yet to be measured. This article sheds light on this issue by exploring the consequences of postponing access to an old-age unemployment programme—from age 58 to 60—in Belgium. The programme provides laid-off workers with a combination of unemployment benefits and a monthly supplement paid by the employer until the full retirement age. Exploiting register data on the universe of workers and using a difference-in-difference identification strategy, the authors find that UCS eligibility negatively affects employment participation but also mitigates older workers' participation in other social security programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the modernized world, stimulating economic growth and employment without endangering environmental sustainability remains a fundamental challenge for developing and newly industrialized economies. This current study investigates the dynamic connections between income growth, unemployment, and environmental deterioration in Turkey within the environmental Phillips and Kuznets curve frameworks. The study employs a novel econometric technique, the augmented autoregressive distributed lag (A-ARDL) model, and examines annual time-series data from 1980 to 2018. To the best of the authors' knowledge, no study has tested the validity of the environmental Phillips curve (EPC) hypothesis (a novel approach linking unemployment with environmental pollution) for Turkey. Another concern with the existing research is that only a few papers simultaneously analyze the EPC and environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypotheses and consider the significance of the ecological footprint. Therefore, the study utilizes ecological footprint as an environmental degradation indicator and tests these two hypotheses by setting six models that control renewable energy consumption, natural resource rents, financial development, foreign direct investments, and urbanization to provide more reliable and consistent results. Empirical evidence from the multiple models justifies the validity of both hypotheses in the short and long run. The results also suggest that natural resource rents increase the ecological footprint, while urbanization contributes to environmental quality. Nonetheless, renewable energy, foreign direct investments, and financial development have no significant environmental impact. These outcomes suggest that a rise in employment not accompanied by green energy technologies, higher environmental awareness, a well-educated labor force, and expanded renewable energy utilization may impede the country from attaining its long-term development goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unemployment rates among autistic people are high even among those with low-support needs. While a variety of measures is needed to address this problem, this article defends one that has not been defended in detail and that has profound implications for contemporary hiring practices. Building on empirical research showing that job interviews are a major contributor to autistic unemployment, it argues that such interviews should be abolished in many cases for autistic and non-autistic people alike. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: We intend to identify the links between COVID-19, intimate partner violence (IPV), and intimate femicide (IF) for women in the United States by answering the following questions: (1) what does the existing literature say about the intersection of COVID-19, IPV, and IF and (2) what are the contributing factors leading to rates of violence against women during COVID-19? Method: This topical review summarizes studies published on IPV and IF during the initial stages of COVID-19 covering the period of March 1, 2020, to July 31, 2021. This review identified 22 articles addressing rates of IPV and IF during COVID-19, exacerbating risk factors for women, and recommendations for responses and intervention efforts. Results: Findings revealed an increase in help-seeking calls during the initial phase of the pandemic and COVID-related circumstances such as extended confinement, unemployment, school closures, social isolation, and financial strains intensifying women's experiences of violence. Data also revealed an increase in purchasing firearms, which increases the risk of women being killed by an intimate partner (Lyons et al., 2020). The nexus of COVID-19 and IPV disproportionately impact women, specifically, Latina immigrants. Implications for utilizing an intersectional framework to further examine these issues and promote social and political change are provided. Conclusion: Since the rates of IPV and femicide have been reported as increasing during COVID-19, understanding the complexities and stressors associated with life in a pandemic is essential for addressing inequalities women face and the health of our communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: There is a lack of research examining age-related differences in the characteristics of young people who use family violence between key developmental periods. This study provides a population-based descriptive overview of young people who come to police attention for using family violence and examines how characteristics differ across early adolescence (10–14 years), late adolescence (15–19 years) and young adulthood (20–24 years). Method: The sample comprised all youth aged 10–24 years (N = 5014) who were reported to police for using family violence over a four-month period in 2019. Chi-square analyses with odds ratios as a measure of effect size were used to examine age-related differences in sociodemographic, psychosocial, and family violence-related characteristics across the three age groups. A Kaplan Meier survival curve was used to examine age-based differences in time to family violence recidivism. Results: Findings suggested that young people who used family violence were typically male, disproportionately from low socioeconomic backgrounds, and a significant minority experienced mental health issues. Substance abuse and unemployment/school truancy were higher among those in late adolescence and young adulthood, while accessibility needs, and childhood victimisation were highest among those in early adolescence. Child-to-parent abuse was highest among those in early- and late-adolescence, while intimate partner abuse was highest among those in young adulthood. There was no significant difference in time to family violence recidivism among the groups. Conclusion: The findings of this study highlight the variation in characteristics of youth family violence according to three key developmental periods. Such information may be used to inform assessment and intervention approaches for this cohort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To compare social, clinical, and migration-related factors between male and female immigrants with psychotic disorders and to determine the association between these variables and stress in the last year. Methods: We administered the Holmes and Rahe Social Readjustment Scale to evaluate psychological stress in 99 non-refugee immigrants (26 women, 73 men) who presented ≥ one psychotic episode (ICD-10 criteria). We compared the two groups in terms of sociodemographic, clinical, cultural, and migration-related variables. A multivariable analysis using a linear regression model (stepwise method) was performed to evaluate potential associations between these variables and stress. Results: Women were more likely to be married and divorced, had less access to welfare payments, and lower unemployment and homeless rates than men. The most common psychiatric diagnosis was psychosis not otherwise specified with more women being affected (61.5% in women vs. 45.2% in men), but the diagnosis of schizophrenia was more common in men (38.4% vs 15.4%). Both groups exhibited very high levels of stress in the past year (mean total distress score > 300). In women, stress was significantly associated with age at first migration and be a racialized person. By contrast, among men stress was significantly associated with language barrier and comorbidity with a physical disorder. Conclusions: The results of this study reveal important differences between men and women immigrants. These findings underscore the importance of understanding how gender-specific roles and social expectations intersect with the timing and nature of migration to influence stress levels differently in immigrant women and men with psychotic disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low-income people who receive economic support from the government hope to become self-reliant. However, their vulnerability to mental health problems and social isolation makes the process of becoming self-reliant difficult. Practitioners in the community can contact these people and help them become self-reliant. The self-reliance experiences of low-income people who receive government support is a unique psychological process that merits further attention. This study explored how low-income people who no longer receive government support in South Korea struggle to become self-reliant and return to an autonomous, ordinary citizenship by standing alone. An exploratory descriptive qualitative study was undertaken using in-depth interviews with 12 low-income people in South Korea who are currently self-reliant and no longer receive government assistance. Participants were found to be going through a four-stage process of struggling to become an ordinary citizen. These stages included: motivating, hardship, bearing, and returning. Based on these results, we suggest the substantive theory of "returning to an autonomous, ordinary citizenship by standing alone." This study provides a holistic understanding of the lived experiences of low-income people attempting to pursue self-reliance. It also explores future directions for interventions to help them maintain quality of life while retaining autonomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

News media play an indispensable role in disseminating information and shaping public perception during times of crisis. This study, integrating sentiment, emotion, discourse, and timeline analyses together, conducts a corpus-based sentiment analysis of the news articles on unemployment from the New York Times in 2020 to capture the emotional dynamics conveyed by the newspaper as the pandemic-induced unemployment developed in the US. The results reveal that positive sentiment in the news articles on unemployment is significantly higher than negative sentiment. In emotion analysis, "trust" and "anticipation" rank the first and second among the eight emotions, while "fear" and "sadness" top the negative emotions. Complemented with a discourse analysis approach, the study reveals that the change of the sentiments and emotions over time is linked with the evolution of the pandemic and unemployment, the policy response as well as the protests against ethnic inequalities. This study highlights the important role mainstream news media play in information dissemination and solution-focused reportage at the time of severe crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aims to explore and select the methods most appropriate for employment assessment in the context of unprecedented change. To achieve the overall objective the main indicators of the labor market were monitored. The studied methodological base allowed approaching the employment assessment in a complex way. The results show that the COVID-19 pandemic is large-scale and has a serious impact on the labor market. Practical implementation of the results is recommended to be used in the analysis of effective employment policies, which will highlight the sectors with successful practices in the country context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Labor market competition theory has traditionally analyzed the threat perceived by lower and middle class' natives on competition over jobs with immigrants. However, in this article we focus on the fiscal burden and competition for social benefits generated by unemployed immigrants and its impact on the vote for Populist Radical Right Parties (PRRPs). Combining individual-level data and aggregate unemployment indicators for over 60 regions from 10 EU countries, we show that, on the one hand, upper class natives seem to support PRRPs when migrant unemployment rates are higher, irrespective of migrants' origin, which is consistent with the fiscal burden model. On the other hand, lower and middle class natives are more likely to support PRRPs only in contexts of higher unemployment rates among non-EU migrants (but not among migrants from other EU member states), pointing towards an interaction between cultural and economic explanations. These findings underscore the need to account for migrant populations' characteristics and to consider not only labor competition, but also the fiscal burden to better understand how unemployment may impact PRRP voting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the positiveness in most consumed songs during a period of sadness, worry and uncertainty: the COVID-19 crisis in comparison with previous years. In order to perform the analysis, we create an original positive music indicator using a dataset of weekly patterns for music consumption in 31 OECD countries over a five year period. Results show that negative shocks from events such as economic business cycles and the COVID-19 pandemic increase the consumption of positive songs, suggesting that society compensates the negative impact on well-being with positive music. We conclude that society adapts sentiment-based music consumption preferences according to the socioeconomic situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditionally, adult children have served as primary caretakers and providers for older Nepali adults. However, out-migration of adult children for employment and other opportunities is increasing. Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in older Nepali adults in general and in the context of adult children's migration is poorly understood. This study aims to assess HRQOL of older Nepali adults and its relationship with adult children's migration. We used existing cross-sectional survey data on 260 older adults from Krishnapur municipality, which has witnessed a high rate of adult migration. HRQOL, quantified using the SF-12 scale, is expressed in terms of a physical (PCS) and mental (MCS) health component. A higher PCS and MCS score, each ranging from 0 to 100, indicates better physical and mental health, respectively. The correlates of HRQOL were assessed in simple and multiple linear regression. Participants had suboptimal HRQOL [mean (± SD): PCS = 40.4 ± 9.2 and MCS = 45.2 ± 7.7]. After adjusting for covariates, adult children's migration was associated with lower MCS scores (β: -2.33, 95%CI: -4.21, -0.44). Individuals with more than one child had higher MCS scores (β: 2.14, 95%CI: 0.19, 4.09). Females (β: -3.64, 95%CI: -7.21, -0.06) and those with a history of unemployment (β: -6.36, 95%CI: -10.57, -2.15) had lower PCS scores than their respective counterparts. The presence of chronic conditions was associated with significantly lower PCS and MCS scores. Our findings suggest that adult children's migration may negatively affect HRQOL among older Nepali adults, specifically their psychological well-being. Further research investigating potential moderating factors that may serve as important buffers is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To estimate the working life expectancies (WLE) of men and women with depression, examining depression by symptom trajectories from the late 20s to early 50s, and to estimate WLE by race/ethnicity and educational attainment. Methods: Data from 9206 participants collected from 1979 to 2018 in the US National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort were used. Depression was measured using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale Short Form at four time points (age 28–35, age 30–37, age 40, and age 50). Labor force status was measured monthly starting at age 30 until age 58–62. Depressive symptom trajectories were estimated using growth mixture modeling and multistate modeling estimated WLE from age 30–60 for each gender and depressive symptom trajectory. Results: Five latent symptom trajectories were established: a persistent low symptom trajectory (n = 6838), an episodic trajectory with high symptoms occurring before age 40 (n = 995), an episodic trajectory with high symptoms occurring around age 40 (n = 526), a trajectory with high symptoms occurring around age 50 (n = 570), and a persistent high symptom trajectory (n = 277). The WLE for men at age 30 was 30.3 years for the persistent low symptom trajectory, 22.8 years for the episodic before 40 trajectory, 19.6 years for the episodic around age 40 trajectory, 18.6 years for the episodic around age 50 trajectory, and 13.2 years for the persistent high symptom trajectory. Results were similar for women. WLE disparities between depression trajectories grew when stratified by race/ethnicity and education level. Conclusions: Roughly a quarter of individuals experienced episodic depressive symptoms. However, despite periods of low depressive symptoms, individuals were expected to be employed ~5–17 years less at age 30 compared to those with low symptoms. Accessible employment and mental health disability support policies and programs across the working life course may be effective in maintaining work attachment and improving WLE among those who experience depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To shed light on the complex and ambiguous relation between shadow economy and labour market outcomes, this theoretical paper introduces tax evasion and undeclared work into the benchmark macroeconomic model of the labour market (the search and matching model). Unlike the related literature, this work assumes that registered firms manage job vacancies in both the formal and the shadow sector (named as "mixed firms"), to maximise the total gains. The unemployed search for a job simultaneously in both sectors and accept the first job offer they receive, while tax audits allow to punish firms that evade taxes and use undeclared work. In this framework, tax audit emerges as the key tool for reducing shadow economy without harming labour market outcomes too much. Tax audit, indeed, has little impact on unemployment and increases the wage (cost) of undeclared work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the evolution of unemployment in a task-based model that allows for two types of technical change. One is automation, which turns labor tasks into mechanized ones. The second is addition of new labor tasks, which increases specialization, as in the expanding variety literature. The paper shows that in equilibrium the unemployment caused by automation converges to zero over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: As stigma is a barrier to work participation of unemployed people with mental health issues/mental illness (MHI), a stigma awareness intervention can be helpful to make informed decisions about disclosing MHI. The aim of this process evaluation was to investigate the feasibility of a stigma awareness intervention, to explore experiences of clients and their employment specialists; and to give recommendations for further implementation. Methods: The intervention consisted of a stigma awareness training for employment specialists and a decision aid tool for their clients with (a history of) MHI. For the process evaluation, six process components of the Linnan & Stecklar framework were examined: recruitment, reach, dose delivered, dose received, fidelity and context. Using a mixed-methods design, quantitative and qualitative data were collected and analyzed. Results: The six components showed the intervention was largely implemented as planned. Questionnaire data showed that 94% of the clients found the tool useful and 87% would recommend it to others. In addition, more than half (54%) indicated the tool had been helpful in their disclosure decision. Qualitative data showed that participants were mainly positive about the intervention. Nevertheless, only a minority of clients and employment specialists had actually discussed the tool together. According to both, the intervention had increased their awareness of workplace stigma and the disclosure dilemma. Conclusion: The implementation of a stigma awareness intervention was feasible and did increase stigma awareness. Experiences with the intervention were mainly positive. When implementing the tool, it is recommended to embed it in the vocational rehabilitation system, so that discussing the disclosure dilemma becomes a routine. Trail Register: The study was retrospectively registered at the Dutch Trial Register (TRN: NL7798, date: 04-06-2019). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the impact of economic misery on human development in 32 Asian countries from 1991 to 2022. In addition to the full panel, the empirical analyses are performed separately for countries with very high levels of human development, high levels of human development, and medium & low levels of human development. The findings of the study reveal that economic misery has a negative and significant impact on human development in Asian countries. The results show that economic misery exerts a negative and significant influence on health, education and income dimensions of human development. Further, the estimation outcomes exhibit that foreign direct investment, trade openness and gross capital formation promote human development, whereas population growth impedes human development. The study suggests that governments and policymakers should curtail economic misery by curbing inflation and reducing unemployment to improve overall human development as well as to enhance life expectancy, educational attainments and standard of living. It is also recommended that policies aimed at attracting foreign direct investment, expanding trade openness, generating gross capital formation and controlling population growth should be adopted to boost human development in Asian countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a nonlinear fractional unit root approach which is known as the autoregressive neural network–fractional integration (ARNN–FI) test. This new fractional integration test is based on a new multilayer perceptron of a neural network process, proposed in Yaya et al. (Oxf Bull Econ Stat 83(4):960–981, 2021). The asymptotic theory and the properties of the proposed test are given. By setting up a Monte Carlo simulation experiment, the simulation results reveal that as the number of observations increases, size and power distortions would disappear in the test. The empirical application based on this new test reveals that the unemployment rates of three European countries are neither stationary nor mean-reverting in line with the hysteresis hypothesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growth and diversity in contemporary return migration have given rise to questions related to migrants' (re)integration into their society of origin. In particular, a growing set of studies examine the returnees' labour market situation to understand how time spent living and working abroad affects individuals' social mobility upon return. The key aim of this paper is to explore the socio-occupational paths of returning migrants. Based on the online survey with Polish and Lithuanian returnees (n = 544) who had spent at least a year in the UK, we aim to identify patterns in the socio-occupational sequences of people experiencing returning migration. Based on sequence analysis carried out in TraMineR (Life Trajectory Miner for R) covering the situation of returning migrants before migration, during migration and upon return, we have distinguished four clusters of sequences: (1) sequences with education, (2) sequences with employment, (3) sequences with unemployment and (4) sequences with self-employment. We compare those clusters in terms of demographic characteristics, as well as migration plans. We also take into consideration skills acquired and transferred throughout migration trajectories. With this typology based on the unique dataset of returning migrants, we supplement existing, primarily qualitative, research on returning migrants' careers with the sequence analysis based on quantitative data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In emerging economies, policymakers should care not only about the informality level but also about its persistence, which also has key welfare implications. Considering worker flows that drive people into informality is important for developing effective public policies. Using a Markov representation of worker flows and correcting for time aggregation, I find low persistence of informality in Chile, implying an average duration of nearly 3.5 months, and estimate the contributions of labor market transitions among formality, informality, unemployment, and inactivity. The flow into informality from unemployment is the main force accounting for persistence, which suggests that informality is a temporary shelter from joblessness. I also find informality persistence is higher for females, young workers, and tertiary-educated individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The literature on democracy and corruption is inconclusive on the effect of democracy on corruption. We intend to supplement this void by arguing that interaction between democracy and unemployment may exist in shaping the de facto corruption levels. This paper examines whether such conjuncture exists. We estimate a linear dynamic panel-data model using data from 80 developing countries over the period 1990–2018. We find that democracy reduces corruption. However, the potential beneficial effect of democracy on corruption is eroded by a higher unemployment rate. The results are robust and quantitatively similar across different empirical specifications. These results imply that developing countries should focus on decreasing the unemployment level so as to take advantage of democratization in their fight against corruption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Government expenditures may tend to defray to increasing social needs with economic growth and development. This study focused on the effects of government expenditure on unemployment and conducted empirical research on the possible positive or negative effects of government expenditure on unemployment. This study employed the asymmetric causality and Kernel-based Regulated least squares (KRLS) method with machine learning to examine the effect of government expenditure on the unemployment rate for two Baltic countries (Estonia and Latvia) for annual time frequency data from 1995 to 2019. Asymmetric causality findings show that increase government final government consumption has a decreasing impact on unemployment in the Estonia. In addition to this, no enough evidence for Abrams Curve from Estonia and Latvia. Additionally, the government's final consumption and expenditure effects have different signs at different quantiles. KRLS quantile coefficient findings point out that V-shape and inverse V-shape curve instead of the Abrams Curve for our sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to analyse the relationship between household employment insecurity and the risk of children's exposure to household material deprivation in Spain and Portugal. Specifically, using EU-SILC microdata for 2012, 2016 and 2020, it examines how this relationship evolved during the Post-Great Recession period. Although in both countries there was an improvement in the employment situation of individuals and families after the Great Recession, the main findings reflect an increase in the risk of children's exposure to material deprivation in households where no adults have a secure job. However, there are some differences between the two countries. In the case of Spain, the results seem to indicate that the incidence of household employment insecurity on material deprivation was higher in 2016 and 2020 than in 2012. In Portugal, the increase in the effect of employment insecurity on deprivation seems to have occurred only in 2020, the year the Covid-19 pandemic began. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores how urban male youth in Zimbabwe have created economies of hustle and waithood through soccer betting to ensure alternative means of survival in a country facing rapid urban growth and endless economic challenges. Data were collected using a combination of ethnographic methods, including participant and non-participant observations, betting experimentation, and informal conversations. The findings show that urban male youth in Zimbabwean cities use a variety of skills in soccer betting to increase their chances of winning and earning a living through informal economic activities while waiting for employment opportunities. The findings also demonstrate the intellectual genius and streetwise resourcefulness of young people, as they incorporate research, digital, and networking competencies to decide and place their bets. The article concludes that soccer betting is not only part of Zimbabwe's economies of hustle, leisure, and waithood but also central in influencing the adoption of ICT products and digital skills among male youths in Zimbabwe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Frequent presenters (FPs) are a group of individuals who visit the hospital emergency department (ED) frequently for urgent care. Many among the group present with the main diagnosis of mental health conditions. This group of individual tend to use ED resources disproportionally and significantly affects overall healthcare outcomes. No previous reviews have examined the profiles of FPs with mental health conditions. Aims: This study aims to identify the key socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of patients who frequently present to ED with a mental health primary diagnosis by performing a comprehensive systematic review of the existing literature. Method: PRISMA guideline was used. PubMed, PsycINFO, Scopus and Web of Science (WOS) were searched in May 2023. A manual search on the reference list of included articles was conducted at the same time. Covidence was used to perform extraction and screening, which were completed independently by two authors. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were defined. Results: The abstracts of 3341 non-duplicate articles were screened, with 40 full texts assessed for eligibility. 20 studies were included from 2004 to 2022 conducted in 6 countries with a total patient number of 25,688 (52% male, 48% female, mean age 40.7 years old). 27% were unemployed, 20% married, 41% homeless, and 17% had tertiary or above education. 44% had a history of substance abuse or alcohol dependence. The top 3 diagnoses are found to be anxiety disorders (44%), depressive disorders (39%) schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders (33%). Conclusion: On average, FPs are middle-aged and equally prevalent in both genders. Current data lacks representation for gender-diverse groups. They are significantly associated with high rates of unemployment, homelessness, lower than average education level, and being single. Anxiety disorder, depressive disorder, and schizophrenia spectrum disorders are the most common clinical diagnoses associated with the group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Women's labor force participation has increased in Western countries, but gender gaps remain, especially among parents. Using a novel comparative perspective, we assess women's and men's employment trajectories from midlife onward by parity and education. We provide insights into the gendered parenthood-employment gaps examining the long-term implications of parenthood beyond the core childbearing ages by decomposing years lived between ages 40–74, in years of employment, joblessness, and retirement. Using multistate incidence-based life tables, we compare different cultural and institutional contexts: Finland, Italy, and the USA. Our results document large cross-national variation, with education playing a key role. In Finland, the number of years of employment increases with parity for women and men, and the gender gap is small; in the USA, the relationship between parity and years of employment is relatively flat, although a gender gap emerges among those with two or more children; in Italy, the number of years of employment decreases sharply for women as parity increases, while it increases for men. Notably, education has a similar positive impact on years of employment across all groups in Finland. In contrast, in the USA and Italy, the gender gap is only half as large among highly educated mothers as it is among low educated mothers. The employment trajectories of childless women and men differ greatly across countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experiencing states of unhappiness is normal and part of human existence. Yet, if these states occur often or for longer periods of time, this can become a large burden and greatly reduce a person's overall quality of life. I refer to these states as cumulative unhappiness, and I empirically investigated which factors and variables are correlated with them. Using large-scale German panel data (N = 8,646; mean age = 51.7 years, SD = 10.7 years), I attempted to model the correlates of cumulative unhappiness over a period of nine years and included factors such as sociodemographic-background variables, social origin, education, income, household situation, social capital, personality traits, unemployment, and health. Bivariate analyses indicated that health and household income are the two most relevant predictors of unhappiness. In multivariate modeling using dominance analysis, I demonstrated that about 26% of the total variation of cumulative unhappiness can be explained by all independent variables together. In these analyses, the most relevant influential factors were health (14.8%), social status and income (4.0%), and social capital (3.1%). These results indicate that cumulative unhappiness can be explained to some extent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

US data are used to explore the relationship between the unemployment rate and productivity at different cycle lengths by employing time–frequency methodology. Previous studies suggest that the unemployment rate is positively related to productivity increases in the short-run (high frequency ranges), and negatively related at the longer-intervals (low frequency ranges)—and although we largely reproduce these results, with more recent data, we also provide some important additional insights. The extended results show the relationship between unemployment and productivity in the time–frequency domain using growth in corporate profitability as a conditioning variable, to observe the long-term stability of the productivity-unemployment relationship. We find that when conditioned on the growth in corporate profits, the response of unemployment to the growth in productivity has become much stronger and faster in recent years, with the result that labor market adjustments are no longer keeping pace with the technological change. Not only this, but the usual explanation that short-term losses in employment consequent on growth in productivity is outweighed by long-term gains appears to be weakening and our results suggest that this may already be reversing, perhaps in response to the AI revolution currently underway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entrepreneurship plays a pivotal role in fostering job creation and economic growth, underscoring the need to encourage and support youth in establishing and developing businesses. In Tanzania, where the unemployment rate stands at 2.75% as of 2021, the rising rate (from 2.2% in 2019) necessitates a profound discussion on education for poverty reduction. This study addresses three key questions: (i) from the international experiences, can the entrepreneurship education be effectively integrated into mainstream secondary schools? (ii) What strategies are preferably employed in other countries to integrate entrepreneurship into secondary education? (iii) Based on international experiences, what contextual approach can be adopted by Tanzania to integrate entrepreneurship into middle school education? By employing the PRISMA framework, document review was primarily employed to gain valuable insights. The findings highlighted the importance of teaching entrepreneurship from an early age, recommending strategies such as extracurricular activities, integration of entrepreneurship into related subjects like computer education, and offering it as a stand-alone subject, all while considering contextual factors. Although challenges persist, it is evident that Tanzania's main hurdle in entrepreneurship education and reducing unemployment lies primarily on political willingness rather than financial capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autistic individuals often experience a wide range of barriers and challenges with employment across their lifetime. Despite their strengths and abilities to contribute to the workforce, many individuals experience unemployment, underemployment and malemployment. However, current supports and services are often inadequate to meet their needs. To allow autistic people to achieve vocational success, we explore four contributors to employment and expand upon the issues and potential solutions to each. These positions include the importance of family support and its consideration in the application of vocational support interventions, addressing transitional needs for autistic youth, building employer capacity, and conducting research that advises the development of meaningful programs and policies. By advocating for these positions, we aim to foster greater inclusivity and support for individuals with ASD in the workplace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Maternity Protection Act is intended to protect the mother and the child from hazards, excessive demands and damage to health in the workplace, and from financial disadvantages and loss of employment. However, the objectives defined by the Maternity Protection Act—the safety and health of the pregnant employee on the one hand and the prevention of disadvantages in working life on the other—are not yet adequately achieved in the intensive care unit (ICU). Implementation of the Maternity Protection Act to the benefit of all involved parties should also be promoted in the specialist areas represented by the DIVI, in particular the work of pregnant physicians and nursing staff and other working specialists (respiratory therapists, physiotherapists, speech therapists, psychotherapists, and social workers) in the ICU. The aim of this paper is to raise awareness of the need to consider each pregnant and breastfeeding staff member individually and to work together to find a personal solution for continuing to work in the ICU. Possible ways and solutions to achieve this goal are outlined and practical examples are given for implementation in everyday clinical routine. These are also based on comprehensive presentation of activities according to a traffic light color-code system for all occupational groups. Arguments against pregnant employees working in the ICU are discussed and possible solutions are presented [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study evaluates the effects of the interdisciplinary employment program 'Work As Best Care (WABC)' on employment participation and mental health of persons with severe mental disorders. Methods: WABC is a 'work first' employment program for unemployed persons with severe mental disorders in which employment professionals work closely together with mental health professionals. In a longitudinal non-randomized controlled study, participants of WABC (n = 35) are compared with participants of the control group (n = 37), who received regular employment support. Participants were followed for 1 year and filled out questionnaires on individual characteristics and health at baseline, after 6 and 12 months. This information was enriched with monthly register data on employment status from 2015 until 2020. Difference-in-differences analyses were performed to investigate changes in employment participation among participants of WABC and the control group. A generalized linear mixed-effects model was used to compare changes in mental health (measured on 0–100 scale) between the two groups. Results: Before WABC, employment participation was 22.0%points lower among participants of WABC compared to the control group. After starting WABC, employment participation increased with 15.3%points per year among participants of WABC, compared to 5.6%points in the control group. Among all participants of WABC, no change in mental health was found (β 1.0, 95% CI − 3.4; 5.5). Only female participants of WABC showed a significant change in mental health (β 8.0, 95% CI 2.6; 13.4). Conclusion: To enhance employment participation of persons with severe mental disorders, an interdisciplinary 'work-first' approach in which professionals of employment services and mental health services work in close collaboration, is of paramount importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Socioeconomic status (SES) at different points in a child's lifetime may have different effects on health outcomes. This study aimed to examine longitudinal associations between SES and psychosocial problems in preschool children (n = 2509, Mage = 24.2 ± 1.3 months). The psychosocial problems of children were assessed using the Brief Infant–Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment at age 2 years and age 3 years and categorized as having yes/no psychosocial problems. Four groups of pattern of presence/absence of psychosocial problems between age 2 and 3 years were classified: (1) 'no problems', (2) 'problems at age two', (3) 'problems at age three', and (4) 'continuing problems'. Five indicators of SES (i.e., maternal education level, single-parent family, unemployment, financial problems, and neighborhood SES) were evaluated. Results showed around one-fifth (2Y = 20.0%, 3Y = 16.0%) of children had psychosocial problems. Multinomial logistic regression models revealed low and middle maternal education levels were associated with 'problems at age two'; low maternal education level and financial problems were associated with 'problems at age three'; low and middle maternal education level, single-parent family, and unemployment were associated with 'continuing problems'. No associations were observed between neighborhood SES and any pattern. Results suggest children in a lower SES, indicated by maternal education, single-parent family, and financial stress, had higher odds of developing and continuously having psychosocial problems in early childhood. These findings call for optimally timing interventions to reduce the impact of disadvantaged SES in early childhood on psychosocial health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the relationship between individuals' satisfaction with their social life and global life satisfaction during periods of economic prosperity and crisis, using data from the Panel of Social Inequalities in Catalonia, Spain (PaD 2001–2012). The study also investigates how this relationship varies across different social origins. Catalonia is a pertinent context due to its significant increase in inequality and unemployment during the 2008 Economic Crisis, positioning it among the most affected regions in Europe. The findings reveal that satisfaction with one's social life matters for global life satisfaction, even after accounting for individual and macro characteristics. However, contrary to the initial expectations, the study demonstrates that satisfaction with one's social life becomes less influential for global life satisfaction during the macroeconomic crisis, particularly among individuals from middle and low social origins. Furthermore, while a strong positive relationship exists between satisfaction with one's social life and global life satisfaction during times of economic prosperity for all social groups, a robust negative relationship emerges in periods of macroeconomic crisis for individuals from high social origins. The article offers several potential explanations for these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To estimate associations between suspected or diagnosed neurodevelopmental or behavioural problems in 7-year-old children and maternal unemployment at child age 7 and 10, in a Portuguese birth cohort. Methods: We evaluated 5754 mothers and their children of the population-based birth cohort Generation XXI in Porto, Portugal. Data on suspected and diagnosed child neurodevelopmental and behavioural problems (exposures)—learning, attention and language problems, externalising behaviours, developmental delay, autism spectrum disorders, and other neurodevelopmental problems—were retrieved at 7 years of age by interviewing caregivers. Maternal employment status (outcome) was collected at the 7- and 10-year follow-up waves. Robust Poisson regression models were used to estimate associations. Results: After adjustment for maternal and household characteristics, women were more likely to be unemployed at child age 10 if the child had, up to age 7, any of the following suspected problems: an autism spectrum disorder (PR = 1.73; 95% CI 1.07, 2.79), developmental delay (PR = 1.58; 95% CI 1.20, 2.06), externalising behaviours (PR = 1.29; 95% CI 1.11, 1.50) or learning problems (PR = 1.26; 95% CI 1.07, 1.48). When the exposure was restricted to clinically diagnosed disorders, the magnitude of associations remained similar but estimates were less precise. Associations with unemployment were stronger at child age 10 (prospective analyses), than at child age 7 (cross-sectional). Conclusion: Having a child with learning, developmental or behavioural problems, or an autism spectrum disorder up to age 7 was associated with maternal unemployment three years later, even in a less affluent European economy where the dual-earner family structure is often necessary to make ends meet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the endogenous choice of unit and ad valorem taxes in a model of tax competition with unemployment. Governments maximize objective functions that are a weighted sum of regional welfare and revenue. In the tax competition model, a high fixed wage rate generates unemployment and employment externalities. This effect can be either positive or negative because of freely mobile capital among regions. Without unemployment, revenue-maximizing governments choose unit taxes as their tax instrument to avoid revenue losses from intense tax competition under ad valorem taxes. However, with unemployment, positive employment externalities generate additional benefits for using ad valorem taxes to stimulate employment. Therefore, the present study shows that one region chooses an ad valorem tax, whereas the other chooses a unit tax, or that both governments use ad valorem taxes depending on employment externalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many countries suffer from skilled labor shortages in nursing. One way to increase the nurse labor supply is to raise their retention rates. Yet, though several studies exist on factors associated with the nurse labor supply at different levels, literature on factors associated with nurses' decisions to leave their occupation is relatively scarce. Based on German administrative data, I analyze the determinants of nurses' decisions to leave their profession. My results suggest that younger nurses, nurses in the social sector, and nurses working with smaller employers leave their occupation more often than their counterparts, irrespective of their specific nursing occupations and care settings. Nurses leave more often where more alternative occupational options are available. Nurses who have been unemployed and nurses who have been employed in a different field have a higher probability of leaving the occupation, whereas nurses who just finished vocational training only have a moderate propensity to leave. Female nurses leave less often if employed part time. Female nurses in part time leave even more seldom if they have children. A change in the hospital reimbursement system and introducing a nursing minimum wage during the first decade of the century did not change nurses' occupation durations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]