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Several processing strategies that use dual-frequency GPS-only solution, multi-frequency Galileo-only solution, and finally tightly combined dual-frequency GPS + Galileo solution were tested and analyzed for their applicability to single-epoch long-range precise positioning. In particular, a multi-system GPS + Galileo solution was compared to GPS double-frequency solution as well as to Galileo double-, triple-, and quadruple-frequency solutions. Also, the performance of the strategies was analyzed under clear-sky and obstructed satellite visibility in both single-baseline and multi-baseline modes. The results indicate that tightly combined GPS + Galileo instantaneous positioning has a clear advantage over single-system solutions and provides an accurate and reliable solution. It was also confirmed that application of multi-frequency observations in case of Galileo system has an advantage over a dual-frequency solution.

The current GPS satellite constellation provides limited availability and reliability for a country like Japan where mountainous terrain and urban canyons do not allow a clear skyline to the horizon. At present, the Japanese Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS) is under investigation through a government-private sector cooperation. QZSS is considered a multi-mission satellite system, as it is able to provide communication, broadcasting and positioning services for mobile users in a specified region with high elevation angle. The performance of a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) can be quantified by availability, accuracy, reliability and integrity. This paper focuses on availability, accuracy and reliability of GPS with and without augmentation using QZSS. The availability, accuracy and reliability of GPS only and augmented GPS using QZSS in the Asia-Pacific and Australian area is studied by software simulation. The simulation results are described by the number of visible satellites as a measure of availability, geometric dilution of precision as a measure of accuracy and minimal detectable bias, and bias-to-noise rate as a measure of reliability, with spatial and temporal variations. It is shown that QZSS does not only improve the availability and accuracy of GPS positioning, but also enhances the reliability of GPS positioning in Japan and its neighboring area.