Search

Previous studies on the relationship between zinc and metabolic syndrome (MetS) have yielded inconsistent results. This comprehensive study aimed to elaborately explore the impact of zinc on MetS risk factors. The bi-directional Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses were performed to estimate the causal relationship between zinc and MetS risk factors. Additionally, a retrospective cross-sectional study incorporated 4389 subjects to provide a broader perspective in conjunction with the MR analyses. In the MR analyses, genetically instrumented zinc was positively associated with five of the MetS components in Europeans, including BMI, FBG, HbA1c, TC, and LDL-c (β (95%CI) = 0.023 (0.019–0.027), 0.019 (0.013–0.025), 0.041 (0.022–0.060), 0.027 (0.013–0.042), and 0.018 (0.010–0.026), respectively). In the cross-sectional study, higher concentration of zinc was strongly associated with increased BMI, LDL-c, and UA (β (95%CI) = 0.040 (0.010–0.085), 0.026 (0.018–0.035), and 1.529 (0.614–2.445), respectively). Moreover, these unfavorable associations were more obvious in women compared to men, with a borderline significant interaction effect for BMI (P=0.051). Our study showed that higher blood concentration of zinc, an essential trace element, was associated with unfavorable changes of the component metabolic risk factors of MetS, especially with BMI and LDL-c. Notably, these associations seemed to be more pronounced in women rather than in men. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the role of zinc status in the underlying mechanisms of MetS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease often associated with hyperlipidemia. High low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc), high triglyceride, and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc) form the atherogenic lipoprotein profile. In this study, we examined how exenatide, a glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) analog, affects lipid profile and atherogenic indices in patients with diabetes. Methods: 100 patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) participated in this retrospective study. Clinical and laboratory data of the patients were obtained before exenatide treatment and at the 12th week. From the lipid profile, Atherogenicity Plasma Index (AIP), Castelli Risk Index I (CRI-I), Castelli Risk Index II (CRI-II), Atherogenic Coefficient (AC), triglyceride (TG)/HDLc, TG- Glucose index (TyG) and TyG-Body Mass Index (BMI) data were calculated. Results: There was a significant improvement in body weight (BW), BMI, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and conventional lipid profile after exenatide treatment. Statistically, significant decreases were observed in atherogenicity indices TyG index, TyG-BMI index, CRI-I, CRI-II, AIP, and AC indices (p < 0.05). This improvement in TG/HDLc, TyG index, CRI-I, CRI-II, AIP and AC indices was independent of HbA1c and BMI. Especially in patients with BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2, TyG-BMI index (p:0.01), a statistically significant decrease was observed in TyG index, TyG-BMI index, CRI-I, and AIP values in patients with HbA1c ≥8% (p:0.001, p:0.016, p:0.047, p:0.008). Conclusion: In addition to its commonly known effects such as lowering FPG levels and weight loss, exenatide has been observed to have a positive effect on traditional lipid profiles and atherogenicity-related indices. In addition to its antidiabetic effect, it should be considered in diabetic patients in treatment options for atherosclerotic cardiovascular prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to investigate erectile dysfunction and associated factors in diabetic patients. Three hundred two patients aged 30–69 and diagnosed with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) at the internal diseases clinic of a Turkish hospital between January and July 2023 were included in this descriptive, cross-sectional study. The patients' anthropometric and demographic characteristics, blood lipid and glucose levels, and blood testosterone values were examined. All patients completed the shortened version of the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression analysis were applied. The incidence of erectile dysfunction in the patients with type 2 DM was 54.3%. The patients' mean age was 48.89 ± 7.87 years. The majority were obese (53.0%) and had comorbidities (66.2%). Duration of diabetes was longer among the patients with erectile dysfunction than in those without (mean duration of DM 84.86 ± 42.49 years and 71.05 ± 25.58 years, respectively, p: 0.001). No diabetes-related complications were observed in 67.2% of the patients, while glycemic control was weak in 44.4% (HbA1c < 7%). Increased body mass index (p = 0.009), lack of physical activity, HbA1C elevation, and low testosterone levels (p < 0.001) emerged as independent indicators of erectile dysfunction (p < 0.05). Erectile dysfunction is very prevalent in diabetic men. The Condition is also increasingly significant as an early clinical indicator for patients with cardiovascular disease. Erectile dysfunction evaluation and management should constitute a standard component in addition to routine laboratory investigation in internal diseases clinics. Clinicians should screen patients with longer durations of diabetes more frequently and refer them for treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Fucoxanthin extract (FX) is a type of carotenoid with a beneficial effect against obesity. The purpose of this study was to explore its precise action mechanism of losing weight. Methods: A high-fat diet induced obesity mouse model was established to study the effects of different doses of FX on C57BL/6J male mice for 12 weeks. Following intervention, serum indices, tissue sections, liver gene expression, and intestinal microorganisms were analyzed. Results: FX at low, medium, and high dosages (80, 160, and 320 mg/kg/day, respectively) for 12 weeks was associated with the lower body weight of mice when compared to that of high-fat-diet fed mice. It also improved glucose tolerance as well as serum lipid levels, and reduced fat accumulation. Significant regulation of bile acid metabolism and intestinal microbiota may contribute to the above effects. The bile acids in the FXH group were significantly increased. A low-dose and a medium-dose FX increased the level of transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5); a low-dose and high-dose FX increased the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) expression, and a medium-dose had no effect. 16S rRNA sequencing indicated that the Lachnospiraceae and Oscillospiraceae contributed to the beneficial effects of FX. Conclusion: Our study sheds light on mechanisms behind the weight-lowering of FX, and manifested that bile acid metabolism and gut microbiota may be potential therapies. These results support that FX is a valuable candidate for promoting health and alleviating obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Individuals with vitamin D (VD) insufficiency have a greater tendency to develop obesity and have increased systemic inflammation. Gut microbiota are involved in the regulation of host inflammation and energy metabolism, which plays a role in the pathogenesis of obesity. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the effects of different doses of VD3 on body weight, serum lipids, inflammatory factors, and intestinal barrier function in obese mice and to explore the regulatory effect of VD3 on gut microbiota in obese mice. Methods: Male C57BL/6 J mice received a normal chow diet (NCD, 10% fat) or high-fat diet (HFD, 60% fat) to induce obesity within 10 weeks. Then, HFD mice were supplemented with 5650, 8475, or 11,300 IU VD3/kg diet for 8 weeks. Finally, 16 s rRNA analysis was performed to analyze gut microbiota composition in cecal contents. In addition, body weight, serum lipids, inflammatory factors, and intestinal barrier function were analyzed. Results: VD3 supplementation reduced body weight and the levels of TG, TC, HDL-C, TNF-α, IL-1β and LPS, and increased ZO-1 in HFD-fed mice. Moreover, it increased α-diversity, reduced F/B ratio and altered microbiota composition by increasing relative abundance of Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Desulfovibrio, Dehalobacterium, Odoribacter, and Parabacteroides and reducing relative abundance of Firmicutes and Ruminococcus. There were significant differences between HFD and NCD groups in several metabolic pathways, including endotoxin biosynthesis, tricarboxylic acid cycle, lipid synthesis and metabolism, and glycolysis. Conclusions: Low, medium, and high doses of VD3 inhibited weight gain, reduced levels of blood lipids and inflammatory factors, and improved endotoxemia and gut barrier function in obese mice. It also increased the α-diversity of gut microbiota in obese mice and reduced the relative abundance of some intestinal pathogenic bacteria, increased the relative abundance of some beneficial bacteria, and corrected the intestinal flora disorder of obese mice, with the low- and high-dose groups showing better effects than the medium-dose group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dyslipidemia is a crucial risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. However, there is limited data available on the differences in the prevalence of dyslipidemia between rural and urban populations in India. The aim of the present investigation is to describe the prevalence of dyslipidemia and the risk factors associated with adverse lipid profiles among adults residing in rural, sub-urban, and urban areas of India, and to assess its association with diabetes and hypertension. Methods: We enrolled adults over the age of 20 who lived in three distinct demographic areas in South India: rural, sub-urban, and urban. Data on demographics, lifestyle, disease history, family history, body weight, height, waist circumference, blood pressure, and clinical characteristics were collected for this study. We used chi-square tests and multivariable logistic regression to analyze demographic prevalence and risk factors related to lipid abnormalities among study participants. Results: This study enrolled 2976 randomly selected participants from rural, sub-urban, and urban communities in Tamil Nadu, India. Of these, 865 (29.1%) were rural residents, 1030 (34.6%) were sub-urban residents, and 1081 (36.3%) were urban residents. About 80% of women who lived in the suburban area had higher rates of low-HDL cholesterol. Compared to sub-urban (29.9%, 49%, and 21.1%) and rural (33.4%, 43.4%, and 24.1%) populations, urban populations had higher prevalence rates of hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and elevated LDL-C (37.3%, 52.5%, and 38.6%), respectively. Men were more likely than women to develop dyslipidemia before the age of 40, but after that age, men showed a reduced risk of dyslipidemia than women, except for low HDL cholesterol. Age group, gender, current drinker, overweight, obesity, diabetes, and hypertension showed a significant association (p < 0.05) with dyslipidemia. Conclusions: The study found that more than 85% of the sub-urban and urban population had dyslipidemia (at least one lipid abnormality) compared to rural residents (78.5%). The prevalence rates were higher among those with diabetes and hypertension in urban residents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose was to compare the effects of diet and exercise and laser interference and maneuver on anthropometric parameters and blood effects of object agents. The study was a randomized controlled longitudinal study. It included 45 adolescents from both sexes who were divided randomly into two groups: one group was treated with low calorie diet and exercise as group A and group B was treated with low calorie diet, exercise, and laser acupuncture. All parameters and blood samples were done before and after the interventions. Group A showed a highly significant reduction post intervention in anthropometric parameters: triceps skin fold thickness (SFT), biceps SFT, subscapular SFT, suprailiac SFT, abdominal SFT, mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), waist C, and hip C, except for waste/hip (W/H) ratio which showed no significant difference,p > 0.05 and some lipid profiles (cholesterol, LDL) with p < 0.001 Whereas, a significant decrease in TG was observed (p < 0.05). On the other hand, a significant increase in HDL was observed (p < 0.05). Group B (LCD + exercise + LA) showed a highly significant reduction post intervention in anthropometric parameters: triceps SFT, biceps SFT, subscapular SFT, suprailiac SFT, abdominal SFT, MUAC, waist C, and Hip C, except for W/H ratio which showed no significant difference,p > 0.05 and lipid profile: cholesterol, LDL, and TG with (p < 0.001), whereas a highly significant increase in HDL was observed (p < 0.001). The current study revealed a significant difference between group A and group B regarding the percentage of change, where the highest values were found in group B compared to group A, in anthropometric parameters (weight, BMI, subscapular SFT, MUAC, waist circumference) and some lipid profiles (LDL and HDL) with p < 0.05. Laser acupuncture was a safe, easy, and more effective tool with extra effect in management of obesity when added to diet and exercise on anthropometric parameters and lipid profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of the present study was to assess the impact of the daily consumption of bread enriched with hydroxytyrosol on HbA1c and blood lipid levels, inflammatory markers and weight loss. Methods: Sixty adults with overweight/obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (29 male, 31 female) participated in a 12-week dietary intervention based on the Mediterranean diet and consumed daily 60 g of conventional whole wheat bread (WWB) or whole wheat bread enriched with hydroxytyrosol (HTB). Anthropometric characteristics were measured and venous blood samples were collected at baseline and at the end of the intervention. Results: Both groups experienced significant weight loss, body fat and waist circumference decrease (p < 0.001). Nonetheless, a greater body fat mass decrease was observed in the HTB group compared to the WWB group (14.4 ± 1.6 vs 10.2 ± 1.1%, p = 0.038). Significant reductions were also reported in fasting glucose, HbA1c and blood pressure in both groups (p < 0.05). Regarding glucose and HbA1c, greater decreases were observed in the intervention group (101.4 ± 19.9 vs. 123.2 ± 43.4 mg/dL, p = 0.015 and 6.0 ± 0.6 vs. 6.4 ± 0.9%, p = 0.093, respectively). At HTB group, significant reductions in blood lipid, insulin, TNF-αand adiponectin levels (p < 0.05) and a marginally significant reduction in leptin levels (p = 0.081) were also reported. Conclusion: Enrichment of bread with HT resulted in significant body fat mass reduction and positive effects on fasting glucose, insulin and HbA1c levels. It also contributed to reductions in inflammatory markers and blood lipid levels. Incorporation of HT in staple foods, like bread, may improve their nutritional profile and, in terms of a balanced diet, may contribute to the management of chronic diseases. Trial registration: The study was prospectively registered in clinicaltrials.gov (24th May 2021). ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04899791. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Decrease in muscle mass, as a rule, develops with the aging of the body, but in obesity the signs of decrease in mass and functional activity of the skeletal muscles are also registered, which requires experimental research. The aim of the work was to study the effect of diet-induced obesity and health variants of its correction on mass-metric and metabolic tissue parameters of musculus triceps surae in male Wistar rats. The experiments were carried out on sexually mature male Wistar rats and included the study of mass-metric, metabolic and hormonal indices characterizing the state of muscle tissue under the standard (Std, 16 weeks) and high-caloric diet (HCD, 16 weeks), during the transition from HCD to standard diet (HCD/StD, 8/8 weeks), when physical activity in the form of running on a treadmill was added (StD + running, HCD + running and HCD/StD + running, 8/8). Prolonged high-caloric diet led to the development of visceral obesity and decreased musculus triceps surae mass in male Wistar rats. Metabolic shifts were registered in the skeletal muscles during HCD, such as an increase in glucose, lactate, lactate dehydrogenase activity, and lipid peroxidation. Visceral obesity was accompanied by a decrease in serum testosterone content, but the concentration of the hormone in muscle tissue remained relatively stable. Application of moderate physical activity in HCD did not lead to correction of visceral fat mass, did not prevent decrease in muscle mass, but caused normalization of biochemical indices in muscle tissue and serum testosterone level. The most adequate correction of visceral obesity, muscle mass and biochemical indices in muscle tissue in male rats was achieved by switching from a high-caloric to a balanced diet regardless of physical activity. Thus, correction of diet-induced visceral obesity, muscle mass and associated metabolic shifts in male Wistar rats requires a transition to a balanced diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aim of this study is to assess for the change in progression of inflammatory, adiposity, and atherosclerotic markers in first degree relatives of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Methods: Normal glucose tolerant (NGT) individuals (20–40 years) who had positive family history of T2DM (FHP) were enrolled in this prospective study based on ADA 2015 criteria. Age, sex, and BMI matched controls without any history of diabetes in their parents referred as family history negative (FHN) were taken for comparison. At baseline, detailed clinical assessment and requisite blood/imaging investigations were done. All the available subjects from the original cohort (FHN-32 and FHP-46) were studied after 2 years with recording of the clinical, biochemical and imaging parameters. Results: A total of 64 cases (FHP) and 42 controls (FHN) were enrolled at baseline. FHP group had significantly higher hsCRP (p = 0.039) and cIMT (p = 0.003) than that of FHN group. No significant difference in the rate of conversion of NGT to prediabetes (using multiple criteria) was found after 2 years between the two groups. cIMT was increased significantly from baseline in FHP group than FHN group at the end of the study(0.02 ± 0.03 vs. 0.01 ± 0.02 mm, p = 0.002). But there was no significant difference for changes in glycemic status, lipid parameters, HOMA IR, hsCRP, and adiposity markers between the two groups at the end of the study. Conclusion: Despite no significant differences in change in glycemic parameters or rates of conversion from NGT to pre diabetes, cIMT increased significantly in the normoglycemic offspring of T2DM subjects than those without history of T2DM in their parents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Insulin resistance (IR) is closely associated with lipid accumulation. Here, we investigated the temporal relationship between the two conditions after bariatric surgery. Materials and Methods: In total, 409 participants were enrolled from three bariatric centers in China from 2009 to 2018. We evaluated whether baseline IR (proxied by homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR)) and lipid accumulation (proxied by visceral adiposity index (VAI) and lipid accumulation product (LAP)) were associated with follow-up IR and lipid accumulation (3 months postoperatively) using linear regression models. We then conducted a cross-lagged panel analysis model to simultaneously examine the bidirectional relationship between IR and lipid accumulation. Results: Multivariable linear regression analyses showed that baseline HOMA-IR was associated with follow-up VAI (β = 0.430, 95% CI: 0.082–0.778, p = 0.016) and LAP (β = 0.070, 95% CI: 0.010–0.130, p = 0.022). There was no relationship between baseline lipid accumulation and follow-up IR. Further cross-lagged panel analyses indicated that the path coefficient from baseline HOMA-IR to follow-up VAI (β2 = 0.145, p = 0.003) was significantly greater than the coefficient from baseline VAI to follow-up HOMA-IR (β1 = − 0.013, p = 0.777). Similarly, the path coefficient from baseline HOMA-IR to follow-up LAP (β2 = 0.141, p = 0.003) was significantly greater than the coefficient from baseline LAP to follow-up HOMA-IR (β1 = 0.041, p = 0.391). Conclusion: Our study demonstrated a unidirectional relationship from HOMA-IR to VAI and LAP, suggesting that the change in IR may precede lipid accumulation after surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To examine the associations of healthy dietary patterns with cardiometabolic biomarkers and all-cause mortality among individuals with prediabetes. Methods: This cohort study included 8363 adults with prediabetes from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2014. Healthy dietary patterns including Alternate Healthy Eating Index-2010 (AHEI-2010), Alternate Mediterranean Diet score (AMED), Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension score (DASH), and Healthy Eating Index-2015 (HEI-2015) were calculated based on 24-h dietary recall data. Mortality status was obtained by linkage to National Death Index records. Cardiometabolic biomarkers, including blood glucose, insulin, HbA1c, C-reactive protein (CRP), and lipids, were measured at recruitment. Results: During 61,991 person-years of follow-up, 991 deaths occurred. Comparing the extreme quartiles, the multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for all-cause mortality were 0.65 (0.49, 0.85) for AHEI-2010 (P-trend = 0.002), 0.68 (0.50, 0.92) for AMED (P-trend = 0.004), 0.72 (0.53, 0.98) for DASH (P-trend = 0.03), and 0.78 (0.58, 1.05) for HEI-2015 (P-trend = 0.08). Besides, the HRs (95% CIs) for all-cause mortality per 20-percentile increment in scores were 0.78 (0.67, 0.90) for AHEI-2010 (P = 0.001), 0.73 (0.62, 0.86) for AMED (P < 0.001), 0.84 (0.69, 1.02) for DASH (P = 0.08), and 0.86 (0.74, 1.00) for HEI-2015 (P = 0.04). In addition, higher dietary scores were associated with favorable blood glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, blood lipids, and CRP (all P-trend < 0.05). The high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and CRP explained 1.53–9.21% of the associations between dietary patterns and all-cause mortality (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Diets with higher AHEI-2010, AMED, DASH, and HEI-2015 were associated with improved cardiometabolic factors and lower all-cause mortality among individuals with prediabetes. These findings suggest that multiple healthy dietary patterns instead of a one-size-fits-all diet plan might be beneficial and acceptable for individuals with prediabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study determined the relationship between physical activity (PA), circulating lipids throughout pregnancy and infant anthropometric outcomes at birth and 2 weeks of age. Methods: Women (N = 234) with normal weight (NW, BMI 18.5–24.9 kg/m2) and with overweight and class I obesity (OW/OB, BMI 25–35 kg/m2) were categorized into high and low PA based on average cohort steps during pregnancy (8099 steps/day). Circulating fasting lipids were measured at each trimester. Standardized methods were used to obtain anthropometrics measures. Infant body composition was estimated by quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance (EchoMRI-AH small; ECHO Medical Systems). Results: Women with NW who had higher activity had lower circulating triglycerides (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) levels at 12 weeks compared to women with NW and low activity (p < 0.05). Women with OW/OB and high activity level throughout pregnancy had lower circulating TG, and low density lipoprotein (LDL), at 12 weeks, lower LDL at 24 weeks, and lower TG at 36 weeks compared to the women with OW/OB who had low activity levels (p < 0.05). For children born to women with OW/OB, maternal circulating TG and LDL were most associated with infant anthropometrics at 2 weeks of age. Conclusion: This study supports that higher PA during pregnancy is associated with lower lipid levels throughout pregnancy with a greater effect size in women with OW/OB. Maternal lipids were associated with anthropometrics and infant body composition at two weeks of life in women with OW/OB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a risk factor for prostate cancer (PCa) progression. Thus, this life-threatening disease demands a proactive treatment strategy. Andrographis paniculata (AP) is a promising candidate with various medicinal properties. However, the bioactivity of AP is influenced by its processing conditions especially the extraction solvent. Objective: In the present study, bioassay-guided screening technique was employed to identify the best AP extract in the management of MetS, PCa, and MetS-PCa co-disease in vitro. Methods: Five AP extracts by different solvent systems; APE1 (aqueous), APE2 (absolute methanol), APE3 (absolute ethanol), APE4 (40% methanol), and APE5 (60% ethanol) were screened through their phytochemical profile, in-vitro anti-cancer, anti-obese, and anti-hyperglycemic properties. The best extract was further tested for its potential in MetS-induced PCa progression. Results: APE2 contained the highest andrographolide (1.34 ± 0.05 mg/mL) and total phenolic content (8.85 ± 0.63 GAE/gDW). However, APE3 has the highest flavonoid content (11.52 ± 0.80 RE/gDW). APE2 was also a good scavenger of DPPH radicals (EC50 = 397.0 µg/mL). In cell-based assays, among all extracts, APE2 exhibited the highest antiproliferative activity (IC50 = 57.5 ± 11.8 µg/mL) on DU145 cancer cell line as well as on its migration activity. In in-vitro anti-obese study, all extracts significantly reduced lipid formation in 3T3-L1 cells. The highest insulin-sensitizing and -mimicking actions were exerted by both APE2 and APE3. Taken together, APE2 showed collectively good activity in the inhibition of PCa progression and MetS manifestation in vitro, compared to other extracts. Therefore, APE2 was further investigated for its potential to intervene DU145 progression induced with leptin (10–100 ng/mL) and adipocyte conditioned media (CM) (10% v/v). Interestingly, APE2 significantly diminished the progression of the cancer cell that has been pre-treated with leptin and CM through cell cycle arrest at S phase and induction of cell death. Conclusion: In conclusion, AP extracts rich with andrographolide has the potential to be used as an alternative to ameliorate PCa progression induced by factors highly expressed in MetS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While midlife adiposity is a risk factor for dementia, adiposity in late-life appears to be associated with lower risk. What drives the associations is poorly understood, especially the inverse association in late-life. Using results from genome-wide association studies, we identified inflammation and lipid metabolism as biological pathways involved in both adiposity and dementia. To test if these factors mediate the effect of midlife and/or late-life adiposity on dementia, we then used cohort data from the Swedish Twin Registry, with measures of adiposity and potential mediators taken in midlife (age 40–64, n = 5999) or late-life (age 65–90, n = 7257). Associations between body-mass index (BMI), waist-hip ratio (WHR), C-reactive protein (CRP), lipid levels, and dementia were tested in survival and mediation analyses. Age was used as the underlying time scale, and sex and education included as covariates in all models. Fasting status was included as a covariate in models of lipids. One standard deviation (SD) higher WHR in midlife was associated with 25% (95% CI 2–52%) higher dementia risk, with slight attenuation when adjusting for BMI. No evidence of mediation through CRP or lipid levels was present. After age 65, one SD higher BMI, but not WHR, was associated with 8% (95% CI 1–14%) lower dementia risk. The association was partly mediated by higher CRP, and suppressed when high-density lipoprotein levels were low. In conclusion, the negative effects of midlife adiposity on dementia risk were driven directly by factors associated with body fat distribution, with no evidence of mediation through inflammation or lipid levels. There was an inverse association between late-life adiposity and dementia risk, especially where the body's inflammatory response and lipid homeostasis is intact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background /purpose: Leptin—a protein hormone that plays vital role in the regulation of glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity, involved in regulating the circadian rhythms of gonadotropic, thyrotropic and adrenal axes in the endocrine system. This cross-sectional study was undertaken to correlate serum leptin levels and other demographic and biochemical parameters between prediabetic cases and control subjects of Kashmiri population. Furthermore, association of serum leptin levels with various demographic and biochemical parameters along with insulin resistance in pre-diabetic subjects was elucidated. In our study, pre-diabetic cases (n = 212) and healthy controls (n = 196) were enrolled. Methods: All study subjects underwent anthropometric assessment. Serum samples of all study subjects were analysed for biochemical parameters employing the principle of spectrophotometry and leptin levels using sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Insulin levels of prediabetic cases were deduced by chemiluminescent micro particle immunoassay (CMIA) technology and thereby calculating their insulin resistance. Results: The cases had statistically increased leptin levels, lipid profile and obesity as compared to controls (p ≤ 0.05). Our study, showed a positive correlation between elevated leptin levels and increased lipid levels (total cholesterol, triglycerides; TG and very low density lipoproteins-cholesterol; VLDL-C) in prediabetics (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Beyond adiposity, leptin levels may increase the risk of pre-diabetes in Kashmiri population. Since the secretion, estimation and measurements of leptins are modest in contrast to insulin levels; therefore, leptin levels can also be included in the routine measurement as an indicator of metabolic syndrome and/or T2DM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The current study aimed to investigate the effects of legumes inclusion in the hypocaloric dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) diet on fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight and obese patients with type 2 diabetes over 16 weeks. Also, the modulatory effects of rs7903146 variant in the transcription factor 7 like 2 (TCF7L2) gene that is associated with the risk of diabetes, were assessed on these cardiometabolic risk factors. Methods: This study was a randomized controlled trial. Three-hundred participants, aged 30–65 years, whose TCF7L2 rs7903146 genotype was determined, were studied. The participants were randomly assigned to receive either the hypocaloric DASH diet or a hypocaloric legume-based DASH diet. The primary outcome was the difference in FPG change from baseline until the 16-week follow-up between the two dietary interventions. The secondary outcomes were differences in insulin resistance and lipid profile changes between the dietary intervention diets. Results: A reduction in FPG, insulin, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), triglyceride, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) was observed at week 16 in both hypocaloric dietary interventions. Compared to the DASH diet, the legume-based DASH diet decreased the FPG and HOMA-IR. There is no interaction between rs7903146 and intervention diets on glycemic parameters. Conclusion: The DASH diet, enrich in legumes, could improve the glycemic parameters in participants with type 2 diabetes, regardless of having rs7903146 risk or non-risk allele. Registration number of Clinical Trial: Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT) (code: IRCT20090203001640N17). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The perceived benefits and risks associated with seed oil intake remain controversial, with a limited number of studies investigating the impact of intake on a range of compounds used as cardiometabolic markers. This study aimed to explore the proteomic and cardiometabolic effects of commonly consumed seed oils in the UK, with different fatty acid profiles. Methods: In a parallel randomised control design, healthy adults (n = 84), aged 25–72 with overweight or obesity were randomised to one of three groups: control (habitual diet, CON); 20 mL rapeseed oil per day (RO), or 20 mL sunflower oil per day (SO). Blood, spot urine and anthropometric measures were obtained at 0, 6 and 12 weeks. Proteomic biomarkers analysis was conducted for coronary arterial disease (CAD) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) using capillary electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry (CE-MS). Blood lipids, fasting blood glucose, glycative/oxidative stress and inflammatory markers were also analysed. Results: No differences in change between time points were observed between groups for CAD or CKD peptide fingerprint scores. No change was detected within groups for CAD or CKD scores. No detectable differences were observed between groups at week 6 or 12 for the secondary outcomes, except median 8-isoprostane, ~ 50% higher in the SO group after 12-weeks compared to RO and CON groups (p = 0.03). Conclusion: The replacement of habitual fat with either RO or SO for 12 weeks does not lead to an improvement or worsening in cardiovascular health markers in people with overweight or obesity. Trial registration: Trial registration clinicaltrials.gov NCT04867629, retrospectively registered 30/04/2021. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

H2S is generated in the adipose tissue by cystathionine γ-lyase, cystathionine β-synthase, and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3-MST). H2S plays multiple roles in the regulation of various metabolic processes, including insulin resistance. H2S biosynthesis also occurs in adipocytes. Aging is known to be associated with a decline in H2S. Therefore, the question arises whether endogenous H2S deficiency may affect the process of adipocyte maturation and lipid accumulation. Among the three H2S-generating enzymes, the role of 3-MST is the least understood in adipocytes. Here we tested the effect of the 3-MST inhibitor 2-[(4-hydroxy-6-methylpyrimidin-2-yl)sulfanyl]-1-(naphthalen-1-yl)ethan-1-one (HMPSNE) and the H2S donor (GYY4137) on the differentiation and adipogenesis of the adipocyte-like cells 3T3-L1 in vitro. 3T3-L1 cells were differentiated into mature adipocytes in the presence of GYY4137 or HMPSNE. HMPSNE significantly enhanced lipid accumulation into the maturing adipocytes. On the other hand, suppressed lipid accumulation was observed in cells treated with the H2S donor. 3-MST inhibition increased, while H2S donation suppressed the expression of various H2S-producing enzymes during adipocyte differentiation. 3-MST knockdown also facilitated adipocytic differentiation and lipid uptake. The underlying mechanisms may involve impairment of oxidative phosphorylation and fatty acid oxidation as well as the activation of various differentiation-associated transcription factors. Thus, the 3-MST/H2S system plays a tonic role in suppressing lipid accumulation and limiting the differentiation of adipocytes. Stimulation of 3-MST activity or supplementation of H2S—which has been recently linked to various experimental therapeutic approaches during aging—may be a potential experimental approach to counteract adipogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The importance of muscular fitness (MF) in the performance of activities of daily living is unequivocal. Additionally, emerging evidence has shown MF can reduce cardiometabolic risk in children and adolescents. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine and summarize the evidence regarding the relationship between MF phenotypes (i.e., maximum muscular strength/power, muscular endurance, and maximum muscular strength/power/endurance) and cardiometabolic variables (obesity, blood pressure, lipids, glucose homeostasis, inflammatory markers, and clustered cardiometabolic variables) in children and adolescents. Design: This systematic review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement and was registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42020179273. Data Sources: A systematic review was performed on five databases (PubMed, EMBASE, SciELO, Scopus, and Web of Knowledge) from database inception to May 2020, with complementary searches in reference lists. Eligibility Criteria for Selecting Studies: Eligibility criteria included (1) a study sample of youth aged ≤ 19 years, (2) an assessment of MF with individual or clustered cardiometabolic variables derived from adjusted models (regardless of test/measurement adopted or direction of reported association), and (3) a report of the association between both, using observational studies. Only original articles published in peer-reviewed journals in English, Portuguese, and Spanish languages were considered. The quality of the included studies was assessed by using the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute checklist. The percentage of results reporting a statistically significant inverse association between each MF phenotype and cardiometabolic variables was calculated. Results: Of the 23,686 articles initially identified, 96 were included (77 cross-sectional and 19 longitudinal), with data from children and adolescents from 35 countries. The score for the quality of evidence ranged from 0.33 to 0.92 (1.00 maximum). MF assessed by maximum muscular strength/power was inversely associated with lower obesity (64/113 total results (56.6%)) and reduction in clustered cardiometabolic risk (28/48 total results (58.3%)). When assessed by muscular endurance, an inverse association with obesity (30/44 total results (68.1%)) and cardiometabolic risk (5/8 total results (62.5%)) was identified. Most of the results for the relationship between MF phenotypes with blood pressure, lipids, glucose homeostasis, and inflammatory markers indicated a paucity of evidence for these interrelationships (percentage of results below 50.0%). Conclusion: MF assessed by maximum muscular strength/power or muscular endurance is potentially associated with lower obesity and lower risk related to clustered cardiometabolic variables in children and adolescents. There is limited support for an inverse association between MF with blood pressure, lipids, glucose homeostasis biomarkers, and inflammatory markers in children and adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipids are high energy, complex biomolecular compounds essential for cellular and organellar membrane formation. Accumulation of circulatory lipids is however associated with pathophysiological conditions including cardiometabolic disorders, diabetic dyslipidemia and obesity. Epidemiological studies have correlated heavy-metal exposure with dyslipidemias and metabolic syndrome. Here, we review the role of cadmium, lead, mercury and arsenic on inducing dyslipidemias through lipid metabolism dysregulation, with focus on metal effects on lipogenic genes, gut microbiome and endocrine secretion. The main gene transcription factors impaired by heavy metals are CCAAT-enhancer binding protein, peroxisome proliferative-activated receptor, sterol regulatory element binding protein, carbohydrate responsive element binding protein and liver × receptor. These factors regulate genes responsible for β-oxidation, de novo lipogenesis, and the synthesis and transport of fatty acids, cholesterol, phospholipids and triglycerides. Dysregulated lipid profiles in organisms exposed to metals show higher cholesterol and triglycerides, very low-density lipoprotein and non-high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, with a corresponding low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Hormones and gut microbiome are also impaired by heavy-metal exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This cross-sectional research was undertaken to determine the serum levels of asprosin, a novel white adipose tissue-derived glucogenic adipokine, in epileptic patients on valproic acid treatment. Methods: Sixty-six patients diagnosed with idiopathic tonic–clonic generalized epilepsy were divided into three groups: those treated with valproic acid (n = 22), those treated with lamotrigine (n = 22), and twenty-two newly diagnosed or untreated patients. A control group was twenty-two, healthy volunteers with a similar distribution of gender and age. Body mass index (BMI) and fasting serum levels of asprosin, glucose, glycohemoglobin (HbA1c), insulin, and lipid profile were measured for both patients and control groups. Additionally, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was also calculated for the investigated groups. Results: The mean BMI values and fasting serum levels of glucose, HbA1c, insulin, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and triglyceride were much higher in subjects treated with valproic acid than those in the other study groups. Furthermore, a higher number of participants in the valproic acid group fulfilled the insulin resistance criterion (defined as HOMA-IR > 2.5) compared with those in other study groups. The mean fasting serum asprosin concentration was also significantly higher in the valproic acid group than in other study groups. This was while the values of the study parameters were comparable in the healthy, un-treated, and lamotrigine groups. Conclusions: Our finding suggested that elevated asprosin level might be one of the pathological mechanisms involved in the development of obesity, insulin resistance, and metabolic disturbances related to valproic acid treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the protective effects of modified Linggui Zhugan Decoction (加味苓桂术甘汤, MLZD), a traditional Chinese medicine formula, on obese type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rats. Methods: Fifty Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 5 groups by a random number table, including normal, obese T2DM (ob-T2DM), MLZD low-dose [MLDZ-L, 4.625 g/(kg·d)], MLZD middle-dose [MLD-M, 9.25 g/(kg·d) ] and MLZD high-dose [MLD-H, 18.5 g/(kg·d)] groups, 10 rats in each group. After 4-week intervention, blood samples and liver, pancreas, muscle tissues were collected to assess the insulin resistance (IR), blood lipid, adipokines and inflammation cytokines. The alteration of phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K)-protein kinase B (PKB or Akt)/the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-ribosome protein subunit 6 kinase 1 (S6K1)/AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1 α) pathways were also studied. Results: MLZD dose-dependently reduced fasting blood glucose, fasting insulin, homeostasis model of assessment for IR index and increased insulin sensitive index compared with ob-T2DM rats (P<0.05). Similarly, total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and free fatty acids were also decreased compared with ob-T2DM rats after 4-week treatment (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Improvements in adipokines and inflammatory cytokines were observed with a raised level of adiponectin and a reduced level of leptin, resistin, tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 (P<0.05 or P<0.01). MLZD regulated the PI3K-Akt/mTOR-S6K1/AMPK-PGC-1 α pathways and restored the tissue structure of liver and pancreas (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Conclusions: MLZD ameliorated glycolipid metabolism and inflammation, which may be attributed to the regulation of PI3K-Akt/mTOR-S6K1/AMPK-PGC-1 α pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypertension and cardiovascular disease are risk factors for chronic kidney disease (CKD) and kidney failure. Chronic, low-grade inflammation is recognized as a major pathogenic mechanism that underlies the association between CKD and obesity, impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance and diabetes, through interaction between resident and/or circulating immune cells with parenchymal cells. Thus, considerable interest exists in approaches that target inflammation as a strategy to manage CKD. The initial phase of the inflammatory response to injury or metabolic dysfunction reflects the release of pro-inflammatory mediators including peptides, lipids and cytokines, and the recruitment of leukocytes. In self-limiting inflammation, the evolving inflammatory response is coupled to distinct processes that promote the resolution of inflammation and restore homeostasis. The discovery of endogenously generated lipid mediators - specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators and branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids - which promote the resolution of inflammation and attenuate the microvascular and macrovascular complications of obesity and diabetes mellitus highlights novel opportunities for potential therapeutic intervention through the targeting of pro-resolution, rather than anti-inflammatory pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Human sirtuins can be a powerful therapeutic target in preventing and treating obesity and age-related diseases. Some dietary components can modulate sirtuins' activity, such as resveratrol. This systematic review aimed to assess whether resveratrol (RSV), without other interventions, can stimulate sirtuins in the treatment of excess weight and its comorbidities. Methods: MEDLINE/Pubmed, EMBASE and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) were used for search eligible articles. Randomized clinical trials assessing RSV supplementation on changes in the sirtuins' gene expression/protein levels was the primary outcome. Other possible changes in cardiometabolic markers were considered the second outcome. Following PRISMA guidelines and using predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, two reviewers independently and in parallel screened, assessed the studies' quality, and compiled data. Disagreements were resolved by consensus or consulting a third author. Results: This review included seven randomized control trials. Four articles demonstrated a significant increase in SIRT-1 with different RSV dosages and interventions time. The secondary outcomes showed improvements in insulin sensitivity, lipid profile, metabolic flexibility, total antioxidant capacity, energy expenditure changes, and reduction of ectopic accumulation of fat. Conclusion: Data from RCTs studies showed that RSV supplementation could stimulate SIRT-1 in humans, and therefore contribute to the treatment of excess weight and its comorbidities. However, more research is needed because it was not possible to confirm this effect truly. [PROSPERO registration number: CRD42020205571] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The effect of manipulating the fatty acid profile of the diet over generations could affect the susceptibility to develop obesity and metabolic disorders. Although some acute effects were described, the impact of transgenerational continuous supplementation with omega 3 fatty acids on metabolic homeostasis and skeletal muscle metabolic flexibility during a nutritional stress is unknown. Methods: We analyzed the effect of an obesogenic diet in mice after transgenerational supplementation with an omega-3 rich oil (mainly EPA) or a control oil. Young F3 animals received a high fat and high sucrose diet for 4 months. Whole-body biometric data were recorded and lipidomic/transcriptomic adaptations were explored in the skeletal muscle. Results: F3 mice from the lineage supplemented with EPA gained less weight, fat mass, and exhibited better metabolic parameters after the obesogenic diet compared to mice from the control lineage. Transcriptomic exploration of skeletal muscle showed differential regulation of biological processes such as fibrosis, fatty acid catabolism, and inflammation between lineages. These adaptations were associated to subtle lipid remodeling of cellular membranes with an enrichment in phospholipids with omega 3 fatty acid in mice from the EPA lineage. Conclusion: Transgenerational and continuous intake of EPA could help to reduce cardiovascular and metabolic risks related to an unbalanced diet by the modulation of insulin sensitivity, fatty acid metabolism, and fibrosis in skeletal muscle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dyslipidemia is a major risk factor known to be associated with diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. This study determined the frequency of lipid abnormalities among type 2 diabetes patients. Methodology: A cross-sectional study using a convenient sampling method was conducted among 125 diabetes patients admitted or attending Ho Teaching Hospital in Ho between February 2019 and March 2019. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on demographics and health status of participants. Blood samples were taken from participants after 9–12 h of overnight fasting, and their serum lipid profiles were estimated. Results: The frequency of high total cholesterol (TC), low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), high triglycerides (TG), high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and high coronary risk ratio (CR) were 42%, 16%, 3%, 33%, and 78% respectively. The majority of the study participants had low risk atherogenicity, but the frequency of intermediate and high risk atherogenicity was 36% and 22% respectively. Also, most of the study participants were obese. Participants with secondary educational level had the highest frequency of dyslipidemia, while those with no educational background had the least. Conclusion: Dyslipidemia was very pronounced in the participants with elevated TC, TG, LDL-C, and low HDL-C supporting previous assertion that people with type 2 diabetes mellitus are prone to the development of lipid abnormalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blood eosinophil count is a useful measure in asthma or COPD management. Recent epidemiological studies revealed that body mass index (BMI) is positively associated with eosinophil counts. However, few studies focused on the role of adiposity and fatty acid-related metabolites on eosinophil counts, including the effect of genetic polymorphism. In this community-based study involving 8265 participants (30–74 year old) from Nagahama city, we investigated the relationship between eosinophil counts and serum levels of fatty acid-related metabolites. The role of MDC1, a gene that is related to eosinophil counts in our previous study and encodes a protein that is thought to be involved in the repair of deoxyribonucleic acid damage, was also examined taking into account its interaction with adiposity. Serum levels of linoleic acid (LA) and β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHB) were negatively associated with eosinophil counts after adjustment with various confounders; however, there were positive interactions between serum LA and BMI and between serum BHB and BMI/body fat percentages in terms of eosinophil counts. In never-smokers, there was positive interaction for eosinophil counts between the CC genotype of MDC1 rs4713354 and BMI/body fat percentages. In conclusion, both serum LA and BHB have negative impacts on eosinophil counts, while adiposity shows robust positive effects on eosinophil counts, partly via genetic background in never-smokers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internationally, studies have shown associations between lipids and glycemia; however, whether the link varies by gender and population has been rarely examined. We investigated relationships between glycemia and HDL- and Non-HDL-cholesterol and their modification by gender. We undertook a cross-sectional analysis from the National Health Examination Survey for Thailand (NHES-Thailand) and the Health Survey for England (HS-England) in adults aged 18–75 year. Glycaemia was assessed by FPG in Thailand and by HbA1c in the UK. In population- and gender-stratified analyses, the relationships between glycemia and lipids were explored. A total of 15,145 Thai and 3484 UK adults with blood measurement were included. The prevalences of prediabetes were: in NHES-Thailand, 16% (SE = 0.004), based on FPG (5.6 to < 7.0 mmol/L) and in HS-England, 19% (0.007) based on HbA1c (39 to < 48 mmol/mol). Increasingly abnormal glucose homeostasis was associated with increasing age, adiposity, SBP, proportion of antihypertensive and lipid-lowering agent use and with decreasing HDL-cholesterol. Independent of age, adiposity, smoking, alcohol, physical activity, and lipid and BP lowering drug use, increasing glycemia was associated with decreasing HDL-cholesterol specifically in women with prediabetes (NHES-Thailand, beta-coefficient − 0.07 (95% CI − 0.15, − 0.001) p = 0.04 and HS-England, − 0.03 (− 0.04, − 0.006) p = 0.01). In both populations, among those with prediabetes, increasing glycaemia is associated with an adverse, significant decline in HDL cholesterol, specifically in women. These adverse effects are apparent in widely-differing international populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To explore whether high intake of cod or salmon would affect gut microbiota profile, faecal output and serum concentrations of lipids and bile acids. Methods: Seventy-six adults with overweight/obesity with no reported gastrointestinal disease were randomly assigned to consume 750 g/week of either cod or salmon, or to avoid fish intake (Control group) for 8 weeks. Fifteen participants from each group were randomly selected for 72 h faeces collection at baseline and end point for gut microbiota profile analyses using 54 bacterial DNA probes. Food intake was registered, and fasting serum and morning urine were collected at baseline and end point. Results: Sixty-five participants were included in serum and urine analyses, and gut microbiota profile was analysed for 33 participants. Principal component analysis of gut microbiota showed an almost complete separation of the Salmon group from the Control group, with lower counts for bacteria in the Bacteroidetes phylum and the Clostridiales order of the Firmicutes phyla, and higher counts for bacteria in the Selenomonadales order of the Firmicutes phylum. The Cod group showed greater similarity to the Salmon group than to the Control group. Intake of fibres, proteins, fats and carbohydrates, faecal daily mass and output of fat, cholesterol and total bile acids, and serum concentrations of cholesterol, triacylglycerols, non-esterified fatty acids and total bile acids were not altered in the experimental groups. Conclusion: A high intake of cod or salmon fillet modulated gut microbiota but did not affect faecal output or serum concentrations of lipids and total bile acids. Clinical trial registration: This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02350595. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Overweight and obesity are associated with many health problems, including cardiovascular disease (CVD). Evidence from previous studies has shown that extracts from olive leaves rich in olive phenolics are able to positively affect CVD risk factors, such as high blood pressure and dyslipidemia. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 8-week olive leaf extract (OLE) administration on blood lipid profiles in overweight/obese subjects with mildly elevated cholesterol levels. Methods: In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 77 healthy adult overweight/obese subjects (aged 56 ± 10 years and BMI 29.0 ± 2.7 kg/m2) with total cholesterol levels of 5.0–8.0 mmol/L (5.9 ± 0.7 mmol/L) were randomly assigned to receive 500 mg of OLE (n = 39) or placebo (n = 38) for 8 weeks. In total, 74 subjects completed the entire study protocol. At baseline, after 4 weeks, and after 8 weeks of supplementation, blood lipid profiles, oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL), blood pressure, glucose, and insulin levels were assessed. In addition, liver function parameters were measured at baseline and after 8 weeks. Results: OLE supplementation did not significantly affect blood lipid levels after 4 weeks or after 8 weeks compared to placebo (all p > 0.05). For oxLDL, blood pressure, glucose, and insulin levels and liver function parameters, also no statistically significant differences were found between the two intervention groups (all p > 0.05). Conclusions: Blood lipid profiles were not significantly affected by 8 weeks OLE supplementation in overweight/obese subjects with mildly elevated cholesterol levels. Trial registered: The trial has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02990637). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Our recent study has reported that whole mung bean showed better beneficial effects on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity and gut microbiota disorders when compared with the decorticated mung bean at the same intervention dose level, suggesting that the mung bean seed coat (MBC) may play a crucial role in its health benefits. This study aims to investigate whether MBC has beneficial benefits on the prevention of HFD-induced obesity and the modulation of gut microbiota in mice when it was supplemented in HFD. Methods: Herein, male C57BL/6 J mice were fed with normal control diet, HFD, and HFD supplemented with MBC (3–6%, w/w) for 12 weeks. The changes in physiological, histological, biochemical parameters, serum endotoxin, proinflammatory cytokines, and gut microbiota composition of mice were determined to assess the ability of MBC to alleviate HFD-induced obesity and modulate gut microbiota disorders in mice. Results: MBC supplementation exhibited significant reductions in the HFD-induced adiposity, fat accumulation, serum lipid levels, lipopolysaccharide, and proinflammatory cytokines concentrations (P < 0.05), which was accompanied by improvements in hepatic steatosis and adipocyte size. Especially, the elevated fasting blood glucose and insulin resistance were also significantly improved by MBC supplementation (P < 0.05). Furthermore, high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene revealed that MBC could normalize HFD-induced gut microbiota dysbiosis. MBC not only could promote the bloom of Akkermansia , but also restore several HFD-dependent taxa (Blautia , Ruminiclostridium_9 , Bilophila , and unclassified_f_Ruminococcaceae) back to normal status, co-occurring with the decreases in obesity-related indices. Conclusions: This study provides evidence that MBC may be mainly responsible for the beneficial effects of whole mung bean on preventing the HFD-induced changes, thus enlarging the application value of MBC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Populations malnourished in early life are at increased risk for cardiometabolic diseases. We assessed if improved nutrition predicts cardiometabolic function, as assessed by postprandial biomarker responses. Methods: Participants had been randomized at the village level to receive one of two nutritional supplements as children. At mean age 44 y (range 37–53 years), we obtained plasma samples before and 2 h after a mixed-component meal challenge. We assayed biomarkers including lipids, glycemic measurements, and inflammatory cytokines. We compared postprandial biomarker responses among those who received the improved nutrition intervention from conception through to their second birthday (the first 1000 days) to those with other exposure status, including those who received the improved nutrition intervention at other ages, and those who received the less nutritious supplement. Results: Among 1027 participants (59.4% female), 22.9% were exposed to improved nutrition in the first 1000 days. Insulin increased the most in response to the meal challenge (over twofold), and non-esterified fatty acids decreased the most (by half). Glucose increased postprandial by 11.4% in the exposed group, compared with 15.7% in the other exposure group (p < 0.05), which remained significant after adjusting for confounders (− 4.7%; 95% confidence interval: − 9.3%, − 0.01%). Responses to the prandial challenges for the other biomarkers did not differ by intervention group (all p > 0.05). Conclusion: Early life exposure to improved nutrition was associated with a more favorable postprandial glucose response in this population. We did not observe a difference in overall cardiometabolic responses between the exposure groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To assess the effect of Nigella sativa (N.S) oil supplements on CVD risk factors in a crossover design for the first time. Methods: Obese and overweight healthy women were randomized to receive N.S oil (2000 mg/day) and placebo. This intervention period lasted for 8 weeks and separated by a 4-week washout period. An iso-caloric diet was given to every individual throughout the study. Blood pressure, lipid profile, atherogenic indices and liver enzymes were measured. Pkcross procedure was performed for statistical analyses using Stata software. Cohen's d was estimated as effect size for all outcomes to measure the magnitude of the effects. Results: Thirty-nine participants completed the study. Capsules of N.S increased serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (Cohen's d = 0.47, P = 0.009), reduced low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (Cohen's d = − 0.33, P = 0.031), reduced TC/HDL-C ratio (as an atherogenic index, Cohen's d = − 0.9, P < 0.001), reduced serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (Cohen's d = 0− 0.5, P = 0.038) and reduced systolic blood pressure (Cohen's d = − 0.4, P < 0.001). There was no effect on diastolic blood pressure measures (P = 0.96). Conclusion: The overall improvements in cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors showed beneficial effects of N.S supplements among adults with obesity to prevent possible cardiovascular diseases. More studies with different designs and in other populations are suggested to clarify the exact effects of N.S as a complementary therapy for modulating CVD risk factors in individuals with overweight and obesity. Trial registration: Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials, IRCT20180528039884N1, Registered on February 15th, 2019. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Inconsistent evidence exists for greater satiety after medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) or conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) compared to long-chain triglycerides (LCT). Furthermore, the mechanisms are poorly understood and effects in people with a healthy weight and those with overweight/obesity have not been compared. This study aimed to compare appetite responses in these groups and examine the mechanisms behind any differences. Methods: Fifteen participants with healthy weight (BMI: 22.7 ± 1.9 kg·m−2) and fourteen participants with overweight/obesity (BMI: 30.9 ± 3.9 kg·m−2) consumed a breakfast containing either 23.06 g vegetable oil (CON), 25.00 g MCT oil (MCT), or 6.25 g CLA and 16.80 g vegetable oil (CLA). Appetite, peptide YY (PYY), total ghrelin (TG), β-hydroxybutyrate, and gastric emptying (GE) were measured throughout. Energy intake was assessed at an ad libitum lunch and throughout the following ~ 36 h. Results: Neither MCT nor CLA decreased ad libitum intake; however MCT decreased day 1 energy intake (P = 0.031) and the 48-h period (P = 0.005) compared to CON. MCT delayed GE (P ≤ 0.01) compared to CON, whereas CLA did not. PYY and TG concentrations were not different (P = 0.743 and P = 0.188, respectively), but MCT increased β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations compared to CON (P = 0.005) and CLA (P < 0.001). β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations were higher in participants with overweight/obesity (P = 0.009). Conclusion: Consumption of MCT reduces energy intake in the subsequent 48 h, whereas CLA does not. Delayed gastric emptying or increased β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations may mediate this. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is limited information on the prevalence of dyslipidemia in the Italian pediatric population. Aim of the study was to evaluate total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol and triglyceride levels, and associated factors in a large sample of Italian children, applying a micro-sampling procedure in the family pediatrician's office. In a population of 1910 children (50.2% males, age 7–11 years), 27.6% was overweight or obese and 28.3% had at least one parent with referred hypercholesterolemia. Total cholesterol and triglyceride levels were elevated in 4.5% and 23.5% of the subjects, respectively, while HDL cholesterol was below 40 mg/dl in 3.3%. Male gender (OR 1.58, 95% CI 1.01–2.49) and positive family history (OR 2.13, 95% CI 1.36–3.32) were independent predictors of hypercholesterolemia, while BMI z-score was associated with low HDL cholesterol (OR 1.46, 95% CI 1.13–1.88) and high levels of triglycerides (OR 1.39, 95% CI 1.26–1.55). Conclusion: The prevalence of dyslipidemia in our sample is worthy of attention. The study suggests the opportunity and feasibility to check for the presence of dyslipidemia at the family pediatrician's office. Familiarity is associated with high cholesterol levels, regardless of the children's weight class, while weight excess identifies subjects with the typical lipid profile of metabolic syndrome. What is Known: • Few data are available on the lipid profile in Italian children. • Early treatment of hypercholesterolemia is effective in reducing cardiovascular events later in life; there is no agreement on how to screen for dyslipidemia in childhood, however. What is New: • In a large sample of Italian children, familiarity doubles the risk of hypercholesterolemia, while increased BMI is associated with low HDL cholesterol levels and hypertriglyceridemia. • The pediatrician may perform an assessment of plasma lipids in his office as a first step to diagnose familial hypercholesterolemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Mushrooms are reported to have a variety of health-promoting activities. However, little information is available on the effects of intake of polysaccharides from Pleurotus eryngii on obesity. In this study, we investigated the effects of P. eryngii polysaccharides on obesity and gut microbiota in mice fed a high-fat diet. Methods: Soluble polysaccharides were extracted from P. eryngii using hot water. C57BL/6J mice were fed a standard diet (ST), a high-fat diet (HF), or HF with 1% or 5% P. eryngii polysaccharide fraction (LP or HP) for 16 weeks. Adipose tissues were weighed and blood parameters were measured. Expression of genes involved in fatty acid and cholesterol metabolism was assessed by real-time quantitative PCR. The gut microbiota composition was analysed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Results: Body weight gain and mesenteric fat tissue were lower in the HP group than in the HF group. In the HP group, serum total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol levels decreased, and lipid and total bile acids in faeces increased. Mice in the HP group showed increased expression of the LDLR gene in the liver and GPR43 in fat. The relative abundance of Firmicutes was significantly higher in the HF and HP groups than in the ST group. The abundance of some short-chain fatty acid-producing gut bacteria was altered by P. eryngii polysaccharides. Conclusions: These results provide the first evidence that P. eryngii polysaccharides have anti-obesity and LDL cholesterol-lowering effects in obese mice through increased excretion of bile acids and lipids and altered microbiota. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study was to see the effects of a balanced Korean diet (BKD) on metabolic risk factors in overweight or obese Korean adults, comparing with those of a typical American diet (TAD) and a diet recommended by the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans (2010DGA). Methods: The study was designed as a randomized crossover controlled trial, in which 61 overweight or obese volunteers were divided into six groups and each consumed the BKD, 2010DGA, and TAD in a random order for 4 weeks separated by 2-week washout intervals. Anthropometric indices, blood pressure, blood lipid content, fasting blood glucose, and blood insulin level were measured at the beginning and end of each diet period. Results: A total of 54 participants completed the trial. The BKD caused more significant reductions of body mass index (BMI) (p < 0.001), body fat percent (p < 0.001), blood total cholesterol (p < 0.001), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (p = 0.007) compared with the 2010DGA or TAD (all p values for differences between diets < 0.05). All three diets significantly lowered blood triglyceride levels (p < 0.05). The BKD decreased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (p = 0.001) and increased fasting blood glucose (p = 0.018), whereas TAD and 2010DGA increased HDL cholesterol and did not affect blood glucose levels. Furthermore, the BKD significantly decreased the proportion of individuals with elevated total cholesterol (p < 0.001) and LDL cholesterol (p < 0.01), whereas the 2010DGA significantly reduced the number of obese individuals (p < 0.05), and the TAD decreased the number of participants with elevated triglyceride levels (p < 0.05), but increased that of those with elevated LDL cholesterol (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The Korean diet based on dietary guidelines improved metabolic risk factors such as BMI, body fat percent, and blood lipid profiles in overweight or obese Korean adults. These results provide evidence to recommend the Korean diet for preventing various metabolic diseases. Clinical trial registration: The trial was registered at the Clinical Research Information Service (CRIS) in Korea, the primary registry of the World Health Organization (WHO) international clinical trial registry platform, under number KCT0002437. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUGCT (C7orf10) is a mitochondrial enzyme that synthesizes glutaryl-CoA from glutarate in tryptophan and lysine catabolism, but it has not been studied in vivo. Although mutations in Sugct lead to Glutaric Aciduria Type 3 disease in humans, patients remain largely asymptomatic despite high levels of glutarate in the urine. To study the disease mechanism, we generated SugctKO mice and uncovered imbalanced lipid and acylcarnitine metabolism in kidney in addition to changes in the gut microbiome. After SugctKO mice were treated with antibiotics, metabolites were comparable to WT, indicating that the microbiome affects metabolism in SugctKO mice. SUGCT loss of function contributes to gut microbiota dysbiosis, leading to age-dependent pathological changes in kidney, liver, and adipose tissue. This is associated with an obesity-related phenotype that is accompanied by lipid accumulation in kidney and liver, as well as "crown-like" structures in adipocytes. Furthermore, we show that the SugctKO kidney pathology is accelerated and exacerbated by a high-lysine diet. Our study highlights the importance of non-essential genes with no readily detectable early phenotype, but with substantial contributions to the development of age-related pathologies, which result from an interplay between genetic background, microbiome, and diet in the health of mammals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: It is unclear whether habitual intake of soy or isoflavones induces long-term changes in the concentrations of blood lipids and glycaemia. We examined the associations of soy food and isoflavone consumption with changes in blood lipids and HbA1c concentrations over 5 years among Japanese adults. Methods: This cohort study included 7252 subjects with no known history of major chronic disease at baseline. Soy intake was measured using a food frequency questionnaire; while the concentrations of serum lipids and HbA1c were measured using standard laboratory methods. We used multivariable linear mixed-effects models to examine the associations of changes in lipids and HbA1c concentrations with intakes of soy food and isoflavones. Results: Among the participants, mean age was 61 years, 67% were females and median intakes of soy and isoflavones were 95.3 g/day and 47.4 mg/day, respectively. Soy food and isoflavone intakes were not associated with 5-year changes in blood lipids or HbA1c concentrations. However, stratified analyses showed inverse associations between fermented soy intake and serum lipids among obese/overweight subjects. In particular, intake of 20 g/day of natto was associated with a reduction of 1.4 (95% CI 0.3, 2.5) mg/dL in TC, 1.5 (95% CI 0.4, 2.6) mg/dL in non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, 1.0 (95% CI − 0.0, 2.0) mg/dL in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and 4.0 (95% CI 0.6, 7.5) mg/dL in triglycerides. Conclusions: Overall, habitual consumption of soy or isoflavones was not associated with changes in serum lipids or HbA1c concentrations. The negative associations between intake of natto and changes in serum lipids among overweight/obese subjects deserve further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: The population of immigrants from the Middle East in Sweden show a higher prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) compared to native Swedes. The exact reason for this is unknown. Here, we have performed metabolite profiling to investigate these differences. Methods: Metabolite profiling was conducted in Iraqi immigrants (n = 93) and native Swedes (n = 77) using two complementary mass spectrometry-based platforms. Differences in metabolite levels were compared after adjustment for confounding anthropometric, diet and clinical variables. Results: The Iraqi immigrant population were more obese (44.1 vs 24.7%, p < 0.05), but had a lower prevalence of hypertension (32.3 vs 54.8%, p < 0.01) than the native Swedish population. We detected 140 metabolites, 26 of which showed different levels between populations (q < 0.05,) after adjustment for age, sex, BMI, T2D and use of metformin. Twenty-two metabolites remained significant after further adjustment for HOMA-IR, HOMA-beta or insulin sensitivity index. Levels of polyunsaturated acylcarnitines (14:2 and 18:2) and fatty acid (18:2) were higher, whereas those of saturated and monounsaturated acylcarnitines (14:0, 18:1, and 8:1), fatty acids (12:0, 14:0, 16:0, and 18:1), uremic solutes (urate and quinate) and ketone bodies (beta-hydroxybutyrate) were lower in Iraqi immigrants. Further, levels of phospholipids were generally lower in the Iraqi immigrant population. Conclusions: Our result suggests an overall beneficial lipid profile in Iraqi immigrants, despite a higher risk to develop T2D. Higher levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids may suggest differences in dietary pattern, which in turn may reduce the risk of hypertension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Cardiovascular disease remains the global leading cause of death. We evaluated at baseline the association between the adherence to eight a priori high-quality dietary scores and the prevalence of individual and clustered cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) in the PREDIMED-Plus cohort. Methods: All PREDIMED-Plus participants (6874 men and women aged 55–75 years, with overweight/obesity and metabolic syndrome) were assessed. The prevalence of 4 CVRF (hypertension, obesity, diabetes, and dyslipidaemia), using standard diagnoses criteria, were considered as outcomes. The adherence to eight a priori-defined dietary indexes was calculated. Multivariable models were fitted to estimate differences in mean values of factors and prevalence ratios for individual and clustered CVRF. Results: Highest conformity to any dietary pattern did not show inverse associations with hypertension. The modified Mediterranean Diet Score (PR = 0.95; 95% CI 0.90–0.99), Mediterranean Diet Adherence Score (MEDAS) (PR = 0.94; 95% CI 0.89–0.98), the pro-vegetarian dietary pattern (PR = 0.95; 95% CI 0.90–0.99) and the Alternate Healthy Eating Index 2010 (PR = 0.92; 95% CI 0.87–0.96) were inversely associated with prevalence of obesity. We identified significant inverse trend among participants who better adhered to the MEDAS and the Prime Diet Quality Score (PDQS) in the mean number of CVRF across categories of adherence. Better adherence to several high-quality dietary indexes was associated with better blood lipid profiles and anthropometric measures. Conclusions: Highest adherence to dietary quality indexes, especially Mediterranean-style and PDQS scores, showed marginal associations with lower prevalence of individual and clustered CVRF among elderly adults with metabolic syndrome at high risk of cardiovascular disease [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Recent evidence has demonstrated that the gut microbiota plays a critical role in the treatment of obesity and other metabolic dysfunctions. Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe), one of the most commonly used spices and dietary supplements, has been shown to exert beneficial effects against obesity and related disorders. However, to date, the mechanisms linking these effects to the gut microbiota remain unclear. This study aims to investigate the relationship between the gut microbiota and the metabolic adaptations resulting from ginger supplementation in mice. Methods: Four groups of mice were fed a normal chow diet (NCD) or a high-fat diet (HFD) with or without ginger supplementation for 16 weeks. Lipid profiles, proinflammatory cytokines, glucose tolerance, microbiota composition and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations were analyzed at the end of the experiment. In addition, microbiota-depleted mice were transplanted with the fecal microbiota of mice fed a HFD or mice fed a HFD along with ginger supplementation. Glucose tolerance and microbiota composition were assessed after a 8-week fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). Results: We observed marked decreases in body weight, liver steatosis, and low-grade inflammation as well as amelioration of insulin resistance in the HFD-fed mice treated with ginger. Furthermore, ginger supplementation modulated the gut microbiota composition and increased species belonging to the Bifidobacterium genus and SCFA-producing bacteria (Alloprevotella and Allobaculum), along with increases in fecal SCFA concentrations. The FMT experiment showed anti-obesity and microbiota-modulating effects similar to those observed in the oral ginger-feeding experiment. Conclusions: This study suggests that modulation of the gut microbiota as a result of ginger supplementation has a therapeutic effect on obesity in mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nt8U is a peptide analog of the N-terminal 13 residue fragment of the satiety peptide obestatin with Gly (8) being replaced by α-amino isobutyric acid (Aib). As a consequence of introducing a conformationally constrained, unusual amino acid Aib, it has a longer half-life of 30 min in circulation against 5 min for obestatin. It was found to be as effective as obestatin in modulating lipid parameters favorably in mice. Saponins have also been studied extensively for their anti-obesity effects. Though saponins from soyabean have been reported to have lipid lowering activities, the studies are largely carried out with group B saponins. We hypothesized that Nt8U could be a better anti-obesity lead candidate if co-administered with other lipid lowering nutraceuticals. Hence in the present study, we evaluated the combined effect of Nt8U and the under-exploited soyasaponins on lipid parameters in high fat fed (HFD) C57BL/6 mice. Mice fed HFD for 18 weeks were administered Nt8U with soyasaponins A or B for a period of 8 days. Although there was no significant difference in food intake, Nt8U with soyasaponins A was found to be the best combination that reduced perirenal, retroperitoneal and axillary fat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Lipid accumulation product (LAP) and visceral adiposity index (VAI) are surrogates for visceral adiposity dysfunction. Our aim was to evaluate potential association of these two indices with the incidence of renal function decline. Methods: We included 6693 non-diabetic adults age ≥ 18 years, with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) ≥ 60 ml/min/1.73 m2, from the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study 2002–2005 survey. Natural logarithmic transformation (Ln) was applied for LAP and VAI measures. The incidence of renal function decline, defined as eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2, was evaluated for each gender, across tertiles of Ln LAP, Ln VAI, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist to height ratio (WHtR) and waist to hip ratio (WHR), using Cox-proportional hazard models. Results: Over a median 8.6 years of follow-up, 1670 new cases of renal function decline were identified (incidence rate 3.2%). After multivariable adjustment, the hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% CI across second and third tertiles of Ln LAP were 1.14 (0.86–1.50) and 1.33 (1.00–1.78) in men (P trend = 0.132); and 1.16 (0.90–1.50) and 1.24 (0.96–1.61) in women (P trend = 0.263), respectively. Multivariable adjusted HRs across second and third tertiles of Ln VAI were 1.40 (1.08–1.83) and 1.35 (1.02–1.78) in men (P trend = 0.031); and 0.93 (0.75–1.15) and 1.15 (0.93–1.41) in women (P trend = 0.072), respectively. HRs across tertiles of BMI, WC, WHtR and WHR were not significant for renal function decline among both genders in any adjustment models. Conclusion: Among the adiposity indices assessed in this study, VAI seems to be an independent predictor of renal function decline only in males. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Obstructive sleep apnea is an outcome of obesity, resulting from abnormal upper airway structures. Our main objective was to assess the fat infiltration into the tongue of calorie-restricted rats and its consequences on upper airway obstruction in comparison with lean and obese rats. Methods: A total of 24 adults lean, obese and CR obese rats were included in the study. Body fat and lean body mass were determined by TOBEC, DXA measured fat depositions around the neck region, and radiographs of upper airway structure were analysed by digital X-ray. Ex vivo biochemistry was carried out for leptin, and lipids in blood/tissues, and fat infiltration by ORO staining. The tongue, masseter muscle fat, fibre and taste bud morphology was assessed by SEM. Results: Body composition analysis showed higher body fat and low lean body mass in obese animals; DXA results showed excess fat around the neck region of obese rats. Higher triglyceride and reduced leptin levels were observed in CR obese rats compared to lean and obese rats. ORO and SEM analysis showed varying degree of fat accumulation among the groups. Tongue muscle fibres of obese rats showed rugged abnormal folding with an increase in width in comparison with calorie-restricted obese rats. The distance and width between the taste buds of calorie-restricted obese rats were reduced to the levels of lean rats. Conclusion: The calorie restriction in obese rats reduced the fat deposition around the neck and improves the upper airway structures, the morphology of tongue fibre and increased the stiffness of the tongue, thereby reducing the risk of obstructive sleep apnea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To examine the anti-obesity effects of ginsenosides in Korea Red Ginseng (KRG, Panax ginseng) in rats fed with a high-fat diet (HFD). Methods: Twenty-five 4-week-old obesity rats after receiving an HFD for 5 weeks; subsequently, they were additionally treated with ginsenosides Rb1, Rd, Rg1, or Re (10 mg/kg, intraperitoneal injection) for a further 3 weeks (n=5 in each group). The control rats were fed a normal diet. The food consumption, body weight, locomotor activity, serum lipids, adipose tissues, nitric oxide (NO) expression, leptin, neuropeptide Y (NPY), cholecystokinin (CCK) in the brains were measured. Results: In the HFD-fed rats, body weight, body fat mass, serum levels of leptin and NO were significantly higher than in the control rats (P<0.05 or P<0.01). However, the treatment of Rd, Re, and Rb1 markedly decreased body fat mass and body weight (P<0.05). The serum level of leptin and NO in ginsenoside-treated rats were markedly lower than the control group (P<0.01). The expression of NPY and CCK in the hypothalamic nuclei showed insignificant difference among groups. However, the expression of NPY immunoreactive neurons in the hypothalamus was significantly reduced in the Rb1-treated group (P<0.05). Conclusion: PD-type ginsenoside Rb1 from the crude saponins of KRG may be a useful compound for the treatment of obesity and related disorders through the modulation of peripheral and central appetite-regulating signals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bariatric surgery is associated with improved cardiovascular outcomes and also affects lipid levels, but few studies have compared the effects of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery with those of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) on serum fatty acid levels. The present study compares the effects of RYGB and LSG surgeries on serum fatty acid levels. Methods: The study participants were women who were undergoing either RYGB or LSG and body mass index (BMI)-matched controls. Fasting blood samples to measure glucose, insulin, and fatty acids were drawn at baseline and at 6 and 18 months from baseline. Results: Serum fatty acid data were available for 57 participants at baseline, of whom 56 had data at 6 months and 41 had data at 18 months from baseline. Compared with baseline, serum non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) levels were significantly higher at 6 and 18 months in the LSG group compared with the RYGB group. In the RYGB group, 2 saturated fatty acids (SFAs), 2 monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), and 1 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) were significantly decreased after surgery, compared with those of the LSG group. Conclusions: A significant increase in NEFAs was seen after LSG, compared with RYGB. Compared with the LSG group, several serum fatty acids were significantly reduced after RYGB. Trial Registration: NCT01228097 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a frequent medical condition characterized by both metabolic and reproductive disorders. Different pharmaceutical treatments have been proposed for PCOS. However, side effects of long-term treatments and their probable low efficacy have made complementary and alternative treatments a valuable option. Recent reports have indicated the increased use of complementary treatments. Herbal medicine, as part of complementary medicine, was find introduced in traditional Persian and Chinese medicine. Medicinal herbs have used for a long time in the treatment of gynecological and infertility problems of PCOS patients. In this study, we aimed to review herbal medicines used for PCOS worldwide. Methods: PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, and Scopus databases were searched for clinical trials and Randomized Controlled Trials based on related keywords. Data were collected from 1990 to 2019. Results: According to a multitude of studies, a wide spectrum of herbs can be used to improve various aspects of PCOS. Herbs such as Cinnamomum verum, Trigonella foenum-graecum L., and Vitex agnus-castus can impact on menstrual and ovulatory dysfunctions, obesity, insulin resistance, lipid-metabolism dysfunction, and androgen excess-related conditions. Conclusion: Some plants as natural remedies may have beneficial effects on improving different aspects of PCOS; but further studies are needed to investigate their mechanisms and safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The interactions between lifestyle and genetic factors play an important role in obesity development. Mutations in melanocortin-4-receptor (MC4R) gene are one of the most common cause of monogenic obesity, however, the functional effects of polymorphic variants near MC4R gene in general populations remain uncertain. The aim of our study was to analyze whether the common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of MC4R gene influence the food preferences, physical activity, body fat content and distribution, as well as fasting and postprandial energy expenditure and substrates utilization. Methods: We genotyped previously identified MC4R SNPs: rs17782313, rs633265, rs1350341, rs12970134 in 927 subjects, who underwent anthropometric, total body fat content, visceral (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) measurements, and daily physical activity and dietary intake analysis. In randomly selected 47 subjects the energy expenditure, carbohydrate and lipid utilizations were evaluated in fasting state and after high-carbohydrate and control meals intake. Results: We found the significant associations between studied SNPs of MC4R gene and VAT and VAT/SAT ratio. Moreover, the GG genotype carriers of rs1350341, who had the lowest VAT accumulation (p = 0.012), presented higher relative increase in postprandial carbohydrate utilization (p = 0.013, p = 0.024). Conclusions: We have observed that common SNPs of the MC4R gene influence the body fat content and distribution, as well as relative increase in postprandial carbohydrate utilization. We believe that our study may help to understand better the impact of MC4R gene on obesity development, and to help to provide personalized prevention/treatment strategies to fight against obesity and its metabolic consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]