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Introduction: In recent years, tenecteplase has been competing with alteplase as a treatment for acute ischemic stroke given its ease of administration, lower dosage, cost-effectiveness, and better safety data. This paper seeks to analyze academic literature regarding the burgeoning usage of tenecteplase as a treatment for acute ischemic stroke across the world. Method: The Web of Science database was used to collect the data from articles containing the keywords "Tenecteplase" and "Stroke" published from 1999 to 2023. The search resulted in 576 journal articles. This study analyzed metadata related to the country, institution, keywords, and date published for each article in the database pertaining to tenecteplase use for stroke. Results: The United States led in publications (260, 39.93%), followed by Australia (101, 15.51%), and a tie for third place between Canada and China (77, 11.83% each). The three most prevalent keywords were tenecteplase (N = 324), alteplase (N = 284), and thrombolysis (N = 244). The University of Melbourne and the University of Calgary were the leading institutions publishing on the use of tenecteplase as a treatment for stroke. In 2023, the number of publications on the usage of tenecteplase for stroke was the greatest, making up 24.3% of all papers on the topic. Conclusion: The surge in academic papers regarding tenecteplase in stroke in 2023 could be a good indicator of the drug's increasing prevalence as a treatment for stroke. Despite this finding, tenecteplase is currently not an FDA-approved therapy in the US as Genentech, the drug's manufacturer, has yet to file for federal approval for acute ischemic stroke treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the growing intersection between sustainability and organisational learning, current empirical research offers limited understanding of specific ways in which an industry learns to be sustainable. This paper explores industry sustainability from an organisational learning perspective in the Eyre Peninsula's fishing industry in Australia. Drawing on organisational learning literature, it argues that a better understanding of how an industry pursues sustainability is necessary if we explore the specific ways in which they learn. The findings from our analysis of data from interviews with 54 participants support and underscore the importance of learning through social networks and interactions, observation, experimentation, experiences and formal education in order to adopt socially, economically and environmentally sustainable practices. To develop a sustainable industry, managers and stakeholders should explore the specific ways in which they learn. This paper advances current studies that seek to understand industry commitment towards sustainability from an organisational learning perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Commonwealth Government should move to the funding of undergraduate courses for Australian students through the students rather than by way of direct grants to institutions. An independent coordinating body should be re-established to report on the higher education sector, advise the Commonwealth and administer Commonwealth higher education programs. Public funding of undergraduate education and research training should be decentralised through a system of scholarships. Undergraduate scholarship holders should pay charges determined by universities under HECS (Higher Education Contribution Scheme) arrangements. HECS arrangements also should apply to full fee paying undergraduates and PELS (Postgraduate Education Loan Scheme) arrangements to full fee paying research students. Institutional research funding should be on a disciplinary basis, taking account of the volume and quality of outputs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transformation of cities into smarter and more efficient environments relies on proactive and timely detection and maintenance of city-wide infrastructure, including roadside infrastructure such as road signs and the cleaning of illegally dumped rubbish. Currently, these maintenance tasks rely predominantly on citizen reports or on-site checks by council staff. However, this approach has been shown to be time-consuming and highly costly, resulting in significant delays that negatively impact communities. This paper presents AIoT-CitySense, an AI and IoT-driven city-scale sensing framework, developed and piloted in collaboration with a local government in Australia. AIoT-CitySense has been designed to address the unique requirements of roadside infrastructure maintenance within the local government municipality. A tailored solution of AIoT-CitySense has been deployed on existing waste service trucks that cover a road network of approximately 100 kms in the municipality. Our analysis shows that proactive detection for roadside infrastructure maintenance using our solution reached an impressive 85%, surpassing the timeframes associated with manual reporting processes. AIoT-CitySense can potentially transform various domains, such as efficient detection of potholes and precise line marking for pedestrians. This paper exemplifies the power of leveraging city-wide data using AI and IoT technologies to drive tangible changes and improve the quality of city life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers the practical and intellectual challenges that attend efforts to integrate the social and natural sciences in environmental research, and the broader political, social and economic context in which this takes place. Based on the experiences of researchers in Australia—but with obvious relevance for researchers in many countries—it is the outcome of an interdisciplinary workshop which brought together social and natural scientists involved in environmental management. This event and the wider discussions that followed were initiated to enable researchers to exchange ideas about the obstacles to interdisciplinary collaboration, and to discuss ways to overcome these. The paper provides a summary of the issues and proposes some guidelines for interdisciplinary collaboration. These may be summarised as follows: [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this journal, Sciffer et al. (Large-scale Assessments in Education 10:1–22, 2022), hereafter SP&M, conclude that school socioeconomic compositional (SEC) or school socioeconomic status (school-SES) effects in Australia are substantial and substantively important for research and policy. This paper demonstrates that these claims are unwarranted. Their SEC estimates are much larger than estimates from comparable studies and a metastudy. Despite plausible theoretical reasons and empirical evidence, SP&M do not consider that school academic composition is a significant predictor of student achievement independent of SEC. SEC effects are confounded by academic composition and are typically trivial when considering academic composition. The second part of this paper compares SP&M's estimates with analysis of the same data, from the Australian National Assessments in Performance—Literacy and Numeracy (NAPLAN). In a model corresponding to SP&M analyses comprising demographics, SES, school-SES, and student-level prior achievement, the effects of school-SES are small, with standardized effects mostly less than 0.10. With the addition of academic composition measured by school-level prior achievement, school-SES effects are effectively zero. In contrast, academic composition has significant, albeit small, impacts on student achievement. Therefore, contrary to SP&M's (2022) conclusion, school-SES effects on student achievement in NAPLAN are negligible, whereas school-level prior achievement has small effects. That is not to say that school-SES is always irrelevant, but any assessment of its importance must consider both student- and school-level prior achievement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assessing future demand for a wide range of services requires good quality population forecasts. Unfortunately, many past forecasts of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander (Indigenous) population of Australia have proved highly inaccurate. This is due to poor data quality, missing data, and demographers' incomplete understanding of Indigenous population change. In addition, because Indigenous population estimates are published only every 5 years and long after the reference date, forecasts are often used as preliminary population estimates. These form the denominators of various metrics used to monitor programmes aimed at improving health and social outcomes. The aim of this paper is to present an evaluation of alternative forecasting models and forecasts of the Indigenous population of Australia's States and Territories by age and sex. Four models, differing substantially in complexity, were evaluated: (1) the simple Hamilton–Perry method, (2) the synthetic migration cohort-component model, (3) a uniregional cohort-component model with net migration, and (4) a bi-regional cohort-component model. The population forecasting methods were evaluated against several criteria, including forecast accuracy over the 2016–21 period, input data requirements, conceptual adequacy, output detail, time required to prepare, ability to create scenarios and select alternative assumptions, and ease of implementation. The Hamilton–Perry and synthetic migration cohort-component models provided greater forecast accuracy and scored well against the evaluation criteria. In the challenging data environment for modelling Indigenous populations, simpler forecasting methods offer several practical advantages and are likely to produce more accurate forecasts than more data-intensive models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Disaster Management (DM), reusing knowledge of best practices from past experiences is envisaged as the best approach for dealing with future disasters. But analysing and modelling processes involved in those experiences is a well-known challenge. But the efficient storage of those processes to allow reuse by others in future DM endeavours is even more challenging and less discussed. Without an efficient process in place, DM knowledge reuse becomes even more remote as the effort incurred gets construed as a hindrance to more pressing activities during the execution of disaster activities. Efficiency has to also be pursued without compromising the effectiveness of the knowledge analysis and reuse. It is important to ensure that knowledge remains meaningful and relevant after it is transformed. This paper presents and validates a DM knowledge analysis framework (DMKAF 2.0) that caters for efficient transformation of DM knowledge intended for reuse. The paper demonstrates that undertaking knowledge transformation and storage in the context of its use is crucial in DM for both, effectiveness and efficiency of the transformation process. Design Science Research methodology guides the research undertaken, by informing enhancements and how the framework is evaluated. A real case study of flood DM from the State Emergency Service of Victoria State Australia is successfully used to validate these enhancements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change and associated processes can increase the occurrence of some natural hazards and threaten business operations. Therefore, it is widely recommended businesses respond to climate change and implement climate change adaptation. Worldwide, businesses make efforts towards climate change adaptation, but investigation on such efforts is still required. To partially fill this research gap, the paper explores businesses adaptation efforts in the Hunter Valley, Australia. The paper collects primary data from open-ended interviews to 10 representatives of local businesses and supporting organizations. The paper reveals that businesses interpret climate change in different ways. While some businesses are sceptical about climate change, others are aware of it and its impacts on everyday operations. Businesses therefore implement adaptation by integrating climate change into everyday operations and continuity planning. The paper also shows diverse interactions occurring between businesses and other local stakeholders such as governments and communities. Usually, higher government levels offer vague and limited support to businesses and inhibit their adaptive efforts. Meanwhile, interactions between businesses and City Councils can be both collaborative and fragmented. Some businesses also interact with local communities by disclosing information about their operations and response to climate change. The paper discusses these findings and provides conclusions under the form of recommendations for policy and research on Australian businesses and climate change adaptation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy rainfall and precipitation play a massive role in shaping the socio-agricultural landscape of a country. Being one of the key indicators of climate change, natural disasters, and of the general topology of a region, rainfall prediction is a gift of estimation that can be used for multiple beneficial causes. Machine learning has an impressive repertoire in aiding prediction and estimation of rainfall. This paper aims to find the effect of ensemble learning, a subset of machine learning, on a rainfall prediction dataset, to increase the predictability of the models used. The classification models used in this paper were tested once individually, and then with applied ensemble techniques like bagging and boosting, on a rainfall dataset based in Australia. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate a reduction in bias and variance via ensemble learning techniques while also analyzing the increase or decrease in the aforementioned metrics. The study shows an overall reduction in bias by an average of 6% using boosting, and an average reduction in variance by 13.6%. Model performance was observed to become more generalized by lowering the false negative rate by an average of more than 20%. The techniques explored in this paper can be further utilized to improve model performance even further via hyper-parameter tuning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents research that analyses the relative importance of carbon markets to sustainable waste management projects in Australia. It identifies that a large proportion of carbon credits issued have been generated by landfill to electricity projects, which effectively rely on the continuation of landfilling practices. More ambition is needed to realise the potential of circular solutions that reduce, recover and utilise waste before disposal. The research also shows that, through modelling the financial performance of two theoretical waste to energy projects that would result in diversion of waste from landfill, simultaneous use of revenue support mechanisms (carbon markets and renewable energy certificate programs), cost of capital support programs (like concessional finance) and avoided landfilling levies in the deployment of waste management projects can be justified. The paper illustrates the significant contribution carbon revenues can make to project additionality at the investment-decision stage, adding between 2–10% to ex-ante estimates of pre-tax equity returns. This shows that a project's additionality is not invalidated in cases where it accesses more than one support mechanism. There are many policy and practice applications for these findings in Australia and globally. They include within ongoing international efforts to define modalities for the new Article 6.4 mechanism under the Paris Agreement, reforms to how developing countries access to climate finance (including, but not limited to, the Bridgetown Initiative 2.0 (The Bridgetown Initiative 2.0: https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/blog/2023/04/press-release-with-clock-ticking-for-the-sdgs-un-chief-and-barbados-prime-minister-call-for-urgent-action-to-transform-broken-global-financial-system/)); and through the domestic policies and mechanisms countries adopt so they are fit-for-purpose to support implementation of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC). Highlights: • Almost 90% of carbon credits from projects in Australian waste sector use landfill gas. • Carbon revenues can lift pre-tax ex ante equity returns for waste projects by 2–10%. • Scaled-up use of markets can lead to higher penetration of circular resource recovery. • Additionality can exist notwithstanding simultaneous use of incentive mechanisms. • Multiple revenue streams can provide hedge in volatile energy and carbon markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the global research status and future trends of cadastre were evaluated by using bibliometric analysis. This study is based on the analysis of research topics, scientific production, collaboration among countries and authors, and most cited papers on cadastre research which obtained from database of Scopus during the time period from 1958 to 2018. A total of 4220 papers were published in 128 different journals and most of them were original articles (2906, 68.8%) followed by conference paper (966, 22.9%). It found that Germany was the most productive country with 218 papers and 5.2% of total literature followed by United States and Australia. University of Melbourne was found to publish the highest number of documents with 85 papers and to cover 4.2% of the total literature followed by Delft University of Technology. Most used five keywords were "cadastre", "GIS", "surveying", "mapping" and "land use" (n = 945, 791, 300, 296 and 294 times, respectively). The top two authors who contributed most were Williamson, I.P. (69 articles), Van Oosterom P. (40 articles). The top-cited publication was "Analysis of land-cover transitions based on seventeenth and eighteenth century cadastral maps and aerial photographs" written by Cousins, in Landscape Ecology in 2001. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reports on the result of a bibliometric study showing that Australia's National Health and Medical Research Council's biomedical research papers are widely cited in peer-reviewed journals. Impact of Australian publications for 1993 and 1994; Recognition received by Australia in the fields of cell biology and genetics.

The article provides information on the research work of Martin Kennedy which focused on cap carbonates. He has been examining these layers of sedimentary rocks that overlay glacial deposits from around 635 million years ago since he was a graduate student at the University of Adelaide in Australia. Based on his observations, he began to suspect that the cap carbonates had formed when methane clathrates melted, releasing the gas. These methane clathrates remain stable in permafrost which is under pressure form the overlaying ice sheets.

Focuses on Australian university publications. Choice of performance indicators; Incentive for placement in a prestigious journal.

Eating disorders (EDs) are serious, deadly disorders that emerge in adolescence and early adulthood. Further, reported incidences of EDs are increasing worldwide. As such, accessible, affordable, and effective early intervention and prevention efforts are critical. The Body Project is a well-established ED prevention program with demonstrated success at reducing ED symptom severity and the risk of onset of EDs in young females. However, it has not yet been formally evaluated in an Australian population, nor have the benefits of the treatment for young people of all genders been thoroughly investigated. This protocol paper outlines the design for a study which aims to investigate the outcomes and feasibility of the Body Project as a brief ED prevention program within an Australian youth mental health service: headspace Camperdown. This pragmatic trial will compare outcomes between a Body Project treatment group and a Treatment-as-usual control group. Primary outcomes include body image concerns, ED symptomatology and general psychological distress, measured pre- and post-treatment, and at one-month follow-up. All young people attending headspace Camperdown for care are eligible for participation in the trial. The Body Project program is comprised of four group-based 1.5 h sessions run over 4 consecutive weeks. Overall, a trial of the Body Project as an ED prevention program is warranted to investigate the outcomes of the intervention in this sample and will provide valuable information about the feasibility for widespread implementation of the treatment as part of a stepped-care approach to intervention for EDs at youth mental health service locations across Australia. ANZCTR Trial Registration Number: ACTRN12623000695606 (registered 29 June 2023). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

X3/R is a new large-scale free-piston-driven dual-mode shock expansion tube, developed and operated collaboratively by the University of Queensland (UQ) and Australia's Defence Science and Technology Group (DSTG). The facility can be converted between a long-duration reflected shock tunnel (RST), a super-orbital expansion tube (X-mode), and a non-reflected shock tube (NRST). In RST mode, the facility is currently capable of producing 600 mm diameter Mach 7 test flows at 25–50 kPa dynamic pressure for more than 10 ms. In expansion tube mode, the facility can reach enthalpies up to 80 MJ/kg for test times on the order of 500–1000 μ s. This paper presents the new facility, summarizes its current operational capabilities, and discusses key the technical challenges overcome during its development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On January 15, 2022, an ongoing eruption at the Hunga-Tonga Hunga-Ha'apai volcano generated a large explosion which resulted in a globally observed tsunami and atmospheric pressure wave. This paper presents time series observations of the event from Australia including 503 mean sea level pressure (MSLP) sensors and 103 tide gauges. Data is provided in its original format, which varies between data providers, and a post-processed format with consistent file structure and time zone. High-pass filtered variants of the data are also provided to facilitate study of the pressure wave and tsunami. For a minority of tide gauges the raw sea level data cannot be provided, due to licence restrictions, but high-pass filtered data is always provided. The data provides an important historical record of the volcanic pressure wave and tsunami in Australia. It will be useful for research on atmospheric and ocean waves associated with large volcanic eruptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we discuss several problems with current Big data practices which, we claim, seriously erode the role of informed consent as it pertains to the use of personal information. To illustrate these problems, we consider how the notion of informed consent has been understood and operationalised in the ethical regulation of biomedical research (and medical practices, more broadly) and compare this with current Big data practices. We do so by first discussing three types of problems that can impede informed consent with respect to Big data use. First, we discuss the transparency (or explanation) problem. Second, we discuss the re-repurposed data problem. Third, we discuss the meaningful alternatives problem. In the final section of the paper, we suggest some solutions to these problems. In particular, we propose that the use of personal data for commercial and administrative objectives could be subject to a 'soft governance' ethical regulation, akin to the way that all projects involving human participants (e.g., social science projects, human medical data and tissue use) are regulated in Australia through the Human Research Ethics Committees (HRECs). We also consider alternatives to the standard consent forms, and privacy policies, that could make use of some of the latest research focussed on the usability of pictorial legal contracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In light of the growing need to pay attention to general public opinions and sentiments toward AI, this paper examines the levels of understandings amongst the Australian public toward the increased societal use of AI technologies. Drawing on a nationally representative survey of 2019 adults across Australia, the paper examines how aware people consider themselves to be of recent developments in AI; variations in popular conceptions of what AI is; and the extent to which levels of support for AI are liable to alter with additional exposure to information about AI. While a majority of respondents consider themselves to have little knowledge and familiarity with the topic of AI, the survey nevertheless finds considerable range of relatively 'plausible' basic understandings of what AI is. Significantly, repeated questioning highlights a willingness among many people to reassess their opinions once having received further information about AI, and being asked to think through issues relating to AI and society. These patterns remain relatively consistent, regardless of respondents' political orientation, income, social class and other demographic characteristics. As such, the paper concludes by considering how these findings provide support for the development of public education efforts to further enhance what might be termed 'public understanding of AI'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transport infrastructure systems are very complex and expensive. Projects to procure such systems are costly, long and complex to manage. The procurement context usually includes many collaborating organizations but often with different concerns and priorities, and many interactions to other parties. This makes the procurement very complex and entangled. DoDAF, MoDAF and TRAK are three architecture frameworks (AF) that model the whole enterprise/system life cycle that includes system procurement. They are expressed as metamodels. In this paper, we analyse various procurements strategies and identify the concerns that AFs should address. The TRAK AF is then applied to a Rail procurement case study in collaboration with Transport for New South Wales (NSW) in Australia to assess its effectiveness in meeting the procurement needs. In all stages of the study, TRAK is mapped and compared to DoDAF and MoDAF to examine whether DoDAF or MoDAF can cover the inadequacies of TRAK. This paper shows that there is a considerable number of procurement needs which are overlooked by these architecture frameworks. It proposes a metamodel driven expansion to these frameworks to improve their completeness and expressiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this guest editor's introduction to this thematic volume on the historical archaeology of Queensland, Australia, I briefly discuss some of the history and archaeology of Queensland in light of some of the major themes currently being investigated. The papers presented in this volume are also introduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper summarises key issues from papers included in a special issue about the impacts of climate change on Australian wetlands. The papers covered: the assessment of wetlands under climate change, adaptation and engineering responses to climate change, and restoring wetlands under a changing climate. The key issues from these papers were used to indicate areas where the Ramsar Convention could develop guidance as part of its' Handbooks for the Wise Use of Wetlands. These included: (i) assessing changes in the distribution of species and whether these constitute a change in the ecological character of the wetland; (ii) assessing the usefulness of models of wetland response to climate change; (iii) assessing the value in allocating water to protected sites where restoration would be contingent on reallocation of larger volumes of water; (iv) assessing the efficacy of engineering responses with the potential to deliver more water-efficient environmental outcomes for wetlands and (v) determining if the description of the ecological character of a Ramsar site at the time of listing is a suitable reference for management purposes. With these issues in mind it is recommended that further attention is directed towards determining and responding to the ecological consequences of climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper reports on the introduction of the graphics calculator into three centralised examination systems, which were located in Denmark, Victoria (Australia) and the International Baccalaureate. The introduction of the graphics calculator required those responsible for writing examination questions to consider how to assess mathematical skills within this new environment. This paper illustrates the types of mathematics skills that have been assessed within the graphics-calculator-assumed environment. The analysis of the examination questions indicated that only two out of the six mathematics examinations considered demonstrated any significant change in the types of skills assessed in conjunction with the introduction of the graphics calculator. The results suggest that it is possible to reduce the use of questions assessing routine procedures (mechanical skills) with a graphics calculator, but it is also evident that there have not been major changes in the way that examination questions are written nor the mathematics skills which the questions are intended to assess. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) is well established in Australian hospitals. Electronic medical record (EMR) implementation has lagged in Australia, with two Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society (HIMSS) Stage 6 hospitals and one Stage 7 hospital as of September 2020. Specific barriers faced by AMS teams with paper-based prescribing and medical records include real-time identification of antimicrobials orders; the ability to prospectively monitor antimicrobial use; and the integration of fundamental point of prescribing AMS principles into routine clinical practice. There are few local guidelines to assist Australian hospitals and AMS teams beyond "out of the box" EMR functionality. EMR implementation has enormous potential to positively impact AMS teams through more efficient workflows and the ability to expand the reach and coverage of AMS activities. There are inevitable limitations associated with EMR implementation that must be considered. In this paper, four Australian hospitals share their experience with EMR roll out, AMS customisation and how they have overcome specific barriers in local AMS practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corals are sessile invertebrates living underwater in colorful structures known as reefs. Unfortunately, coral's temperature sensitivity is causing color bleaching, which hosts organisms that are crucial and consequently affect marine pharmacognosy. To address this problem, many researchers are developing cures and treatment procedures to restore bleached corals. However, before the cure, the researchers need to precisely localize the bleached corals in the Great Barrier Reef. The researchers have developed various visual classification frameworks to localize bleached corals. However, the performance of those techniques degrades with variations in illumination, orientation, scale, and view angle. In this paper, we develop highly noise-robust and invariant robust localization using bag-of-hybrid visual features (RL-BoHVF) for bleached corals by employing the AlexNet DNN and ColorTexture handcrafted by raw features. It is observed that the overall dimension is reduced by using the bag-of-feature method while achieving a classification accuracy of 96.20% on the balanced dataset collected from the Great Barrier Reef of Australia. Furthermore, the localization performance of the proposed model was evaluated on 342 images, which include both train and test segments. The model achieved superior performance compared to other standalone and hybrid DNN and handcrafted models reported in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a general power form of head-loss (pressure-drop) equation and the concept of shear velocity were used to study non-Darcy filtration through coarse granular materials. Using new laboratory data, the validity of four widely-used power form pressure-drop equations were evaluated. The results indicated that for the lower size of grain diameter (d ≤ 8.7 mm) the Wilkins (in: Proceedings of the 2nd Australia-New Zealand Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Christchurch, 1956) method has predicted satisfactorily the hydraulic gradient, while for the higher size of grain diameter (d ≥ 15.6 mm), the Stephenson (Rockfill in Hydraulic Engineering, Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam, 1979) method predicted acceptably the pressure gradient. The results also indicated that the best estimation for the Izbash coefficient a is the Wilkins method. Finally, new correlations for friction factor, shear velocity and Reynolds number as well as new threshold limits for Darcy, partially-turbulent, and fully-turbulent flow regimes are presented and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ambient PM2.5 (particles less than 2.5 μm in diameter) is monitored in many countries including Australia. Occasionally PM2.5 instruments may report negative measurements, although in realty the ambient air can never contain negative amounts of particles. Some negative readings are caused by instrument faults or procedural errors, thus can be simply invalidated from air quality reporting. There are occasions, however, when negative readings occur due to other factors including technological or procedural limitations. Treatment of such negative data requires consideration of factors such as measurement uncertainty, instrument noise and risk for significant bias in air quality reporting. There is very limited documentation on handling negative PM2.5 data in the literature. This paper demonstrates how a threshold is determined for controlling negative hourly PM2.5 readings in the New South Wales (NSW) air quality data system. The investigation involved a review of thresholds used in different data systems and an assessment of instrument measurement uncertainties, zero air test data and impacts on key reporting statistics when applying different thresholds to historical datasets. The results show that a threshold of −10.0 μg/m3 appears optimal for controlling negative PM2.5 data in public reporting. This choice is consistent with the measurement uncertainty estimates and the zero air test data statistics calculated for the NSW Air Quality Monitoring Network, and is expected not to have significant impacts on key compliance reporting statistics such as data availability and annual average pollution levels. The analysis can be useful for air quality monitoring in other Australian jurisdictions or wider context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) and by extension the Internet, have brought immense sociological transformations to humanity. Despite the development the Internet has brought to humanity, the Government of Papua New Guinea (GoPNG) has not lost sight of the fact that the use of ICTs and other related supporting devices are fraught with cybercrime and cyber insecurities that constitute challenges to global law enforcement agencies in PNG and other nations of the world. This paper reports the trends on victims of cybercrimes from 2001 to 2021 and presents an action plan for PNG. The data analysed in this study was explicated from the Internet crime reports published by the Federal Bureau of Investigation and National White Collar Crime Center (IC3). The data were analysed using descriptive statistics and XGraph component of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences' Population Pyramid. The results confirmed that the number of Internet users that were defrauded increased exponentially from 2016 to 2021. Results from the data explicated from the World Bank on Internet use, revealed that the population of Internet users in PNG and Australia will increase at a minimum rate of 1% to 2% for the next few years. These findings suggest that cybercrimes will be on the rise as the number of Internet users increase at 1% to 2% in PNG and Australia in the next few years. The findings present appropriate strategies to address the incidences of cybercrimes in PNG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This paper presents an Australian model that formed part of the health technology assessment for public investment in siltuximab for the rare condition of idiopathic Multicentric Castleman Disease (iMCD) in Australia. Methods: Two literature reviews were conducted to identify the appropriate comparator and model structure. Survival gain based on available clinical trial data were modelled using an Excel-based model semi-Markov model including time-varying transition probabilities, an adjustment for trial crossover and long-term data. A 20-year horizon was taken, and an Australian healthcare system perspective was adopted, with both benefits and costs discounted at 5%. The model was informed with an inclusive stakeholder approach that included a review of the model by an independent economist, Australian clinical expert opinion and feedback from the Pharmaceutical Benefits Advisory Committee (PBAC). The price used in the economic evaluation reflects a confidential discounted price, which was agreed to with the PBAC. Results: An incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of A$84,935 per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained was estimated. At a willingness-to-pay threshold of A$100,000 per QALY, siltuximab has a 72.1% probability of being cost-effective compared with placebo and best supportive care. Sensitivity analyses results were most sensitive to the length of interval between administrations (from 3- to 6-weekly) and crossover adjustments. Conclusion: Within a collaborative and inclusive stakeholder framework, the model submitted to the Australian PBAC found siltuximab to be cost-effective for the treatment of iMCD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SABRE (Sodium iodide with Active Background REjection) is a direct detection dark matter experiment based on arrays of radio-pure NaI(Tl) crystals. The experiment aims at achieving an ultra-low background rate and its primary goal is to confirm or refute the results from the DAMA/LIBRA experiment. The SABRE Proof-of-Principle phase was carried out in 2020–2021 at the Gran Sasso National Laboratory (LNGS), in Italy. The next phase consists of two full-scale experiments: SABRE South at the Stawell Underground Physics Laboratory, in Australia, and SABRE North at LNGS. This paper focuses on SABRE South and presents a detailed simulation of the detector, which is used to characterise the background for dark matter searches including DAMA/LIBRA-like modulation. We estimate an overall background of 0.72 cpd/kg/ keV ee in the energy range 1–6 keV ee primarily due to radioactive contamination in the crystals. Given this level of background and considering that the SABRE South has a target mass of 50 kg, we expect to exclude (confirm) DAMA/LIBRA modulation at 4 (5) σ within 2.5 years of data taking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using an analysis of two independent, qualitative interview data sets: the first containing semi-structured interviews with mid-senior academics from across a range of disciplines at two research-intensive universities in Australia and the UK, collected between 2011 and 2013 (n = 51); and the second including pre- (n = 62), and post-evaluation (n = 57) interviews with UK REF2014 Main Panel A evaluators, this paper provides some of the first empirical work and the grounded uncovering of implicit (and in some cases explicit) gendered associations around impact generation and, by extension, its evaluation. In this paper, we explore the nature of gendered associations towards non-academic impact (Impact) generation and evaluation. The results suggest an underlying yet emergent gendered perception of Impact and its activities that is worthy of further research and exploration as the importance of valuing the ways in which research has an influence 'beyond academia' increases globally. In particular, it identifies how researchers perceive that there are some personality traits that are better orientated towards achieving Impact; how these may in fact be gendered. It also identifies how gender may play a role in the prioritisation of 'hard' Impacts (and research) that can be counted, in contrast to 'soft' Impacts (and research) that are far less quantifiable, reminiscent of deeper entrenched views about the value of different 'modes' of research. These orientations also translate to the evaluation of Impact, where panellists exhibit these tendencies prior to its evaluation and describe the organisation of panel work with respect to gender diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Event-based rainfall-runoff models are practical tools commonly used to predict catchments' response to a rainfall event. However, one of the main concerns is that the characteristics of rain events are neglected in the model development. This paper develops a novel event-based rainfall-runoff equation to incorporate rainfall characteristics into account. The performance of the new equation is evaluated based on the root mean square error, Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient, and per cent bias for 13,339 rainfall-runoff events between 2005 and 2020 over 23 catchments across New Zealand and Australia with oceanic, mediterranean, tropical, subtropical, and semiarid climates. Compared to the previous event-based models, the new equation shows an improvement in runoff estimation in almost all case studies. Furthermore, considering the new equation is simple, efficient, and takes the rain event duration into account, the new equation has the potential to become a robust alternative method to the conventional curve number method in hydrological engineering projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, there is an urgent need for widespread restoration of coastal wetlands like mangroves and saltmarsh. This restoration has been slow to progress in Australia for a number of reasons, including legal issues surrounding land tenure, ownership and use. This paper uses the responses to a survey of coastal zone experts to identify and articulate these legal issues, before considering and analysing in-depth recommendations, solutions and levers to facilitate restoration, and areas where further research or possible policy and/or law reform is needed. It calls for legislative reform to clarify tidal boundaries generally and under sea-level rise, greater use of incentive schemes to encourage the uptake of restoration projects, and utilisation of contracts and land-based covenants to secure projects and carbon flows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID-19 remains a significant public health problem in New South Wales, Australia. Although the NSW government is employing various control policies, more specific and compelling interventions are needed to control the spread of COVID-19. This paper presents a modified SEIR-X model based on a nonlinear ordinary differential equations system that considers the transmission routes from asymptomatic (Exposed) and symptomatic (Mild and Critical) individuals. The model is fitted to the corresponding cumulative number of cases in metropolitan and rural health districts of NSW reported by the Health Department and parameterised using the least-squares method. The basic reproduction number (R 0) , which measures the possible spread of COVID-19 in a population, is computed using the next generation operator method. Sensitivity analysis of the model parameters reveals that the transmission rate had an enormous influence on R 0 , which may be an option for controlling this disease. Two time-dependent control strategies, namely preventive (it refers to effort at inhibiting the virus transmission and prevention of case development from Exposed, Mild, Critical, Non-hospitalised and Hospitalised population) and management (it refers to enhance the management of Non-hospitalised and Hospitalised individuals who are infected by COVID-19) measures, are considered to mitigate this disease's dynamics using Pontryagin's maximum principle. The most sensible control strategy is determined through the cost-effectiveness analysis for the metropolitan and rural health districts of NSW. Our findings suggest that of the single intervention strategies, enhanced preventive strategy is more cost-effective than management control strategy, as it promptly reduces COVID-19 cases in NSW. In addition, combining preventive and management interventions simultaneously is found to be the most cost-effective. Alternative policies can be implemented to control COVID-19 depending on the policymakers' decisions. Numerical simulations of the overall system are performed to demonstrate the theoretical outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Australia faces a dryness disaster whose impact may be mitigated by rainfall prediction. Being an incredibly challenging task, yet accurate prediction of rainfall plays an enormous role in policy making, decision making and organizing sustainable water resource systems. The ability to accurately predict rainfall patterns empowers civilizations. Though short-term rainfall predictions are provided by meteorological systems, long-term prediction of rainfall is challenging and has a lot of factors that lead to uncertainty. Historically, various researchers have experimented with several machine learning techniques in rainfall prediction with given weather conditions. However, in places like Australia where the climate is variable, finding the best method to model the complex rainfall process is a major challenge. The aim of this paper is to: (a) predict rainfall using machine learning algorithms and comparing the performance of different models. (b) Develop an optimized neural network and develop a prediction model using the neural network (c) to do a comparative study of new and existing prediction techniques using Australian rainfall data. In this paper, rainfall data collected over a span of ten years from 2007 to 2017, with the input from 26 geographically diverse locations have been used to develop the predictive models. The data was divided into training and testing sets for validation purposes. The results show that both traditional and neural network-based machine learning models can predict rainfall with more precision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intraplate volcanic provinces present significant natural hazards to many populated regions globally but their origins are poorly understood. Though hypotheses involving mantle plumes are predominant, the Newer Volcanics Province of southeast Australia—a relatively young (< 4.5 Ma), EW trending collection of over 400 volcanic centres—is increasingly attributed to some combination of edge-driven convection (EDC) and shear-driven upwelling (SDU). In this paper, we provide magnetotelluric (MT) data in support of these geodynamic processes. Three-dimensional inversion of 49 new broadband MT sites, in combination with 143 previously collected broadband, long-period, and geomagnetic depth soundings, reveals an elongate zone of moderately low resistivity (∼ 10–300 Ω m) spanning the Mt Gambier subprovince at a depth of between 20 and 40 km. The newly defined Gambier Conductor is contiguous to, and orientationally aligned with, significant step in the seismically-defined lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary (LAB) presented by earlier studies. Moderately low resistivity is interpreted as fluid-catalysed alteration of iron-bearing crust resulting from percolating magmatic volatiles. We argue that localised low resistivity (< 10 Ω m) at ~ 25 km depth in the mid-lower crust is associated with 1.2–3.6% partial melt. Supporting evidence indicates possible crustal thickening from 5.8 Ma at a rate comparable to estimates of SDU-induced surface eruptions and previous NVP production rate estimates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This national study explored the role of digital technologies in early childhood education and care settings and whether they could contribute to quality improvement as reported by educators and assessors of quality in Australia. In this paper, data from Stage 2 of the Quality Improvement Research Project were used, which comprised 60 Quality Improvement Plans from educators linked with 60 Assessment and Rating reports from the assessors who visited early childhood centres as part of the administration of the National Quality Standards by each of Australia's State and Territory jurisdictions. Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory (Bronfenbrenner, U. (1995). Developmental ecology through space and time: A future perspective. In P. Moen, G. H. Elder, Jr., & K. Lüscher (Eds.), Examining lives in context: Perspectives on the ecology of human development (pp. 619–647). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10176-018; Bronfenbrenner & Ceci, Bronfenbrenner and Ceci, Psychological Review 101:568–586, 1994) was adopted to facilitate a systemic and dynamic view on the use of digital technologies in these 60 ECEC settings. References (e.g. comments/ suggestions/ examples) made by the educators about the implementation of digital technologies were counted and thematically analysed. Results revealed the strong role new technologies (e.g. documentation and management platforms, tablets, apps, etc.) play in the majority of ECEC settings and especially in relation to three of the seven Quality Areas: Educational programme and practice (Quality Area 1); Collaborative partnerships with families and communities (Quality Area 6) and Governance and leadership (Quality Area 7). Future directions for research are suggested and implications for embracing a more holistic, integrated and broad view on the use of digital technologies are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information about the papers discussed at the conference on two major productions of classical texts, "The Lost Echo" and "The Women of Troy" held at the Sydney Theatre Company in Australia in 2009 is presented. It discussed various responses to two major productions. The topics included were the adaptation of classical texts for the Australian stage, issues of genre and of staging classical theatre.

This paper used data on career destinations over the period 1999–2015 to study the labour market outcomes of native and foreign PhD graduates staying on in Australia as skilled migrants. Natives with an English-speaking background emerge as benefiting from positive employer 'discrimination' (a wage premium unrelated to observed characteristics such as gender, age, and previous work experience). The premium is field-specific and applies to graduates in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM). In contrast, foreign PhD graduates with a non-English speaking background experience inferior labour market outcomes, especially if they work in the university sector. Against expectations to the contrary, completing the highest degree of education in the host country and staying on in the same sector where one acquired human capital does not appear to eliminate lesser labour market outcomes for the foreign-born. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most climatic models show that climate change affects natural perils' frequency and severity. Quantifying the impact of future climate conditions on natural hazard is essential for mitigation and adaptation planning. One crucial factor to consider when using climate simulations projections is the inherent systematic differences (bias) of the modelled data compared with observations. This bias can originate from the modelling process, the techniques used for downscaling of results, and the ensembles' intrinsic variability. Analysis of climate simulations has shown that the biases associated with these data types can be significant. Hence, it is often necessary to correct the bias before the data can be reliably used for further analysis. Natural perils are often associated with extreme climatic conditions. Analysing trends in the tail end of distributions are already complicated because noise is much more prominent than that in the mean climate. The bias of the simulations can introduce significant errors in practical applications. In this paper, we present a methodology for bias correction of climate simulated data. The technique corrects the bias in both the body and the tail of the distribution (extreme values). As an illustration, maps of the 50 and 100-year return period of climate simulated Forest Fire Danger Index (FFDI) in Australia are presented and compared against the corresponding observation-based maps. The results show that the algorithm can substantially improve the calculation of simulation-based return periods. Forthcoming work will focus on the impact of climate change on these return periods considering future climate conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rigid architectures inherent within formal schooling continue to influence young people's disengagement from education. Globally and locally, policy makers have proposed education reform and innovation, politicians have legislated for education change, yet still the problem of disengagement remains. This paper investigates one community's effort to support the reengagement in learning of young people aged 15–18 years in regional Australia through a flexible, online, community-based education program. Theoretically, this study used critical discourse as a way in to expose so as to explain dimensions of power and ideological positions as to what counts as learning. Critical ethnography as a methodology extended critical discourse's explanatory authority to a naming of spatial and social architectures and their impact on the young people's lives. Discourses of a braided curriculum, structural conviviality and emotional well-being were found to reduce some barriers to reengagement in learning; develop a shared, multi-disciplinary approach to reengagement; and be inclusive of young people's emotional well-being as central to the reengagement process. At this time of pandemic induced online learning as the new normal on a global scale, young people who are already vulnerable due to individual, school, and socio-cultural marginalising conditions deserve research processes with outcomes valorising their voices and those who work with them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Counting poverty measures have gained prominence in the analysis of multidimensional poverty in recent decades. Poverty orderings based on these measures typically depend on methodological choices regarding individual poverty functions, poverty cut-offs, and dimensional weights whose impact on poverty rankings is often not well understood. In this paper we propose new dominance conditions that allow the analyst to evaluate the robustness of poverty comparisons to those choices. These conditions provide an approach to evaluating the sensitivity of poverty orderings superior to the common approach of considering a restricted and arbitrary set of indices, cut-offs, and weights. The new criteria apply to a broad class of counting poverty measures widely used in empirical analysis of poverty in developed and developing countries including the multidimensional headcount and the adjusted headcount ratios. We illustrate these methods with an application to time-trends in poverty in Australia and cross-regional poverty in Peru. Our results highlight the potentially large sensitivity of poverty orderings based on counting measures and the importance of evaluating the robustness of results when performing poverty comparisons across time and regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to contribute to the understanding of geopolitics by offering a heuristic framework to understand the "geo" in geopolitics. The approach integrates economic and strategic processes with transformations of physical geography by emphasizing the role of context and the mutual construction of geography and politics. Understanding foreign policy choices requires a theorized contextualization that sees all geopolitical decisions being limited by the interaction of economic, strategic, and physical contexts. Geopolitics is situated within the structures and imperatives of the capitalist world-economy and defined as the process of controlling geographic entities; specifically, regions, networks, and places. Geopolitical activity occurs within three related contexts; specifically, geostructural, geostrategic, and geophysical. The geographic entities and contexts are constructed by geopolitical activity, and frame such activity, in a non-deterministic and mutually constitutive fashion. The framework is illustrated by a brief discussion of Australia's foreign policy orientations in the Indo-Pacific region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper assesses complexity in cloud computing adoption, using the context of the local government sector in Australia. The research utilized both cloud computing adoption literature and an Information Systems Complexity Framework to propose a complexity assessment model for cloud computing adoption. A mixed method approach was used in this research. Firstly, we conducted 21 indepth interviews with IT managers in the local governments in Australia to obtain their insights into the complexity of cloud computing adoption. Secondly, a quantitative method is used in which 480 IT staff from 47 local governments responded to an online survey to validate the proposed assessment model. The findings indicate that structural complexity of an organization (i.e., knowledge management), structural complexity of technology (i.e., technology interoperability, and data processing capability), dynamic complexity of an organization (i.e., business operations), and dynamic complexity of technology (i.e., systems integration, IT infrastructure update, and customization resources) are critical complexity aspects to be considered during cloud computing adoption. These findings provide important implications for both researchers and managers that are trying to understand the complexities involved in cloud computing adoption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discussions about how to talk about race are ubiquitous among academics seeking to balance the recognition that race is a social construct with the very real effects of racial stratification. Naming race is seen as potentially reifying it, but ignoring it invisiblises its effects. Pathologising, celebratory and critical approaches to talking about mixed race can all be found in how mixedness is talked about in Australia (among the public and in scholarly work), and there are differences depending on whether mixedness is Indigenous or migrant. Using my experience of being challenged for speaking too positively about the experience of being mixed in Australia, and a Facebook discussion about Census categories, this paper explores the ways in which mixed race is talked about (and not talked about) in Australia. It argues that we can't move 'beyond race' before actually acknowledging it, something Australia has been very reticent to do, due to its race-based history of colonisation, immigration, and Indigenous child removals. Acknowledging race would enable diversity, and mixedness, to be counted, and therefore to 'count', in a context where multiculturalism provides a socio-political environment somewhat supportive of diversity, but where actual measurement is limited. It is argued that acknowledging race may be a necessary intermediate step on the road beyond race, and, for that matter, nation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Enabling education programs, otherwise known as Foundation Studies or Preparatory programs, provide pathways for students typically under-represented in higher education. Students in Enabling programs often face distinct challenges in their induction to academic culture which can implicate them in cases of misconduct. This case study addresses a gap in the enabling literature reporting on how a culture of academic integrity can be developed for students and staff in these programs through an educative approach. Case description: This paper outlines how an educative approach to academic integrity is implemented within the Enabling programs of two Australian universities. Discussion and reflection: This case study reflects upon an approach which makes specific reference to the key elements of 'support', 'approach' and 'responsibility' as highlighted in Bretag and Mahmud's seminal paper. The paper reports a reduction in misconduct cases at the two institutions suggesting a positive correlation between the interventions and students' understanding of ethical academic practice. This study reflects upon practitioner experiences with academic integrity investigations to evaluate the effectiveness of this approach. Conclusions: The authors show that it is possible to ensure academic integrity practices and values are upheld within a supportive learning environment appropriate to a students' level of study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Does having three or more children lower the chance that mothers participate in the labour force compared to those who have two children? Most of the previous literature on this topic describes the substantial indirect costs of children for first-time mothers, but having additional children at higher parities can entail even higher indirect costs. This paper finds a labour force participation gap between mothers who have three or more children and those who have two children. It explores whether this gap is caused by the selectivity of those who purposely choose to have large families or by family size itself. It also questions if the gap occurs simply because mothers with 3 or more children are consequently more likely to care for young children: 42 % of them have a child under the age of five compared to only 38.7 % of mothers with 2 children. A priori, it is unclear if the employment gap between these two groups of mothers is driven by the difference in the age of the youngest child or by the difference in the number of children. This paper contributes to the literature by disentangling the effect of having an additional child from having an additional young child in the household with a simple but innovative approach (grouping by mother's age and her age at the second pregnancy) that avoids controlling for the age of the youngest child in regression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a response by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) to a paper by Madden et al. about the life expectancy of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, published in this journal. ABS explains the methods it used in compiling life expectancy estimates and classification adopted for the indigenous groups mentioned in the paper. The bureau mentions that the Council of Australian Governments (COAG) funded ABS to link the 2011 Census data to death registration data.