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Though academic entrepreneurship has long been associated with technology transfer and more broadly with the passage of the Bayh–Dole Act in 1980, we have little understanding of its emergence as a research field. This paper therefore investigates development of the concept of academic entrepreneurship by studying the use of related keywords in the titles of papers published in the Journal of Technology Transfer (JTT) beginning with volume 1 in 1977. We conclude from our empirical findings that the role of universities in technology transfer has been consistently emphasized in the titles of papers published in the JTT over time, with entrepreneurship emerging more recently as a crucial area of scholarly focus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several investigations have evaluated the research trajectory concerning entrepreneurship; nonetheless, only a few studies have examined the literature trajectory regarding entrepreneurship in tourism. Therefore, this research explores papers spanning from 2013 to 2023, mapping thematic, intellectual, and conceptual frameworks using bibliometric techniques. The research delves into scientific output, prolific authors, influential articles, co-occurrence of keywords, co-citations, and many others. The keywords "tourism" OR "travel & tourism" AND "entrepreneurship" OR "entrepreneur" were strategically employed to encompass 514 articles and review papers published in English between 2013 and 2023. VOSviewer was used as a technique for doing topic grouping alongside performance analysis. With 85 articles, 2023 is the most productive year. The most influential institution is "The Hong Kong Polytechnic University" and the nation is the United Kingdom correspondingly. Likewise, the most renowned journal is "Tourism management," and the most productive journal is "journal of sustainable tourism". Furthermore, the most cited article is "Scale, change and resilience in community tourism planning." This research provides researchers with insights into the existing state of research on entrepreneurship in tourism and offers guidance for future research. This study is the inaugural endeavor to present both performance evaluations and scientific clusters of the literature on entrepreneurship in tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper merges the literature on green and high-quality entrepreneurship by introducing environmental orientation as an unrecognised characteristic of start-up quality and the three quality dimensions innovativeness, growth orientation, and international orientation. Entrepreneurship literature argues that only high-quality start-ups contribute to sustainable development and that a better understanding of what determines the quality of start-ups is required. Empirical research has recently shown that the environmental orientation of start-ups is one such determinant, as it significantly predicts their innovativeness. This paper pursues this novel research avenue on the importance of environmental orientation for start-up quality in two ways. First, this paper evaluates and extends this initial evidence on environmental orientation and innovativeness by examining a three times larger sample, covering additional countries and entrepreneurial stages. Second, this paper also analyses the impact of environmental orientation on the quality dimensions of growth orientation and international orientation. Investigation using Global Entrepreneurship Monitor data on 9650 entrepreneurs from 51 countries revealed that start-ups with a higher environmental orientation are of superior quality regarding their innovativeness, growth expectations, and exports. These results remain robust for start-ups at different entrepreneurial stages, and tests employing different methodological approaches and variable definitions. However, the categorisation into factor-driven, efficiency-driven, and innovation-driven countries showed that greener start-ups are more innovative in countries at all three levels of development, while the relationships with growth orientation and international orientation remained significant for only two of the three categories. The findings of this paper provide a new approach for practitioners to identify the small number of high-quality start-ups and an economic reason warranting intensified efforts to support green start-ups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The characterization of how entrepreneurial a region or country is, has generally been shaped by a narrow view of what actually constitutes entrepreneurship. In the case of Germany, this has led to a characterization of Germany as not being particularly entrepreneurial. Such a view is at odds with the remarkable, high-performing family business, widely held to be the backbone of the economy. The purpose of this paper is to suggest that the interpretation prevalent in entrepreneurship literature is problematic due to a too narrow operationalization of the entrepreneurship concept. As Zahra (2007; 2014) emphasized, context matters for entrepreneurship, especially on a local or spatial level. One particular organizational manifestation of entrepreneurship, family business, may be congruent in specific spatial and institutional contexts but not in others. Other geographic and institutional contexts may be congruent with the contrasting startups. Thus, an important and novel contribution of this paper is to analyze the geography of family business as distinct from startups: two ends of the entrepreneurship continuum, embedded in different kinds of entrepreneurial ecosystems. We generate innovative maps working with official data, showing the distinct distribution of both kinds of entrepreneurship in different ecosystems. These findings are connected with spatial effects, living conditions and lead to recommendations for policy measures. The paper focuses on Germany, because startups as well as family business are prevalent and can be found in all regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper aims to investigate the impediments faced by innovation-driven enterprises in Thailand and to explore the current measures, policies, and mechanisms related to innovation-driven enterprises (IDEs)' development both domestically and internationally. The study encompasses a comprehensive approach, including an analysis of an innovation entrepreneur database comprising 320 investors and 883 IDEs. Moreover, semi-structure in-depth interviews were conducted with three investors, twenty-two IDEs' founders, eight executives, and experts from various sectors, including government, university incubators, and the private sector in Thailand. Through this multifaceted investigation, this paper sheds light on the key factors that hinder the success of IDEs in Thailand, which primarily revolve around the quality of entrepreneurs (Team), Product and Market Fit, and Support. These factors collectively impact the depth of knowledge, business incubation, acceleration programs, and the effectiveness of laws, measures, and policies in supporting innovation capability development within IDEs. In addition, this paper presents a framework for Thailand's IDEs hub, facilitating the connection between the university's innovation and entrepreneurship ecosystem with public and private stakeholders. This framework serves as a mechanism to address the identified hindrances and foster a conducive environment for IDEs development. To address the obstacles, this paper proposes three crucial strategies, namely, (1) talent management, (2) ease of doing scaleup, and (3) availability of funding. These strategies are envisioned to counteract the identified challenges and can be effectively implemented through an operating model and practical working procedures tailored to suit the specific context of Thailand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recognizing the commercial potential of university-based inventions and discoveries, legislators and administrators have called upon academic scientists to become academic entrepreneurs. Yet, few academic scientists appear enthusiastic about taking on entrepreneurial activities. The intrinsic reasons underlying the lack of enthusiasm are poorly understood. We extend the research by applying self-discrepancy theory to explore the role of future-oriented self and other guides on enthusiasm for academic entrepreneurship. Integrating self-discrepancy theory with social identity theory, we also examine the moderating effects of scientist identification and academic entrepreneur social identification. We test our model on a sample of National Science Foundation (NSF) funded academic scientists who participated in the Innovation Corps (I-Corps) entrepreneurship training program. We find academic scientists' self-guides influence their enthusiasm for academic entrepreneurship, while interestingly, their other-guides do not. Additionally, we find that higher identification with a scientist identity enhances the positive effect of the self-guide on entrepreneurial enthusiasm while higher identification with an academic entrepreneur identity attenuates the positive effect. Our paper contributes to the academic entrepreneurship literature by developing and testing a framework that integrates self-discrepancy theory with social identity theory for a nuanced understanding of academic scientists' thought processes regarding engagement in entrepreneurial activities. Our study has implications for research policy by suggesting a way that universities can identify candidates for academic entrepreneurship activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While previous entrepreneurship research has only seldom drawn on organizational ambidexterity, the analysis of the important contemporary tensions among entrepreneurship, innovation management and strategic management issues may be facilitated by more closely analysing organizational ambidexterity in entrepreneurial settings. In this paper, we follow this thinking and more closely analyse an often applied form of corporate entrepreneurship: automation. Such automation is transferring work that was formerly conducted by humans to machines and may thus result in new tensions between corporate entrepreneurship, innovation management and the management of organizational stakeholders such as employees. The present paper investigates whether increased automation lowers the stability of firms' relationships with their employees. In addition, we expect that this relationship is moderated by organizational ambidexterity, as employees may have perceived ambidexterity as a signal that their firm will not overly invest in exploitation only, but maintain a balance between exploitation and exploration. Drawing on stakeholder theory, previous insights into corporate entrepreneurship and a survey of German Mittelstand firms, our findings show that highly ambidextrous firms are indeed more vulnerable to automation, leading to lower employee relational stability. Our findings thus suggest that in highly ambidextrous firms, novel tensions around automation-related corporate entrepreneurship will be detrimental to the stability of the firm's relations with one of its key stakeholder groups: employees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we expand our understanding of how a design approach can enable and guide employees to break free from their incumbent mindset and ways of working and become intrapreneurs in public organisations. While previous studies have identified desired behaviour for intrapreneurs, there is a lack of understanding how new intrapreneurs adapt such behaviours, especially in public organisations. This paper shows how the readily available approaches of design practice can guide new intrapreneurs to break free from their routines, adopt entrepreneurial behaviours and provide the practical tools to help them to persuade others to collaborate with them on their innovative ideas. We draw from 19 interviews with nascent intrapreneurs, and documentation collected at the UN Refugee Agency to inductively develop a model for how design supports employees in their journey to become an intrapreneur. Our findings illustrate how adopting a design approach provided aspiring intrapreneurs to become ambidextrous in navigating between the creative and the calculative logics and heuristics in highly structured organisations. Both the design attitude and the tools associated with design practice helped new intrapreneurs to adopt an entrepreneurial mindset, position their new ideas and align them to the needs, priorities and constraints of colleagues and stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an era where knowledge constitutes a key source of innovation and sustainable competitive advantage, universities are viewed increasingly as engines of growth. This is because they are places where research outcomes that may lead to radical or disruptive changes to practice are produced. Cognisant of this, and its implications for economic development, policy-makers conferred ownership of research outcomes to universities as a means of facilitating commercialisation. This paper, alongside a growing body of literature, questions the prevailing property rights regime, positing that it is sub-optimal in terms of reducing societal benefits coming from commercialisation. More specifically, drawing on the experience of Greater Manchester (England), this paper argues that university ownership implications on the availability of information used in commercialisation decisions. The detachment of entrepreneurs, a direct consequence of property rights, in the transition from disclosure to patenting means that it is not the transfer of technical information (as suggested in the literature) that constitutes the main challenge. Instead, this paper suggests it is 'unknowledge' i.e. information that has yet to be generated in the introduction of something new that impacts commercialisation. The paper suggests that, rather paradoxically, entrepreneurial engagement may be best attained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research paper shows the results of an analysis of the existing literature on one of the topics that has sparked the most interest among scholars and researchers in the fields of international management and entrepreneurship: born global firms or international new ventures. Concretely, with the aim of identifying and visualising the intellectual structure of research on this phenomenon, a total of 124 research papers whose titles contain the above terms are analysed. The methodology is mainly based on the bibliometric techniques of document citation and co-citation analyses and the analysis of social networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to reflect and articulate the key scholarly contributions made by Cristiano Antonelli in his pathbreaking book, The Knowledge Growth Regime: A Schumpeterian Approach and why it is so important, not only to scholars of innovation and Schumpeterian economics, but also to the entirety of economic thinking. This paper highlights how this important new book breaks new and important ground paving the way for a new paradigm in economics, where knowledge takes the center stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Envy and jealousy arising out of human emotions have received limited attention in the entrepreneurship literature. This paper explored the nature and existence of envy and jealousy, as well as their causes, effects and management in entrepreneurship. A qualitative case study design and convenience sampling were used to select four CEOs of entrepreneurial firms in Ghana. Interviews were conducted to understand the phenomenon from the respondents' viewpoints. Thematic analysis was done to guide the Ghanaian narrative of envy and jealousy and their nexus with firms' success or otherwise. The paper found that envy and jealousy are different phenomena that exist in entrepreneurial activities, their nature is suggestive and manifest changes in demeanour where a normal characteristic of frowning deepens into a scowl, gossip, apathy and "eye service". Envy and jealousy were caused by perceived favoritism arising out of lack of transparency, selfishness, greed and nepotism. Envy and jealousy lead to increased labour turnover, loss of revenue and sometimes sabotage but positively make the envied person resilient and hardworking. It, therefore, requires skillful strategies to attenuate the negative effects of envy and jealousy through education, transparent communication, discipline, friendliness and firm and fair management strategies. This paper provides better insights to help keep businesses alive by way of awareness creation to encourage entrepreneurs to consider envy and jealousy as possible factors that can destroy companies. To the best of our knowledge, this paper is the first to provide insight into the phenomenon of envy and jealousy in the field of entrepreneurship using Ghanaian narratives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Around the world today, universities are expected to play a unique role as creators of regional growth and innovation. While there appears to be a consensus that the role of universities has been expanded, critiques show that the contribution of universities to their regions is still not well defined. There have been some developments in the literature on the concept of modern universities such as the triple helix, entrepreneurial university and engaged university. However, those concepts focus on enforcing universities' roles in a single domain such as entrepreneurship, innovation, or civic engagement. Little is known about how universities can facilitate regional growth that goes beyond knowledge transfer activities such as spin-off creation, licensing, and patenting. This paper contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of universities' role in regional growth through the theoretical lens of ambidexterity. Using ambidexterity, universities with a regional focus were distinguished from those engaged in research commercialization and traditional third-mission roles. Through two case studies, this study found that teaching, research, and engagement should not be separated, since they can serve both economic and social missions. As a result, a new model of multidextrous universities is proposed where universities meet both economic and social missions through teaching, research, and engagement. Contrary to previous contributions which presented universities as ambidextrous organizations where tension appears only between research commercialization and research publication or between teaching and research, this study suggests that universities need to overcome tensions and incorporate a sense of place in all activities to successfully contribute to regional growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, there has been a greater focus on the relationship between entrepreneurship and the digital economy in academia and practice. However, no known work systematically reviews and analyses such a connection, which highlights the need to address this gap by conducting a thorough systematic literature review employing bibliometric and scientometric analyses concerning entrepreneurship and digital economy research. In doing so, analysis of key trends as well as knowledge structure (i.e., intellectual and conceptual) has been employed to analyze, visualize, and map 275 documents gathered from Web of Science (WoS) and Scopus data sets. The number of publications in the current research field has expanded dramatically due to the substantial efforts by major contributors (e.g., researchers, institutions, nations, and academic journals) worldwide. Key research themes, trends, approaches, and outlines were also emphasized by mapping the intellectual, social, and conceptual structures of entrepreneurship and digital economy-related research. The implications, limitations, and agenda for future research were all outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable entrepreneurship links entrepreneurial activities to the achievement of sustainable development in its three dimensions: economic prosperity, social equity, and environmental protection. This paper aims to explain the process of sustainable entrepreneurship, by providing empirical evidence on the interconnections between entrepreneurial activity, economic development measured by the human development index, and greenhouse gas emissions as a proxy for environmental quality. The interrelationship between these core variables is described by a cyclical process with feedback effects that makes the system self-sustaining. A simultaneous equation system is estimated based on the 3sls approach that takes into control the endogeneity of regressors and the error correlation across equations. The empirical findings support the cyclical process involving entrepreneurial activity, human development level, and environmental quality. From a policy perspective, results highlight the central role of entrepreneurship as a driving force for change and sustainable development. Decision makers should engage in supporting innovative and sustainable entrepreneurial activities, but also reducing the barriers in the macroeconomic environment and improving human capital skills, including entrepreneurial competencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entrepreneurial ecosystems (EE) are particular systems of interdependent actors and relations that directly or indirectly support the creation and growth of new ventures. EE can vary a lot, based on a unique and dynamic combination of several elements whose relevance can differ across regions. Most studies acknowledged, or ex-ante assumed, that EE elements are all relevant to the same extent, yet others suggest that some EE elements are more important in creating the environmental conditions necessary to foster entrepreneurship in a specific territory. In this paper, we contend that research should provide evidence on this territory-specific matter. Specifically, more evidence is needed on the relevance of each EE element at regional level—as we lack empirical analysis that discriminates between EE types according to elements' importance. To fill this gap, we assess and characterize the existence of EE types at the regional level in Italy. Our findings suggest that four EE types exist, and they are characterized by a balanced combination of EE elements. On the basis of our results, we generate propositions providing insights that may be useful for future research and policymaking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates informal mechanisms of knowledge transfer (KT) from a local university to entrepreneurial teams comprising students and recent graduates. While the extant literature on university-industry KT largely focuses on formal mechanisms aimed at stimulating entrepreneurial initiatives in high-tech (HT) sectors, it overlooks the effect of university-industry KT on nascent entrepreneurship in low-medium tech (LMT) sectors. To fill this gap in the literature, we carry out a mixed-method analysis that exploits a dataset of 154 new business ideas (and 535 team members) presented at a business plan competition in Rimini from 2010 to 2017. Our findings highlight a robust relationship between educational field and the R&D intensity of entrepreneurial projects: students take advantage of the knowledge acquired at university to develop entrepreneurial projects with higher technological content than those planned by non-graduates. Furthermore, the empirical evidence shows that the local university nurtures the formation of ties among students and recent graduates enrolled in the same courses and fosters their efforts to launch new ventures. Finally, the qualitative analysis identifies relevant and non-traditional mechanisms of KT that are being exploited by nascent entrepreneurs to develop their business ideas in the LMT and HT sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aims to analyze firm-specific deterrents of innovation in Bahirdar city MSEs in Ethiopia. In order to attain the objective of the study, both descriptive and explanatory research method is used. In this paper, the data were drawn from 310 MSEs firms which were selected by using a simple random sampling technique. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics which include mean, standard deviation, and binary logistic regression model. From the model summary, independent variables that were incorporated under the current study, contributed 69.6% of the deterrents of innovation in MSEs as represented by the Nagelkerke R-square. This means that those variables explain about 69.6% of the deterrents of innovation of MSEs, whereas other factors not covered in this study contributed 30.4% to the deterrents of innovation. The results have revealed that research and development are the most critical deterrent factor affecting technological innovation of MSEs at a 1% level of significance. Besides, cost of innovation and firm size factors are the next important deterrent factors affecting technological innovation of the enterprises, followed by human resource factors. Contrarily, variables such as organizational culture and perceived risk factors have not been statistically significant and less likely to affect innovation of MSEs in the current study. The government and other stakeholders need to work hard to encourage innovation among MSEs by providing support, including an increased supply of credit, training, technology support, and provision of micro and small enterprise information services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholars in technology transfer come from a variety of different backgrounds and employ different theoretical and methodological assumptions. Such multidisciplinary approach has fertilized the evolution of a florid technology transfer literature, with insights from entrepreneurship, economics, and management. This paper brings the perspective of entrepreneurial finance into the realm of technology transfer, and identifies emerging topics that can complement our understanding of some aspects of technology transfer, especially with regard to supply-side public policies. This article introduces the rationale for the special issue dedicated to entrepreneurial finance and technology transfer. We summarize the main topics and themes covered by a selection of papers presented at the annual conference of the Technology Transfer Society in 2013, and suggest areas for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates how sectoral linkages amplify or diminish misallocation at the intensive and extensive margins. Our analysis is based on a multisector general equilibrium model with input–output linkages, heterogeneous entrepreneurial abilities, and endogenous occupational choice. Distortions affect the intensive use of production inputs and they also impact the agents' occupational decisions, misallocating the mass and type of entrepreneurs in different sectors of production. When the most distorted sectors are upstream (downstream), input–output linkages amplify (diminish) the loss from entreprenurial misallocation. We calibrate the model to the US and quantify the output losses from sectoral corporate taxes, decomposing the role of networks and the extensive margin decisions. We find that sectoral linkages quadruple the loss from the misallocation of entrepreneurs. We study an entry subsidy program, showing that it should target those sectors whose marginal entrepreneurs suffer larger profit losses, even if they are not necessarily the most distorted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to explore the theoretical landscape of global entrepreneurship through a bibliometric analysis. The documents in peer-reviewed papers and conference proceedings are included for the study from the Scopus database based on selected keywords on global and international entrepreneurship. The Biblioshiny package under R programming and VOS viewer is used for analysis. A total of 2531 documents were taken for an in-depth investigation. The findings of the study are; many authors contribute to global entrepreneurship, and they focuses on various areas in global entrepreneurship field, collaborative patterns, trend topics, emerging themes, and future research topics in this theme. The study is purely based on the Scopus database. Hence, other databases are not taken into account. The Scientific Procedures and Rationales for Systematic Literature Reviews methodology were used in this study to understand the trends. The reliability may be affected by the intrinsic flaws in the bibliometric analysis. Primary data not used for the study are considered as limitations. The findings offer insights to scholars, practitioners, policymakers, and entrepreneurs for framing policies, programs, schemes, and activities to develop global entrepreneurship for a promising future for the entrepreneurs and the nation's prosperity. The study's originality lies in the structured literature review. The methodology provides a framework for the state of global entrepreneurship in the past and present and directions for the future. Global entrepreneurship helps to solve problems and to build sustainable global entrepreneurial practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entrepreneurship and democracy are often considered complementary, but recent evidence points to a paradox that entrepreneurial activities have increased in undemocratic contexts. Exploring economic and political freedoms, this paper investigates the development of entrepreneurship in Vietnam, an economy characterised by low economic and very low political freedoms. It suggests changes in economic freedom over time influence opportunity perceptions and activities more than absolute levels. We identify key aspects of how culture and institutions have changed, which have been conducive to entrepreneurship. Overall, we show how even small increases in economic freedom stimulate entrepreneurship, even in the absence of political freedom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is an introduction to the second Global Entrepreneurship Research Conference. The conference focused on developing a better understanding of the relationships among entrepreneurship, economic growth and public policy, and variations according to the stage of economic development. The papers in this special issue conduct analysis with GEM micro-and-macro data, and offer several important policy recommendations. First, middle-income countries should focus on increasing human capital, upgrading technology availability and promoting enterprise development. It is important to start enterprise development policies early because the main drivers are perceptual variables that are difficult to change in the short run. Second, for developed economies, reducing entry regulations, in most cases, will not result in more high-potential startups. Both labor market reform and deregulation of financial markets may be needed to support growth of high-performance ventures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides an overview of the articles contained in this issue, all of which were presented at a major research conference on nascent entrepreneurship hosted by the Centre for Entrepreneurship, Durham University UK in September 2005. It also sets the papers in their broader research context and identifies some of the achievements made and challenges faced by researchers in this relatively new field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is an introduction to the present special issue dedicated to scientific research using data collected as part of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) and considering new venture creation as the hallmark of entrepreneurship. After a short description of GEM’s theoretical and methodological background, this introduction highlights the main results of seven papers which were presented at the First GEM Research Conference in Berlin from 1 to 3 April 2004. First, there is empirical evidence that the role of entrepreneurial activity differs across the stages of economic development, in that there appears to be a U-shaped relationship between the level of development and the rate of entrepreneurship. Consequently, a positive effect of entrepreneurial activity on economic growth is found for highly developed countries but a negative effect for developing nations. Second, it is shown that different types of entrepreneurship may have a different impact on a nation’s innovativeness and economic growth rate. In particular, potentially high-growth business start-ups and so-called opportunity entrepreneurship enhance knowledge spillovers and economic growth. Third, entrepreneurship is again shown to be a regional event that can only be understood if regional framework conditions, including networks and regional policies, are taken into consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the largest and fastest-growing transition economy in the world, China has seen both the growth of entrepreneurship and increasing scholarly endeavors in this area. To gain an in-depth insight into the evolutionary themes of entrepreneurship research in China, the present study applied a combination of co-word and critical event analysis to examine the co-evolution path of entrepreneurial activity and transition process. By investigating 277 articles published in 23 leading international academic journals from 2005 through 2019 along with several contemporaneous critical events, this paper finds that entrepreneurial studies have become more complex and diverse along with the growth of entrepreneurial activities. It implies a positive impact caused by China's market transition on entrepreneurial opportunities which has further given rise to the development of academic inquiry in the area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a narrative review of seven selected studies investigating the impact of digital innovation on entrepreneurship and its outcomes within diverse sociopolitical contexts. Results show that improved innovation output scores and the ability to absorb innovative models are associated with higher GDP growth rates. Technological changes account for 35–40% of the dynamics, while regional factors account for 40%. Internet usage has led to decreased operational costs, increased sales, and better customer interaction for 88% of companies, enabling 83% to expand their markets and 78% to engage more effectively with suppliers. Digitalization fosters entrepreneurship expansion into new markets, creating a positive feedback loop between the two variables. Additionally, the study found that government roles have a more significant influence on entrepreneurship sustainability compared to electronic readiness. Digital technologies have been shown to enhance firm productivity, particularly in manufacturing and intensive industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research proposes a new product development (NPD) framework for innovation-driven deep-tech research to commercialization and tested it with three case studies of different exploitation methods. The proposed framework, called Augmented Stage-Gate, integrates the next-generation Agile Stage-Gate development process with lean startup and design thinking approaches. The framework consists of six stages and five gates and focuses on critical thinking to help entrepreneurs avoid psychological traps and make the right decisions. Early activities focus on scouting for potential socioeconomically impactful deep-tech research, developing a business case, market analysis, and strategy for problem–solution fit, and then, moving to a build–measure–learn activity with a validated learning feedback loop. Next, suitable exploitation methods are decided using weight factor analysis, developing intellectual property (IP) strategy, completing the university technology transfer process, and participating in fundraising. To pass each gate, the committee board members, consisting of tech, business, IP and regulatory, and domain experts, will evaluate the passing criteria to decide Go/No-Go. Applying the framework to the case studies results in successful university research commercialization. The model, case study, and lessons learned in this paper can be useful for other deep-tech incubator programs to successfully launch deep-tech research for commercialization. The case studies' positive outcomes validate the Augmented Stage-Gate framework, yet their success is not entirely guaranteed due to external factors like regulatory constraints, entrepreneur characteristics, timing, and the necessary ecosystem or infrastructure, particularly in emerging markets. These factors should be taken into account for future research purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In group decisions, two issues need to be tackled: weighting opinions of different decision-makers and aggregating their evaluations. Many group aggregation techniques analyse these issues. These approaches can be correctly applied only if the weights assigned to all decision-makers are available. Unfortunately, there are situations where such weights are unavailable or incomplete, the negotiation required to better define them is not possible or decision-makers are unwilling to revise their judgments. These situations could pose a critical problem for the correct application of aggregation procedures. This problem is exaggerated if there are more than one group of decision-makers. In this paper, we present a new algorithm based on the Frobenius norm that considers the choice of the weights in aggregating judgments in a non-negotiable multi-group problem. This approach facilitates the computation of several sets of weights simultaneously, showing the roles played by each decision-maker and by each group in defining the global priority. To illustrate the method, we apply it in designing a new curriculum in entrepreneurship based on an entrepreneurial learning approach informed by perceptions of three stakeholders: entrepreneurship educators, entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship students. Data is collected by pairwise comparison within the analytic hierarchy process and is aggregated using our proposed approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Culturally based products and businesses have become increasingly common, drawing attention to artisan entrepreneurship. A small number of studies have comprehensively reviewed artisan entrepreneurship in terms of its antecedents and consequences, as is examined in this study. Specifically, this research looked at the factors that contribute to successful artisan entrepreneurship, managing environmental dynamism, markets, and institutional pressures. This study focuses on developing antecedents and consequences that may be used as a reference for the development of artisan entrepreneurship. A systematic literature review was conducted on 72 papers from the last 50 years from the first quartile of the Scopus database. This study identified that environmental, social, organizational, and individual factors could determine the development of artisan entrepreneurship and have consequences on social, organizational, and individual levels. This framework may aid artisan entrepreneurship and stakeholders in identifying the factors needed in the development of artisan entrepreneurship. The main elements of the resulting research agenda include suggestions for theory development, methodology, antecedents, and consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Governments around the world are making active efforts to encourage entrepreneurship. At the same time, governments have also embraced digital technology, particularly the online delivery of government services. This paper examines the effect of offering government services online on the ease of setting up new businesses around the world. Panel data from almost 200 countries between 2002 and 2010 were assembled from multiple public databases and analyzed with fixed-effects regression models in STATA to measure how bringing more government services online affected the number of procedures required to start a new business, as well as the time and cost of these procedures. In this first multi-country time-series study of the effect of e-Government on entrepreneurship, free from the biases of cross-sectional studies, we find that providing more government services online did indeed make it easier to start up business, as did improvements in the ICT infrastructure and education level of the country. We find that the online delivery of government services benefited entrepreneurs by reducing the number of procedures needed to start a business, and by reducing the time and cost of these procedures. Our study provides strong evidence for the positive effect of e-Government on entrepreneurship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emerging economy perspective provides an excellent opportunity to theorize the intertwined fields of entrepreneurship and institution research. How do the institutions in emerging economies change the entrepreneurial dynamics and entrepreneurial behaviors? How do entrepreneurs reshape the institutions more favorably at multiple levels? In this paper, we identify literature gaps in theorizing institutions and entrepreneurship and build a microfoundations lens to tackle theorizing challenges in this filed. We also introduce the seven papers in this Special Issue of Asia Pacific Journal of Management on institutions and entrepreneurship with different levels of analysis and research designs. Finally, we outline a systematic research agenda in this promising and important field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article and the special issue is to improve our understanding of the theoretical, managerial, and policy implications of the effectiveness of technology transfer policies on entrepreneurial innovation. We accomplish this objective by examining the relationship between entrepreneurship, innovation and public policies in the 186 papers published from 1970 to 2019. Our analysis begins by clarifying the definition of entrepreneurial innovations and outlining the published research per context. We then present the seven papers that contribute to this special issue. We conclude by outlining an agenda for additional research on this topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is extensive as a whole and relies on a detailed bibliometric analysis to gain a better understanding of the transformation landscape in artificial intelligence (AI)-related entrepreneurship. A thorough analysis of data, taken from the Scopus database, results in clarified trends identifying AI as an increasingly important component of entrepreneurship from various perspectives. We extracted the bibliographic record from Scopus for 197 documents on AI in entrepreneurship research. By conducting bibliometric analysis, we tried to understand the top-influential and productive papers, authors, sources, and the significant contributing countries and institutions that use AI in entrepreneurship research. This study also intends to identify the most influential and productive writers and development of the discipline of AI in entrepreneurship. The insights identified at the base of this analysis are not only beneficial for exploring the rapidly developing field of AI entrepreneurship. They are also beneficial with respect to several practical implications for different stakeholders and fields. While the above distinguishes provide crucial findings that should be considered for further research within the rapidly changing sector of AI entrepreneurship, they have important implications for various concerned parties, of which researchers, practitioners, and policy makers not the least. The found themes and sub-themes, including business process automation, technology-based innovation, AI-reliant business models, as well as AI role in facilitating startup happenings, represent directions in which the academical research along with practical application is set to get into more detail in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the effects of trade credit on export survival by using cross-country panel data with 41 countries from 1997 to 2014. The export survival rate is the ratio of the number of survivors to the entrants. Trade credit is defined as the net value received of the liabilities and claims arising from receiving or providing supplier credit and advance payment for transactions in goods and services. The empirical results indicate that net trade credit received by the exporters is positively associated with the possibility of export survival and that this effect is notably stronger for second- and third-year firms than for first-year entrants, for crisis and post-crisis periods compared with normal periods, and for cases where endogeneity problem is taken into account. These findings suggest that in order to enhance the sustainability of export flow, governments should employ policies to facilitate greater advance payment, especially during periods of financial distress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To boost corporate efficiency in both the public and private sectors, innovation is fundamental. Efficient technological transfer and the role of public–private sector collaboration play a major role in the modern growth of knowledge-based economies. As a public service organization, municipalities normally coordinate with all partners to draw up strategies and use them in communities. A new vision is needed for the Gaza Strip municipalities, where all public and private stakeholders work together to co-design and co-develop new cutting-edge products and services aimed at generating shared value through entrepreneurial behavior. However, concrete examples of smart city projects revealed that municipalities often do not have the necessary capabilities as well as innovative approaches to collaborate with start-ups and other stakeholders' ecosystems. So, this paper aims to analyze innovation in the municipal sector shedding light on the barriers and challenges that municipalities in the Gaza Strip face in smart city development. This study uses primary data gathered from various stakeholders through focus groups, semi-structured interviews, and webinars to conclude how the Gaza Strip municipalities can work to address challenges in the smart city context; and to explore how to promote an ecosystem of entrepreneurship and innovation to support the adoption of new hi-tech technologies in the municipal sector. The Gaza Strip municipalities need to offer the necessary conditions for entrepreneurial talents who can bring their creative mindset, and technological experiences to the table, making it possible to build the best teams to solve any challenge. The research also concluded that Open Innovation Platforms can be seen as an important tool for enabling start-ups and researchers to develop innovative Hi-Tech solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last two decades, the phenomenon of technology entrepreneurship has attracted the interest of researchers and policy makers due to its significant impact upon economic progress. Several authors define technology entrepreneurship as the interface of two well-established, but related fields-entrepreneurship and technological innovation. In this vein, technological opportunities can be recognized and exploited by individuals through new venture creation yet equally can be pursued by individuals or groups within existing public or private organizations. This special section provides a more fine grained understanding of technology entrepreneurship by considering interactions across these individual and organizational levels. We present three studies, empirically grounded within the specific and distinct policy contexts of Spain, Italy and the UK, that reveal new insights on the determinants of technology entrepreneurship. In this introductory paper, we consider the themes and contributions of these papers and provide an agenda for further research outlining a greater use of multi-level approaches to further our understanding of technology entrepreneurship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to improve our understanding of the links between technology transfer, entrepreneurship and the institutional setting in explaining both the competitiveness of firms and the economic performance of places, albeit a city, region, state or country. We accomplish this objective by presenting a framework for the cross-national analysis of different regional contexts. Finally, we introduce the papers included in this special issue in the International journal of Technology Transfer on 'Technology Transfer and Entrepreneurship: Cross-National Analysis'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research examines a variety of restrictions preventing Bangladeshi youth, particularly Generation Z university students, from becoming involved in entrepreneurship. Moreover, the study examines the influence of Entrepreneurial Attitude (EA), Subjective Entrepreneurial Norms (SEN), Entrepreneurial Perceived Behavioural Control (EPBC), and Entrepreneurial Resilience (ER) on Entrepreneurial Intention (EI) of Bangladeshi Gen Z university students. A systematic literature review methodology following PRISMA procedure was performed to identify the relevant articles. A quantitative method with a positivism philosophy, cross-sectional time horizon and deductive approach was applied to the study. The data of 206 university students from the BBA department of ten universities were collected using convenience sampling and a self-administrated structured questionnaire survey. SPSS 26.0 and Smart PLS 3.0 were used to analyse the data. The output shows a positive and significant association amongst EA, SEN, EPBC, ER, and EI. Various constraints were identified from the literature and ranked based on the respondents' feedback. This research will help entrepreneurs, scholars, policymakers and practitioners to build the entrepreneurial ecosystem and develop young people's understanding of the entrepreneurial decision process and the importance of ER. This paper contributes through empirical investigation to an understanding of the actions that prevent Gen Z students from entrepreneurial activities; decisions are affected by socio-psychological constructions integrating ER with the Theory of Planned behaviour (TPB) model. Triple, Quadruple and Quintuple Helix models are considered supporting theories in this study to shed light on tackling the constraints. To the best knowledge of the researcher, integrating ER with TPB model's constructs is a pioneer scholarly contribution in the context of South-East Asian, specifically Bangladeshi Gen Z students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reflects on adult education and the fostering of an entrepreneurial mindset. It solicits roles adult education, especially the non-formal education (NFE), could play in fostering entrepreneurial mindset of young adults. It examines short-to-medium, and long-term plans of young adults in nurturing growth and enterprising mindsets through involvement in NFE endeavours. It probes into entrepreneurial opportunities and challenges in the communities that young adults could recognise and create enterprises for themselves. This is a narrative case study which purposively selected, as the unit of analysis, an adult learner who was operating a micro-enterprise and pursuing a degree programme at Accra Learning Centre. An in-depth telephone interview was conducted to garner stories and experiences young adult have had innovating with an entrepreneurial mindset. Thematic, analytical, narrative and interpretivist approaches were adapted in presenting the results. The participant had a good experience in his start up, he learned lessons, and worked hard to grow his micro-enterprises. The savings culture he built allowed him to cope with difficulties posed by Covid-19 pandemic to his micro-enterprises. Governments and stakeholders in entrepreneurship should via policy, advisory and financial support motivate young adults to invest in entrepreneurship and create sustainable jobs for themselves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whereas the influence of political regimes across various dimensions of economic and political performances has been considered by many scholars, the political regime-entrepreneurship relation has received relatively less attention. This paper uses data on a large sample of nations over two decades to examine the impact of different political regimes on nascent and established entrepreneurs. Results show that while the consideration of aggregate democracies boosts established entrepreneurs, it does not significantly affect nascent entrepreneurship. A unique finding is that border (spatial) democracies have positive spillovers on entrepreneurship in a nation and these spillovers hold across entrepreneurship types. Furthermore, the positive effects of political regimes are not confined to democracies and these influences vary across nascent and established entrepreneurs. Military regimes, however, consistently showed no significant impact on either form of entrepreneurship considered. Finally, the introduction of corruption, capturing institutional weakness, shows that greater corruption acts as an impediment to entrepreneurship, offsetting some of the positive spillovers from political structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the challenges of technological entrepreneurship education in the current education system and the questions that need to be answered to improve the efficacy and efficiency of technological entrepreneurship education. The nature of technological entrepreneurship requires a diversified set of skills for success; however, the traditional education system focuses on single discipline. Consequently, it is difficult for either engineers and scientists who are lacking managerial skills or management students who are lacking of engineer or science oriented knowledge to be successful. A further concern is that different communities have entirely different perceptions of how entrepreneurship is defined often causing both confusion and disagreement in communications between researchers and educators with each other. The paper considers the existing literature and develops a series of comprehensive questions that still need to be addressed. By answering these questions, the traditional education methods can be transformed to be more appropriate and useful for technological entrepreneurship education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the transfer of entrepreneurship education best practices from business schools to engineering and technology institutions. Nations like Pakistan need to educate their youth enrolled in large numbers in engineering and technology disciplines, to unleash their entrepreneurial potential to address the challenge of unemployment and hence economic development. Like rest of the world most entrepreneurship education programs in the country are generally offered by business and management schools. The article provides a cost effective approach of transferring the entrepreneurship education best practices developed at the Institute of Business Administration Karachi to five regional engineering and technology institutions. This paper employs the knowledge-transfer theoretical lens using the action research methodology to understand the application of various interventions to transfer entrepreneurship education practices. The results show that the success of these transfer efforts depends on several factors, including quality of the program, quality of the transfer team, absorptive capacity of the receiver and various contextual and motivational factors. Other developing countries with similar challenges can also benefit from the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explored entrepreneurial intentions in the Caribbean adult population using a social cognitive approach. It used the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) Adult Population Survey (APS), which includes questions about entrepreneurial intentions of potential business owners and entrepreneurial perceptions, namely individual, entrepreneurial opportunities and socio-cultural, along with demographic and socio-economic variables. The effect of perceptions along with socio-economic control variables on entrepreneurial intentions was investigated using probit regression models. The results confirm that even after controlling for demographic and socio-economic and country fixed effects, social cognitive perceptions were indeed relevant in explaining entrepreneurial intentions in the region. This study therefore provides insights into understanding entrepreneurship in particular the decision to form a new business through the individual's perceptions and intentions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We develop a jump-diffusion model for a guarantee-investment combination financing mode (G-I mode) that is recently popular in financial practice. We assume that a borrower has exclusively an option to invest in a project in two stages. The project's cash flow follows a double exponential jump-diffusion process and it is increased by a growth factor once the second-stage investment is exercised. The first-stage investment cost is financed by a bank loan with the guarantee provided by an insurer, who promises to provide the second-stage investment cost as well as take the lender's all default losses. In return for the guarantee and investment, the borrower pays a guarantee fee upon first investment and grants a fraction of equity upon second investment to the insurer. In sharp contrast to prior papers on guarantee, the guarantee costs are contracted prior to investment. We provide closed-form solutions and produce a numerical algorithm for the timing and pricing of the two investment options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An important goal of this special issue is to gain a better understanding of the linkage between the entrepreneurial activity of a region and its level of competitiveness. Comparative studies across countries abound in the literature, but much still remains to be investigated on the role played by entrepreneurship in transforming local economies. The set of papers included in this special issue aims to fill this conceptual and empirical gap. In general, besides acknowledging the existence of a bi-directional relationship between entrepreneurship and regional competitiveness, the papers shed some light on the endogenous process of wealth creation in local economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper has twofold goals. The paper reviews the culture of entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial competencies in Palestine. It is characterized by donor-supported and non-governmental-initiated trainings. This demands an urgent active involvement of universities in the field of entrepreneurship that is shaped in the form of Research and Development as well as offering entrepreneurship academic programs. This comes in line with the emerging trend of offering courses and programs at universities worldwide. Furthermore, the paper proposes a softcomputing-based entrepreneurial key competencies' model (SKECM). This tool is capable of predicting/judging the overall quality of entrepreneurial competencies. SKECM is based on the three-cluster, ten key entrepreneurial competencies developed and used by Empretec. A three-stage, 14 different models have been developed and validated by hundreds of randomly generated datasets. Measures were used to validate the adequacy of these models including, the mean average percentage errors and the maximum percentage errors. The best achieved values for these measures are 0.8511 and 6.3175, respectively. However, although the preliminary findings of the proposed SKECM model are promising, more testing is still required before stating the adequacy of applying the softcomputing modeling approach in the entrepreneurship field (This is to state that there are no financial competing interests (political, personal, religious, ideological, academic, intellectual, commercial, or any other) to declare in relation to this manuscript). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past 15 years, accelerators emerged as a popular and distinct new form of intermediary organization, playing a key role in supporting entrepreneurial and innovation activities. To date, despite significant growth in accelerators research, there is still little understanding of how different forms of accelerators operate, and what outcomes they produce across different contexts. This paper reviews the existing scholarly research on accelerators using the Context–Intervention–Mechanism–Outcome framework and is based on the analysis of 98 research papers on accelerators published in the last 15 years. The analysis identifies four mechanisms which explain how accelerators operate and the role they play in supporting entrepreneurship and innovation: the validation of ideas and products; the provision of product development and models learning; the provision of support to increase startups' market access and growth; and the provision of support for innovation. The paper identifies the methodological and theoretical gaps in current research and provides avenues to support future research and industry practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is about the impact of clusters on entrepreneurship at the regional level. Defining entrepreneurship as the creation of new organisations and clusters as a geographically proximate group of interconnected firms and associated institutions in related industries, this paper aims to answer three research questions : first, do clusters matter to entrepreneurship at the regional level? Second, if clusters are associated with different levels of entrepreneurship, what explains those differences? Third, what do the answers to the previous questions imply for academics and policy makers? To answer these questions, this paper distinguishes between clusters and industrial agglomerations and advances a theoretical model and empirical research to explain the impact of clusters on entrepreneurship at the regional level. This paper uses the 97 German planning regions as units of analysis to test the hypotheses. Using hypotheses testing and OLS fixed-effects model, this paper finds that clusters do have an impact on entrepreneurship at the regional level, but industrial agglomerations do not. Implications for academics and policy makers and suggestions for future research are given in the concluding section. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]