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Investigating grassland phenology and its relationship with climatic factors is crucial for understanding ecosystem responses to climate change. However, there have been few studies on the impact of soil moisture on grassland phenology. In this study, we extracted the green-up date in the Inner Mongolia grasslands, China, using the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data from the Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies (GIMMS) NDVI3g dataset (1982–2015) and the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (2001–2015). We investigated the spatiotemporal pattern of the green-up date and its relationship with four climatic factors, including growing degree days, chilling days, soil moisture, and solar radiation. Most areas (67.1%) exhibited a trend towards earlier green-up date, but the significant trends (p < 0.05) were only found in 13.4% of the areas. For both datasets, the pixels with a negative regression coefficient of soil moisture accounted for more than 87% of the total area (more than 21% significantly, p < 0.05). Regarding the other factors, the sign of regression coefficients was not consistent among pixels. Thus, soil moisture correlated more significantly with the green-up date in temperate grasslands compared with the other climatic factors. This study provides the scientific basis for better understanding the mechanism of phenological response to climate change in temperate grasslands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]