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Protein post-translational modifications (PTMs) with various acyl groups play central roles in Streptomyces. But whether these acyl groups can be further modified, and the influences of these potential modifications on bacterial physiology have not been addressed. Here in Streptomyces roseosporus with rich crotonylation, a luciferase monooxygenase LimB is identified to elaborately regulate the crotonylation level, morphological development and antibiotic production by oxidation on the crotonyl groups of an acetyl-CoA synthetase Acs. This chemical modification on crotonylation leads to Acs degradation via the protease ClpP1/2 pathway and lowered intracellular crotonyl-CoA pool. Thus, we show that acyl groups after PTMs can be further modified, herein named post-PTM modification (PPM), and LimB is a PTM modifier to control the substrate protein turnover for cell development of Streptomyces. These findings expand our understanding of the complexity of chemical modifications on proteins for physiological regulation, and also suggest that PPM would be widespread. Protein crotonylation, as one of post-translational modifications (PTMs), can be further modified, herein named post-PTM (PPM) by a monooxygenase in Streptomyces to regulate substrate protein turnover and cell physiology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The underground coal mine production of the fully mechanized mining face exists many problems, such as poor operating environment, high accident rate and so on. Recently, the intelligent autonomous coal mining is gradually replacing the traditional mining process. The artificial intelligence technology is an active research area and is expect to identify and warn the underground abnormal conditions for intelligent longwall mining. It is inseparable from the construction of datasets, but the downhole dataset is still blank at present. This work develops an image dataset of underground longwall mining face (DsLMF+), which consists of 138004 images with annotation 6 categories of mine personnel, hydraulic support guard plate, large coal, towline, miners' behaviour and mine safety helmet. All the labels of dataset are publicly available in YOLO format and COCO format. The availability and accuracy of the datasets were reviewed by experts in coal mine field. The dataset is open access and aims to support further research and advancement of the intelligent identification and classification of abnormal conditions for underground mining. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The beneficial effects attributed to Bifidobacterium are largely attributed to their immunomodulatory capabilities, which are likely to be species- and even strain-specific. However, their strain-specificity in direct and indirect immune modulation remain largely uncharacterized. We have shown that B. pseudolongum UMB-MBP-01, a murine isolate strain, is capable of suppressing inflammation and reducing fibrosis in vivo. To ascertain the mechanism driving this activity and to determine if it is specific to UMB-MBP-01, we compared it to a porcine tropic strain B. pseudolongum ATCC25526 using a combination of cell culture and in vivo experimentation and comparative genomics approaches. Despite many shared features, we demonstrate that these two strains possess distinct genetic repertoires in carbohydrate assimilation, differential activation signatures and cytokine responses signatures in innate immune cells, and differential effects on lymph node morphology with unique local and systemic leukocyte distribution. Importantly, the administration of each B. pseudolongum strain resulted in major divergence in the structure, composition, and function of gut microbiota. This was accompanied by markedly different changes in intestinal transcriptional activities, suggesting strain-specific modulation of the endogenous gut microbiota as a key to immune modulatory host responses. Our study demonstrated a single probiotic strain can influence local, regional, and systemic immunity through both innate and adaptive pathways in a strain-specific manner. It highlights the importance to investigate both the endogenous gut microbiome and the intestinal responses in response to probiotic supplementation, which underpins the mechanisms through which the probiotic strains drive the strain-specific effect to impact health outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, an event-triggered-based decentralized tracking control method is proposed for modular robot manipulators (MRMs) using a recurrent neural network (RNN) and neuro-dynamic programming (NDP). The joint torque feedback (JTF) technique is introduced to model the MRM subsystems. The cost function of each subsystem consists of a tracking error fusion function and a term summarizing the RNN identifier errors. The event-triggered Hamiltonian-Jacobi-Bellman (ETHJB) equation is solved by constructing a critic neural network using NDP, and a decentralized optimal tracking control policy under the event-triggered framework can be obtained. The closed-loop MRM system is shown to be uniformly ultimately bounded under the Lyapunov stability theorem. Finally, the experimental results verify that the proposed control method is superior to the time-triggered optimal control policy and the observer-critic-based event-triggered optimal control policy proposed in the previous work of the author. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multi-chambered architectures have attracted much attention due to the ability to establish multifunctional partitions in different chambers, but manipulating the chamber numbers and coupling multi-functionality within the multi-chambered mesoporous nanoparticle remains a challenge. Herein, we propose a nanodroplet remodeling strategy for the synthesis of hierarchical multi-chambered mesoporous silica nanoparticles with tunable architectures. Typically, the dual-chambered nanoparticles with a high surface area of ~469 m2 g−1 present two interconnected cavities like a calabash. Furthermore, based on this nanodroplet remodeling strategy, multiple species (magnetic, catalytic, optic, etc.) can be separately anchored in different chamber without obvious mutual-crosstalk. We design a dual-chambered mesoporous nanoreactors with spatial isolation of Au and Pd active-sites for the cascade synthesis of 2-phenylindole from 1-nitro-2-(phenylethynyl)benzene. Due to the efficient mass transfer of reactants and intermediates in the dual-chambered structure, the selectivity of the target product reaches to ~76.5%, far exceeding that of single-chambered nanoreactors (~41.3%). Multi-chambered structures have attracted great attention due to their ability to create multifunctional partitions in different chambers. Here, the authors prepared mesoporous silica nanoreactors with hierarchical chambers for catalytic cascades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presented an original decentralized fault tolerant control approach for modular manipulators which based on adaptive dynamic programming (ADP) algorithm. First, the dynamic model of modular manipulators is established via joint torque feedback technique. Then, the fault tolerant controller is designed which composes of model-based compensation controller, observer-based fault tolerant controller and ADP-based optimal controller. According to ADP algorithm, the Hamiltonian-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) equation can be tackled by critic neural network (NN). The closed-loop modular manipulators system is guaranteed asymptotic stable based on Lyapunov theory. Experiments are performed to verify the proposed method, and the results have guaranteed its effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The original article can be found online at https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-023-02322-9.Correction to: Scientific Datahttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-023-02322-9, published online 27 June 2023In this article the link provided for ref. 33 was incorrect and should have been 'https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.6307599.v1'. The original article has been corrected.By Wenjuan Yang; Xuhui Zhang; Bing Ma; Yanqun Wang; Yujia Wu; Jianxing Yan; Yongwei Liu; Chao Zhang; Jicheng Wan; Yue Wang; Mengyao Huang; Yuyang Li and Dian ZhaoReported by Author; Author; Author; Author; Author; Author; Author; Author; Author; Author; Author; Author; Author [Extracted from the article]

With the aim to solve the serious problem of white plastic pollution, we report herein a low-cost process to quantitatively convert polyethylene terephthalate (PET) into p-xylene (PX) and ethylene glycol (EG) over modified Cu/SiO2 catalyst using methanol as both solvent and hydrogen donor. Kinetic and in-situ Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) studies demonstrate that the degradation of PET into PX involves tandem PET methanolysis and dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) selective hydro-deoxygenation (HDO) steps with the in-situ produced H2 from methanol decomposition at 210 °C. The overall high activities are attributed to the high Cu+/Cu0 ratio derived from the dense and granular copper silicate precursor, as formed by the induction of proper NaCl addition during the hydrothermal synthesis. This hydrogen-free one-pot approach allows to directly produce gasoline fuels and antifreeze components from waste poly-ester plastic, providing a feasible solution to the plastic problem in islands. To solve the serious problem of white plastic pollution many degradation routes are being investigated. Here the authors show a H2-free low-cost Cu/SiO2 catalyzed process to quantitatively convert polyethylene terephthalate into p-xylene and ethylene glycol in one pot with methanol as both the solvent and hydrogen source at 210 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a novel compensator-critic structure-based event-triggered decentralized tracking control of modular robot manipulators (MRMs). On the basis of subsystem dynamics under joint torque feedback (JTF) technique, the proposed tracking error fusion function, which includes position error and velocity error, is utilized to construct performance index function. By analyzing the dynamic uncertainties, a local dynamic information-based robust controller is designed to engage the model uncertainty compensation. Based on adaptive dynamic programming (ADP) algorithm and the event-triggered mechanism, the decentralized tracking control is obtained by solving the event-triggered Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman equation (HJBE) with the critic neural network (NN). The tracking error of the closed-loop manipulators system is proved to be ultimately uniformly bounded (UUB) using the Lyapunov stability theorem. Finally, experimental results illustrate the effectiveness of the developed control method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Lactobacillus-deficient, anaerobe-rich vaginal microbiome has been associated with local inflammation and spontaneous preterm birth (sPTB), but few studies have assessed this association in the setting of HIV. We performed metagenomic sequencing and inflammatory marker assays on vaginal swabs collected in pregnancy. We grouped samples into 7 metagenomic clusters (mgClust) using the non-redundant VIRGO catalogue, and derived inflammatory scores by factor analysis. Of 221 participants, median Shannon diversity index (SDI) was highest in HIV+ with detectable viral load (1.31, IQR: 0.85–1.66; p < 0.001) and HIV+ with undetectable virus (1.17, IQR: 0.51–1.66; p = 0.01) compared to HIV− (0.74, IQR: 0.35–1.26). Inflammatory scores positively correlated with SDI (+ 0.66, 95%CI 0.28, 1.03; p = 0.001), highest among anaerobe-rich mgClust2–mgClust6. HIV was associated with predominance of anaerobe-rich mgClust5 (17% vs. 6%; p = 0.02) and mgClust6 (27% vs. 11%; p = 0.002). Relative abundance of a novel Gardnerella metagenomic subspecies > 50% predicted sPTB (RR 2.6; 95%CI: 1.1, 6.4) and was higher in HIV+ (23% vs. 10%; p = 0.001). A novel Gardnerella metagenomic subspecies more abundant in women with HIV predicted sPTB. The risk of sPTB among women with HIV may be mediated by the vaginal microbiome and inflammation, suggesting potential targets for prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The acquisition of resistance to one antibiotic sometimes leads to collateral sensitivity to a second antibiotic. Here, we show that vancomycin resistance in Enterococcus faecium is associated with a remarkable increase in susceptibility to pleuromutilin antibiotics (such as lefamulin), which target the bacterial ribosome. The trade-off between vancomycin and pleuromutilins is mediated by epistasis between the van gene cluster and msrC, encoding an ABC-F protein that protects bacterial ribosomes from antibiotic targeting. In mouse models of vancomycin-resistant E. faecium colonization and septicemia, pleuromutilin treatment reduces colonization and improves survival more effectively than standard therapy (linezolid). Our findings suggest that pleuromutilins may be useful for the treatment of vancomycin-resistant E. faecium infections. The acquisition of resistance to one antibiotic sometimes leads to collateral sensitivity to a second antibiotic. Here, the authors show that vancomycin resistance in Enterococcus faecium is associated with a remarkable increase in susceptibility to pleuromutilin antibiotics, such as lefamulin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shale is a complex porous medium composed of organic matter (OM) and inorganic minerals (iOM). Because of its widespread nanopores, using Darcy's law is challenging. In this work, a two-fluid system model is established to calculate the oil flow rate in a single nanopore. Then, a spatial distribution model of shale components is constructed with a modified quartet structure generation set algorithm. The stochastic apparent permeability (AP) model of shale oil is finally established by combining the two models. The proposed model can consider the effects of various geological controls: the content and grain size distribution of shale components, pore size distribution, pore types and nanoconfined effects (slip length and spatially varying viscosity). The results show that slip length in OM nanopores is far greater than that in iOM. However, when the total organic content is less than 0.3 ~ 0.4, the effect of the OM slip on AP increases first and then decreases with the decrease in mean pore size, resulting in that the flow enhancement in shale is much smaller than that in a single nanopore. The porosity distribution and grain size distribution are also key factors affecting AP. If we ignore the difference of porosity between shale components, the error of permeability estimation is more than 200%. Similarly, the relative error can reach 20% if the effect of grain size distribution is ignored. Our model can help understand oil transport in shale strata and provide parameter characterization for numerical simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An X-band reflectarray antenna using 16 × 12 double square ring elements for satellite communications is proposed in this paper. The feed is a 4 × 3 elements microstrip patch array designed to create edge taper of approximately − 10 dB. A prototype with right-hand circular polarization (RHCP) is manufactured and tested, and the good agreements between simulations and measurements are demonstrated. The good performance is obtained with the aperture efficiency of 40.7% and the 3-dB gain bandwidth of about 10% which is beneficial to nanosatellites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of thermal treatment on the pore structure and mechanical property evolution of granite were experimentally investigated to evaluate the risks of traditional and critical geothermal systems. The microstructure of thermally treated granite was studied using an optical microscope and nuclear magnetic resonance, and the mechanical properties of thermally treated granite were studied under uniaxial compression. X-ray diffraction results showed that the mineralogical phase of granite hardly changed during thermal treatment from room temperature to 800 °C, but the granite experienced first a decrease and then an increase in porosity. Although overall porosity decreased at 200 °C, the proportion of pore throat radium beyond 6.3 μm grew increasingly with the treatment temperature, facilitating advective heat transport in the geothermal system. Intergranular microcracks caused by thermal anisotropic properties started at below 400 °C, and transgranular microcracks first appeared in feldspar at around 400 °C, finally extending to quartz at around 600 °C. The granite was strengthened due to decreased porosity at around 200 °C. Then, the granite was weakened and the failure transited from brittle to ductile due to increased porosity, where a sharp reduction occurred at 400–600 °C for α-β transition of quartz. The change in strength by cyclic heating under 200 °C was unnoticeable for temperature memory effect, but the cumulative strain at peak stress increased with the number of heating cycles. The changes in the pore and mechanical properties caused by thermal treatment favour geothermal systems which are not within the tectonic zone. However, increased porosity and strength weakening destabilize nearby faults due to normal stress release and strength weakening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analysis of metagenomic and metatranscriptomic data is complicated and typically requires extensive computational resources. Leveraging a curated reference database of genes encoded by members of the target microbiome can make these analyses more tractable. In this study, we assemble a comprehensive human vaginal non-redundant gene catalog (VIRGO) that includes 0.95 million non-redundant genes. The gene catalog is functionally and taxonomically annotated. We also construct a vaginal orthologous groups (VOG) from VIRGO. The gene-centric design of VIRGO and VOG provides an easily accessible tool to comprehensively characterize the structure and function of vaginal metagenome and metatranscriptome datasets. To highlight the utility of VIRGO, we analyze 1,507 additional vaginal metagenomes, and identify a high degree of intraspecies diversity within and across vaginal microbiota. VIRGO offers a convenient reference database and toolkit that will facilitate a more in-depth understanding of the role of vaginal microorganisms in women's health and reproductive outcomes. Reference databases are essential for studies on host-microbiota interactions. Here, the authors present the construction of VIRGO, a human vaginal non-redundant gene catalog, which represents a comprehensive resource for taxonomic and functional profiling of vaginal microbiomes from metagenomic and metatranscriptomic datasets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The original article can be found online at https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-27706-0. Correction to: I Scientific Reports i https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-27706-0, published online 19 January 2023 The original version of this Article contained an error in the spelling of the author Jegan Iyyathurai which was incorrectly given as Jegan Lyyathurai. [Extracted from the article]

Objective: To assemble infectious bronchitis virus (IBV)-like particles bearing the recombinant spike protein and investigate the humoral immune responses in chickens. Results: IBV virus-like particles (VLPs) were generated through the co-infection with three recombinant baculoviruses separately encoding M, E or the recombinant S genes. The recombinant S protein was sufficiently flexible to retain the ability to self-assemble into VLPs. The size and morphology of the VLPs were similar to authentic IBV particles. In addition, the immunogenicity of IBV VLPs had been investigated. The results demonstrated that the efficiency of the newly generated VLPs was comparable to that of the inactivated M41 viruses in eliciting IBV-specific antibodies and neutralizing antibodies in chickens via subcutaneous inoculation. Conclusions: This work provides basic information for the mechanism of IBV VLP formation and develops a platform for further designing IBV VLP-based vaccines against IBV or other viruses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Xanthine oxidase (XOD) catalyzes the metabolism of hypoxanthine and xanthine to uric acid, the overproduction of which could cause hyperuricemia, a risk factor for gout. Inhibition of XOD is a major treatment for gout, and biflavonoids have been found to act as XOD-inhibitory compounds. In this study, ultrafiltration liquid chromatography with photodiode-array detection coupled to electrospray-ionization tandem mass spectrometry (UF-LC-PDA-ESI-MS) was used to screen and identify XOD inhibitors from S. tamariscina. High-performance counter-current chromatography (HPCCC) was used to separate and isolate the active constituents of these XOD inhibitors. Furthermore, ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) and triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry (TQ-MS) was used to determine the XOD-inhibitory activity of the obtained XOD inhibitors, and enzyme kinetics was performed with Lineweaver-Burk (LB) plots using xanthine as the substrate. As a result, two compounds in S. tamariscina were screened as XOD inhibitors: 65.31 mg amentoflavone and 0.76 mg robustaflavone were isolated from approximately 2.5 g S. tamariscina by use of HPCCC. The purities of the two compounds obtained were over 98 % and 95 %, respectively, as determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Lineweaver-Burk plot analysis indicated that amentoflavone and robustaflavone were non-competitive inhibitors of XOD, and the IC values of amentoflavone and robustaflavone for XOD inhibition were 16.26 μg mL (30.22 μmol L) and 11.98 μg mL (22.27 μmol L), respectively. The IC value of allopurinol, used as the standard, was 7.49 μg mL (46.23 μmol L). The results reveal that the method for systematic screening, identification, and isolation of bioactive components in S. tamariscina and for detecting their inhibitory activity using ultrafiltration LC-ESI-MS, HPCCC, and UPLC-TQ-MS is feasible and efficient, and could be expected to extend to screening and separation of other enzyme inhibitors. [Figure not available: see fulltext.] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A quantificational method for 7 phthalate esters in non-alcoholic beverages was developed. Dimethyl phthalate, di-ethyl phthalate, di-propyl phthalate (DPP), di-butyl phthalate (DBP), benzyl butyl phthalate, di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), and di-octyl phthalate (DOP) were extracted from non-alcoholic beverages with the optimized solid-phase extraction method, and quantification was achieved by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with isotope internal standard of d-di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP-d). The inter-day method repeatability (RSD) was 8-13 %, whereas the intra-day method repeatability (RSD) was 9-15 %. The mean spiking recoveries were 84-105 %. A wide variety of phthalate concentrations was observed in 48 non-alcoholic beverages. DEHP was the most abundant phthalate compound followed by DBP, DPP, and DOP. DEHP was found in sport drinks (0.015-0.098 mg L), tea (0.016-0.123 mg L), coffee (0.028-0.159 mg L), and fruit juices (0.022-0.126 mg L). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 1-3 type lead-free piezofiber/epoxy composites were prepared using Li, Ta and Sb modified (Na, K)NbO compositions as the ceramic phase by means of fiber arrangement and epoxy cast. The dense and smooth piezoelectric ceramic fibers with a diameter of 250 μm or less were fabricated by extruding plastic mud pie through micro-holes drilled in a hard mould by means of a laser-cutter. The dielectric, piezoelectric, electromechanical coupling properties and acoustic impedance characteristic of the as-prepared 1-3 composites with different ceramic volume fractions were characterized and compared with the theoretical values as well as those of monolithic ceramics. A nearly pure thickness vibration mode with a resonance frequency over 2 MHz (sample thickness ~1 mm) was formed, together with a high electromechanical coupling coefficient ( k ~ 0.55-0.6), low acoustic impedances ( Z ~ 9-14 MRayl) and relatively high piezoelectric voltage coefficient ( g ~ 30 × 10 m/C). The results indicate that those composites have potential to be transducer elements in various applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For many advanced applications, high thermal stability above 400 °C remains as a challenge for the ordered mesoporous titania films. In this work, we attempt to increase the thermal stability of mesoporous structure in titania film crystallization via PS- b-PEO block copolymer templating route. This paper reports the highly crystallized mesoporous titania film on silicon substrate thermally stable at 600 °C. The photocatalytic activity of the titania mesoporous film was also shown to be twice of that templated by F127 for degradation of methylene blue (MB). The present results also indicate that at low crystallinity, photocatalytic activity is controlled primarily by crystal perfection rather that surface area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the framework of Regge phenomenology, the masses of the charmed states cq̄ (q=u,d,s) lying on the 13S1-like trajectories are estimated. The overall agreement between our estimated masses and the recent predictions given using modified quark models by Matsuki et al., Lakhina et al. and Close et al. is good. The masses of the observed charmed states Ds0(2317), DsJ(2860) and DsJ(2690)/DsJ(2700) can reasonably be reproduced in the picture of these charmed states as simple quark–antiquark configurations. We therefore suggest that Ds0(2317) can be identified with the cs̄(13P0) states. The possible assignments of the DsJ(2860) and DsJ(2690)/DsJ(2700) are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The vaginal microbiota is thought to play a role in modulating risk of high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) infection. We examined the relationship between the vaginal microbiota and persistent hrHPV infection in HIV-negative and HIV-positive women. We used 16S-rRNA sequencing to characterize the vaginal microbiota of two serial samples taken six months apart from 211 Nigerian women (67%, 142/211 HIV-positive and 33%, 69/211 HIV-negative) and evaluated the association between the vaginal microbiota and persistent hrHPV infection using generalized estimating equation logistic regression models and linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) algorithm to identify phylotypic biomarkers of persistent hrHPV infection. The high diversity microbiota, Community State Type IV-B, was the most prevalent in both HIV-negative (38% at baseline, 30% at the follow-up visit) and HIV-positive (27% at baseline, 35% at the follow-up visit) women. The relationship between the vaginal microbiota and persistent hrHPV was modified by HIV status. In HIV-negative women, women with Lactobacillus dominant microbiota had lower odds (OR: 0.35, 95% CI 0.14–0.89, p = 0.03) of persistent hrHPV compared to women with Lactobacillus deficient microbiota. While among HIV-positive women, the odds of being persistently infected with hrHPV was higher in women with Lactobacillus dominant microbiota (OR: 1.25, 95% CI 0.73–2.14 p = 0.41). This difference in effect estimates by HIV was statistically significant (p = 0.02). A high diversity vaginal microbial community with paucity of Lactobacillus species was associated with persistent hrHPV infection in HIV-negative women but not in HIV-positive women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clostridium difficile is the leading cause of nosocomial diarrhea and colitis in the industrialized world. Disruption of the protective gut microbiota by antibiotics enables colonization by multidrug-resistant C. difficile, which secrete up to three different protein toxins that are responsible for the gastrointestinal sequelae. Oral agents that inhibit the damage induced by toxins, without altering the gut microbiota, are urgently needed to prevent primary disease and break the cycle of antibiotic-induced disease recurrence. Here, we show that the anthelmintic drug, niclosamide, inhibits the pathogenesis of all three toxins by targeting a host process required for entry into colonocytes by each toxin. In mice infected with an epidemic strain of C. difficile, expressing all three toxins, niclosamide reduced both primary disease and recurrence, without disrupting the diversity or composition of the gut microbiota. Given its excellent safety profile, niclosamide may address an important unmet need in preventing C. difficile primary and recurrent diseases. Clostridium difficile causes diarrhea and colitis by producing up to three different protein toxins. Here, Tam et al. show that an anthelmintic drug, niclosamide, inhibits the pathogenesis of all three toxins by targeting a host process required for toxin entry into host cells, without disrupting the gut microbiota. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]