Search

Background: The essence of humanism in medicine and health care is relationships-caring relationships between clinicians and patients. While raising concerns regarding professional-patient boundaries has positively contributed to our understanding and prevention of potentially harmful boundary violations, there is controversy about which types of relationships, caring acts, and practices are acceptable versus cross boundary lines.Objective: To examine primary care physicians' practices and attitudes regarding acts that have been questioned as potentially "inappropriate" or "unethical" crossing of professional-patient boundaries.Design: Surveys conducted via in-person polling or electronic and mailed paper submissions from April 2016 to July 2017. We calculated descriptive statistics and examined associations with practices and attitudes using logistic regression.Participants: Random sample of all US primary care physicians who treat adult patients; convenience sample of attendees at medicine grand rounds presentations.Main Measures: Outcomes were self-reported practices and attitudes related to giving patients rides home, paying for patients' medication, helping patients find jobs, employing patients, going to dinner with patients, and providing care to personal friends.Key Results: Among 1563 total respondents, 34% had given a ride home, 34% had paid for medications, 15% helped patients find a job, 7% had employed a patient, 10% had dinner with patients, and 59% provided care to personal friends. A majority disapproved of dinner with a patient (75%) but approved of or were neutral on all other scenarios (61-90%).Conclusions: The medical profession is quite divided on questions related to drawing lines about appropriate boundaries. Contrary to official and widespread proscriptions against such practices (with exception of dinner dates), many have actually engaged in such practices and the majority found them acceptable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The World Health Organization has designated vaccine hesitancy and vaccine confidence among the most pressing issues in global health. The COVID-19 pandemic has made vaccine hesitancy and vaccine confidence particularly salient and urgent. The purpose of this special issue is to highlight a broad range of perspectives on these critical issues. We have included a total of 30 papers that address issues related to vaccine hesitancy and vaccine confidence across multiple levels of the Socio-Ecological Model. We have organized the empirical papers into the following sections: individual-level beliefs, minority health and health disparities, social media and conspiracy beliefs, and interventions. In addition to the empirical papers, three commentaries are included in this special issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Forcibly displaced populations are highly vulnerable to psychosocial distress and mental disorders, including alcohol misuse. In an ongoing trial that seeks to develop a transdiagnostic intervention addressing psychological distress and alcohol use disorders among conflict-affected populations, we will carry out a cost-effectiveness evaluation using a capability-based Oxford Capabilities Mental Health (OxCAP-MH) measure. The OxCAP-MH is a 16-item questionnaire developed from the Capability Approach, that covers multiple domains of functioning and welfare. The aim of the current paper is to present the results of the translation, cultural adaptation and valuation of the OxCAP-MH into Juba Arabic for South Sudanese refugees living in Uganda. We adhered to the official Translation and Linguistic Validation process of the OxCAP-MH. To carry out the translation, the Concept Elaboration document, official English version of the OxCAP-MH, and the Back-Translation Review Template were used. Four independent translators were used for forward and back translations. The reconciled translated version was then piloted in two focus group discussions (N = 16) in Rhino refugee settlement. A most important to least important valuation of the sixteen capability domains covered in the OxCAP-MH was also done. Results: The Juba Arabic version of the OxCAP-MH was finalized following a systematic iterative process. The content of the Juba Arabic version remained unchanged, but key concepts were adapted to ensure cultural acceptability, feasibility, and comprehension of the measure in the local context of Rhino refugee settlement. Most participants had low levels of literacy and required support with filling in the tool. Participants suggested an additional capability that is currently not reflected in the OxCAP-MH, namely access to food. Furthermore, discussions around the valuation exercise of the sixteen domains led to two separate importance scales, which showed relevant differences. Conclusions: In this context, the OxCAP-MH was considered culturally acceptable. The valuation exercise proved cognitively demanding. Participants voiced confusion over how to answer the questions on the OxCAP-MH instrument due to low levels of literacy. These concerns invite consideration for future research to consider how measures such as the OxCAP-MH can be made more accessible to individuals with low literacy rates in resource poor settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In practice, the near-bit drilling tool confronts with strong vibrations and high-speed rotation. Therein the original signal amplitude of the tool attitude measurements is relatively feeble, and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is exceptionally low. To handle this issue, this paper proposes a weak SNR signal extraction method, frequency selecting complementary ensemble empirical mode decomposition, which is based on ensemble empirical mode decomposition combining with complementary noise and frequency selecting. This method firstly adds different positive and negative pairs of auxiliary white noise to the original near-bit weak SNR signal, secondly adopts empirical mode decomposition on each pair of noise-added signals, then performs ensemble averaging on the obtained multiple sets of intrinsic mode function (IMF) to output more stable IMF of each order and set suitable weights according to designed frequency threshold, and finally reconstructs the original useful signal through weighted summing IMFs. Simulation results show that the extraction accuracy of well inclination angle ranges about ± 0.51°, and the extraction accuracy of tool face angle ranges about ± 1.35°, and meanwhile experimental results are provided compared with other advanced methods, which verifies the effectiveness of our method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is now well established that higher-order risk preferences play a crucial role in determining the risky choices of decision makers in a wide range of important areas such as economics, finance and health. While influential theories of risky choice in those fields can explain attitudes to second order risk, the implications of these models for higher order risk preferences is still to be developed. This paper addresses that gap for the Markowitz (J Political Econ, 60:151–58, 1952) (M) model of utility which embodies reference-dependent utility, loss aversion and was seemingly the first model to explain the fourfold attitude to risk. In this paper, we set out new properties of the M model for higher order preferences, such as higher-order risky choice reversals, that can help explain experimental evidence not readily reconcilable with other models of risky choice. A second contribution of the paper is to empirically examine the heterogeneity of preference functionals describing second as well as higher order risky choices using hierarchical Bayesian estimation methods. Our analysis of the risky choices revealed in three prominent studies provides support for the M model as a useful complement to other leading models of risky choice such as cumulative prospect theory (CPT). In addition, we set up a new experiment whose design is shown to have satisfactory discriminatory power between the M and CPT specifications, and our results based on the Bayes factor confirm the heterogeneity of preference functionals across decision makers, and that the CPT specification is more prevalent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Machines can be equipped with the capability of identifying human emotions through conversation, thus enabling them to empathize with natural persons when they speak to them. The emergence of chatbots and intelligent assistants has led to a heightened focus on emotion recognition tasks. Most existing methodologies primarily focus on the isolated analysis of the speaker's attitudes and behaviors, thereby disregarding the essential interplay between the potential attitudes of interlocutors engaged in a specific conversation and their subsequent immediate dialogue behavior. As a result, the comprehension of the fundamental reasons behind the speaker's emotional fluctuations presents a noteworthy challenge throughout the course of the dialogue. This paper utilizes the attitude behavior theory from social psychology to develop a neural network model, namely the interaction neural network behind attitudes and behaviors of interlocutors for dialogue emotion recognition (DialogueINAB), that emulates the interactive process of the interlocutor's attitude and speech behavior in conversation. Our model presents new insights for recognizing emotions in conversations from a social psychology standpoint. DialogueINAB includes three modules: perception, information interaction, and emotion classifier. Initially, DialogueINAB identifies the features of potential attitudes and speech behaviors of the conversation interlocutors from the dialogue text. Second, by utilizing a crossmodal transformer architecture, the model can simulate the interaction between interlocutors' potential attitude and speech behavior and produce emotional features. Finally, the emotion classifier is supplied with the generated emotion features from the model for emotion recognition in conversation. We demonstrate the superiority of the proposed method through extensive experiments on three standard datasets (IEMOCAP, MELD, and AVEC). Compared with the six public baseline methods, our model improves the Weight-F1 metric by 3.56% and 1.04% on the IEMOCAP and MELD datasets and reduces the MAE metric by an average of 3.3% on the AVEC dataset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To determine the feasibility of eliciting utilities with a standard gamble self-completion questionnaire that uses a single-item approach in melanoma patients. Methods: 150 patients with low-risk melanoma completed a paper standard gamble questionnaire. Six scenarios described the adjuvant treatment of high-risk melanoma with interferon alfa-2b with varied side effects. Patients were asked to directly state the maximum death risk they would accept to prevent these health states. Methods were the same as in a study by Kilbridge et al. (J Clin Oncol 19(3):812–823, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2001.19.3.812), except that they used computerised interviews and an iterative risk variation (Ping–Pong method) to elicit utilities. Results: The rate of missing values in the standard gamble was 1.0%. The percentage of patients who misordered scenarios was very similar to the reference study (11.3% vs. 11.2%). Mean utilities were also similar with a maximum difference of 0.02 points, but median utilities were not (between 0.21 points below and 0.05 points above the reference study). Conclusions: One-item utility elicitation with questionnaires might be a feasible alternative to computerised face-to-face interviews to conduct a standard gamble in melanoma patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strategic uncertainty is the uncertainty that players face with respect to the purposeful behavior of other players in an interactive decision situation. Our paper develops a new method for measuring strategic-uncertainty attitudes and distinguishing them from risk and ambiguity attitudes. We vary the source of uncertainty (whether strategic or not) across conditions in a ceteris paribus manner. We elicit certainty equivalents of participating in two strategic 2 × 2 games (a stag-hunt and a market-entry game) as well as certainty equivalents of related lotteries that yield the same possible payoffs with exogenously given probabilities (risk) and lotteries with unknown probabilities (ambiguity). We provide a structural model of uncertainty attitudes that allows us to measure a preference for or an aversion against the source of uncertainty, as well as optimism or pessimism regarding the desired outcome. We document systematic attitudes towards strategic uncertainty that vary across contexts. Under strategic complementarity [substitutability], the majority of participants tend to be pessimistic [optimistic] regarding the desired outcome. However, preferences for the source of uncertainty are distributed around zero. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intention Analysis is a computational task that analyzes people's desires, wishes, and attitudes from user-generated texts. This sub-field of text mining has recently attracted research interest. This research paper provides an overview and an analysis of the latest studies in this field. These studies were categorized and summarized according to their contributions and the techniques they used. Several proposed approaches and some real applications were investigated in depth and presented in detail. Moreover, some related fields to intention analysis such as Transfer Learning (TL), Spam Detection (SD), and Building Resources (BR) were discussed in this survey of the literature dedicated to Intention Analysis. The aim of this survey is to give a comprehensive view of the intention analysis field supported by a number of graphics and summary tables about the literature. The paper concludes by identifying a number of research topics that can be promising for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing from previous research on domestic violence and stalking, this study addresses children's experiences of their family relations in post-separation parental stalking contexts from the perspective of stalking as a form of violence against women and children. Despite the fact that violence perpetrated by a parent fundamentally changes family dynamics and children's perceptions of family security, research on children's family relations in the course of domestic violence or stalking has rarely addressed children's sense of belonging. The aim of this paper is to augment our understanding of children's experiences of family relations in connection with parental stalking. The research question is: How do children experience their belonging in family relations in the context of post-separation parental stalking? A total of 31 children and young people aged 2–21 participated in the study. The data were collected through interviews and therapeutic action group sessions with the children. The qualitative data analysis was content-oriented. Four dimensions of children's sense of belonging were identified: (1) Varying belonging, (2) distancing belonging, (3) non-belonging and (4) holding belonging. The first three dimensions are constructed in relation to the child's stalking father, while the fourth one includes the mother, siblings and other relationships that provide safety and comfort. The dimensions are parallel and not mutually exclusive. The study indicates that a finer-grained understanding of children's sense of belonging in family relations is needed when social and health care and law enforcement professionals evaluate the child's safety and best interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines public support for global- and national-level climate policy instruments in Finland, and the ways urban/rural-domicile and climate change risk perception predict people's attitudes toward climate policies. Moreover, this study analyzes the degree to which perception of closeness to the district modifies people's climate policy attitudes. The research method employed was ordinal logistic regression and data were from the demographically representative Finland 2019-survey (n = 1742 and response activity = 44%). According to the results, subsidizing renewable energy is an especially popular climate policy instrument, whereas approving new nuclear plants is rather unpopular. Policy instruments were typically more popular at the global level than they were at the national level. Perception of climate change risk was especially strongly linked with support for a national carbon tax. The effect of urban/rural-domicile and subjective closeness to the district on the attitudes was highly dependent on the policy instrument in question. The study contributes to the understanding of how climate policy attitudes vary depending on the climate change risk perception, urban/rural-domicile, and the instrument-type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The two studies reported in the paper examined (1) the extended parallel process model's (EPPM; Witte 1992) ability to predict and explain college students' COVID-19 vaccination behavior, and (2) the EPPM-related reasons for college students' COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. Study 1 was a longitudinal study that measured the EPPM constructs at Time 1 and COVID-19 vaccine behavior two months later at Time 2. For danger control, results indicate that perceived threat and perceived efficacy positively predicted intentions and that intentions positively predicted behavior. For fear control, results indicate that perceived threat positively predicted fear, that perceived efficacy did not predict fear, and that fear negatively predicted defensive avoidance, reactance, and fatalism. Study 2 was a cross-sectional survey that assessed EPPM-related reasons for vaccine hesitancy. Results indicate that the main reasons for vaccine hesitancy were related to response efficacy (i.e., participants were concerned about the safety and effectiveness of the vaccine). The theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When facing socially sensitive issues, people do not often express their real attitudes because of social pressure. The model of dual attitudes is one of the theories that try to explain the phenomenon. According to the theory, the classification of separation patterns between the two attitudes: suppression, independence, motivated override, and automatic override. Recent studies have presented these types of separations in two attitudes indirectly, but direct experimental evidence still is demanded in social attitude research. The present research tries to give such direct evidence and accordingly designs two studies to identify the four kinds of separations above. In the first study, we examine the relationship of the independent and repressed between implicit attitudes and explicit attitudes with cognitive fatigues. In the second study, we consider the rest two types, the motivated and automatic overridden. This paper proposes an experimental design to test attitude duality and explore the deep psychological mechanisms of how cognitive resources and levels of social pressures affect people's social attitudes and behaviors, which can explain the phenomena associated with attitude dissociation, and the analysis of experimental results suggests that dual attitude theory is better than other models to explain this effect in simple and clarity way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Video games have the potential to be a tool for communicating pro-environmental values. The present study examines the correlation between players' environmental attitudes and their interaction with virtual natural resources. This study constructs Bayesian ordinal logistic models to analyze survey data of 640 Animal Crossing: New Horizon (ACNH) players from 29 countries. Results show that the frequency of catching in-game animals (fish and insects) is positively correlated with the level of human centeredness in environmental attitudes. In addition, less anthropocentric players tend to use more sustainable methods to collect woods in ACNH. Such a particular way of interacting with in-game animals and trees based on their species may be attributable to players' environmental attitudes and game designs. This paper discusses how game design can play a role in promoting pro-environmental behaviors and highlights the moral implications of interactions with non-human beings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sudden decline in the attitude control performance is a common abnormal situation during shield tunneling. When the problem happens, the shield driver will have difficulty controlling the shield's attitude, which will cause the shield to deviate from its design axis and affect the quality of the tunnel. The causes behind poor control performance are usually complicated, so how to choose appropriate countermeasures is a challenging problem. Based on the above issues, this paper proposes the Interpretable Predictive Model for Shield attitude Control Performance (IPM_SCP). The model first predicts the current shield control performance through the extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) sub-model and then uses the Shapley additive explanation sub-model to interpret the model output. The model was tested on the left-line tunnel of the Hangzhou–Shaoxing railway project in the Ke-Feng section. The results reveal that the model could effectively predict the control performance of the shield and give the most influential parameter and the direction in adjusting the parameter to improve the shield's attitude control performance when the control performance decreases. Therefore, IPM_SCP gives the correct parameter adjustment instructions when the shield's attitude control performance declines, and eventually improves tunnel construction quality and efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We derive representations of incomplete preferences in terms of willingness-to-pay measures. The paper demonstrates how these representations can be used to determine whether preferences are incomplete. We also study local approximations to incomplete preference structures and how attitudes to ambiguity affect willingness-to-pay measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on the comments of the editor for the journal "Human Studies." This special issue began with an idea proposed by George Psathas over lunch an intentionally open and broad call for papers to all contributors, editors and friends of "Human Studies." The present volume displays the many different ways that call was answered. As a sociologist have generally found it advisable to reject what in traditional academic circles is called interdisciplinary but in practice seems a way for one discipline to steal, and often distort in the process, ideas from other disciplines and claim them as their own. When, for instance, sociologists make use of psychological theories to explain children, rather than displaying interdisciplinarianism, they, from perspective, simply fill in gaps neglected by sociologists by stuffing in handy ideas from psychology, doing justice to neither.

Introduction: High stakes are involved in student selection, for both medical schools and applicants. This thesis investigated the effects of selection on the medical student population and applicant pool in the Dutch setting.Methods: This thesis consists of six papers: two quantitative studies, one qualitative study, two mixed methods studies and one perspective paper based on a review of the literature.Results: (1) Compared with a lottery, selection does not result in a student population with better motivation, engagement and performance, both in the clinical and pre-clinical phases of the study. (2) Selection seems to have a temporary stimulating effect on student motivation through enhancing perceived autonomy, competence and relatedness. (3) Applicants adopt a strategic approach, based on the selection procedure, in their choice of medical school. (4) The description of an applicant’s motivation is not a reliable and valid tool to assess motivation during selection. (5) Gaining healthcare experience is crucial for applicants’ motivation, but inequalities in access to such experiences can demotivate certain student groups from applying to medical school. (6) The gains yielded from selection compared with a lottery seem to be small. Unintentionally induced self-selection among certain groups of students and biased selection procedures may compromise student diversity.Discussion: The added value of selection procedures compared with a weighted lottery for admitting students to medical school is questionable. Students are generally motivated and perform well, irrespective of how they enrolled in medical school. Selection yields only small gains, while student diversity may be hampered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By investigating deep-rooted cultural norms, this paper explores whether and how traditional gender role attitudes impact income gaps between men and women and identifies causal effects via instrumental variable and other causal inference methods. Based on data from the Chinese General Social Survey in 2013, the results show that traditional gender role attitudes have a strong negative effect to the earnings of women but have no significant effect on men's incomes. Through Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition, this research finds that the different effects of gender role attitudes on the incomes of men and women appear to play a prominent role in causing the gender gap in earnings. In addition, gender role attitudes have an indirect and broad effect on gender income inequality through educational attainment, labor force participation, working hours, and occupational status. These results provide us with a new perspective for understanding the persistence and mechanisms of gender income stratification under educational equalization and have implications for gender equality policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I develop a view about machine autonomy grounded in the theoretical frameworks of 4E cognition and PF Strawson's reactive attitudes. I begin with critical discussion of White (this issue), and conclude that his view is strongly committed to functionalism as it has developed in mainstream analytic philosophy since the 1950s. After suggesting that there is good reason to resist this view by appeal to developments in 4E cognition, I propose an alternative view of machine autonomy. Namely, machines count as autonomous when we members of the moral community adopt reactive attitudes in response to their actions. I distinguish this view from White's and suggest assets and liabilities of this approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses spatial dependence and determinants of the New Zealand dairy farmers' adoption of best management practices to protect water quality. A Bayesian spatial durbin probit model is used to survey data collected from farmers in the Waikato region of New Zealand. The results show that farmers located near each other exhibit similar choice behaviour, indicating the importance of farmer interactions in adoption decisions. The results also address that information acquisition is the most important determinant of farmers' adoption of best management practices. Financial problems are considered a significant barrier to adopting best management practices. Overall, the existence of distance decay effect and spatial dependence in farmers' adoption decisions highlights the importance of accounting for spatial effects in farmers' decision-making, which emerges as crucial to the formulation of sustainable agriculture policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developers are often the engine behind the creation and implementation of new technologies, including in the artificial intelligence surge that is currently underway. In many cases these new technologies introduce significant risk to affected stakeholders; risks that can be reduced and mitigated by such a dominant party. This is fully recognized by texts that analyze risks in the current AI transformation, which suggest voluntary adoption of ethical standards and imposing ethical standards via regulation and oversight as tools to compel developers to reduce such risks. However, what these texts usually sidestep is the question of how aware developers are to the risks they are creating with these new AI technologies, and what their attitudes are towards such risks. This paper asks to rectify this gap in research, by analyzing an ongoing case study. Focusing on six Israeli AI startups in the field of radiology, I carry out a content analysis of their online material in order to examine these companies' stances towards the potential threat their automated tools pose to patient safety and to the work-standing of healthcare professionals. Results show that these developers are aware of the risks their AI products pose, but tend to deny their own role in the technological transformation and dismiss or downplay the risks to stakeholders. I conclude by tying these findings back to current risk-reduction recommendations with regards to advanced AI technologies, and suggest which of them hold more promise in light of developers' attitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We develop in this paper a novel entropy-independent knowledge measure (KM), with which to reveal some significant aspects of psychological cognition hidden in the handling of intuitionistic fuzzy sets (IFSs). We briefly discuss the two facets of knowledge associated with an IFS, i.e., the information content and the information clarity. We then establish, based on the latest axiomatic definition of KM in the context of IFSs, a novel parameterized KM in which two significant aspects of psychological cognition are considered, personal attitude and preference to be exact. We believe that the KM provided in this manner could truly capture the unique features of an IFS, including the potential knowledge related to the specificity and non-specificity of an IFS, the amount of which depends actually on users' character traits. The developed KM is equipped with two parameters, one of which expresses the type of attitude towards the non-specificity of an IFS while the other indicates the degree of personal preference between those two facets of knowledge. We also show that some existing measures can be obtained as particular cases of this general model. Finally, we illustrate the application of this measure in decision making under uncertainty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides information about a symposium on "Aggression Across Species," held in July 2002 at the 32nd Annual Meeting of the Behavior Genetics Association in Keystone, Colorado. Presentations varied from the genetic analysis of aggression in fruit flies to aggression in mice and men and the result is this collection of papers, which cover five different species, including zebrafish, dog, rat, mouse, and humans, and various tools for the genetic analysis of aggression. The papers in this issue have in common the objective of exploring the genetic influences on aggressive behavior. Different vertebrate species exhibit aggressive behavior with some common features, and by taking advantage of the experimental opportunities that each offers we can gain insights into the largely common underlying biology and biochemistry.

Reflects upon the problems associated with authorship of scientific papers. Infrequency that a scientist is the sole author of a work; Proposal that any co-author be responsible for a paper's entire content; General views of different scientific disciplines on the issue; Benefits and drawbacks of alphabetical ordering; Impact of dispute upon people's trust of science.

This paper tests whether effects of individual characteristics on redistributive preferences are constant across ideological subgroups. Using data from the U.S. General Social Surveys, we estimate ordered probit models for a full pooled sample, and liberal, moderate, and conservative subsamples. Wide cleavages in redistributive attitudes between liberals and conservatives, and between Democrats and Republicans are observed. Substantial gaps between Democrats and Republicans persist within ideological subgroups. Attitudinal differences across social classes exist for conservatives and moderates, but not liberals. Among moderates and conservatives, blacks are more likely than whites to support government redistribution. No black-white gap is observed among liberals. Though conservative women are more likely than conservative men to support major government involvement in redistribution, no gender gap emerges for liberals or moderates. Full sample results suggest that education has no discernible impact on redistributive attitudes, but subsample results strongly suggest that a college degree reinforces ideological effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marine parks were established to protect the diverse marine ecosystem in Malaysia, and over the years, the islands have attracted an increasing number of tourists. These marine park islands have become not only one of the top ecotourism destinations in Malaysia but an important contributor to the socio-economic growth of the nation. Nonetheless, it is a constant challenge to maintain the marine parks' natural charm due to negative tourism impacts. Humans' consumption behaviour has been identified as a driver of climate change. Given that humans' contribution to the problem is closely related to sustainable behaviour, this study focuses on tourists' behaviour. With the growing awareness on global environmental challenges, environmental knowledge has often been prescribed as one of the main precursors of tourists' behaviour, yet few studies have attempted to assess this factor from different dimensions. This paper examines tourists' environmental knowledge from a multidimensional aspect of factual, conceptual and procedural dimensions to determine its role in influencing attitude and responsible environmental behaviour. A face-to-face survey was conducted among 85 domestic and international marine park tourists, and data were analysed using PLS-SEM method. This preliminary study revealed that environmental knowledge is formatively represented by factual, conceptual and procedural dimensions. Furthermore, results confirmed the linear relationships between knowledge, attitude and behaviour with knowledge as a strong predictor of attitude that leads to higher pro-environmental behaviours, hence highlighting the importance of promoting environmental knowledge among marine park tourists who drives pro-environmental attitude and responsible behaviour to achieve a sustainable ecotourism development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the limitation of assessors' knowledge and the uncertainty of risks, risk assessment data reasonably are given in the form of linguistic terms, safety risk assessment in petrochemical industry is often a multi-criterion and multi-expert information fusion based on linguistic terms(MCMEIF-LT) problem. A novel model dealing with the MCMEIF-LT problem is presented in this paper. Firstly, the individual linguistic assessment distributions are fused to collective distributions and multiple criteria are fused to a comprehensive criterion. In the fusion process, the objective weights of assessment experts are calculated with using the credibilities of assessment data and the attitudes of decision makers are considered. Secondly, a Fuzzy Number Weighted Ordered Weighted Aggregation(FN-WOWA) operator which can transform a fuzzy number into a crisp value is proposed. In the FN-WOWA operator, the utility function can incorporate the assessors' loss-based risk attitudes and the membership function can reflect the importance of the values in the integrated fuzzy number. Based on crisp values, a risk matrix is constructed. Finally, a real application is demonstrated to show the flexibility and practicality of the MCMEIF-LT model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) process, decision-makers with different risk attitudes may have different decision results. To address this issue and present decision-makers' mentality, this paper introduces two mentality parameters. These parameters reflect the decision-makers' risk attitudes in determining the membership and non-membership degrees of the evaluation information. In addition, the parameters demonstrate the risk attitude in terms of the hesitancy degree under interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy information. Then, a new score function of interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy numbers (IVIFNs) is proposed that uses the introduced mentality parameters. Meanwhile, certain properties of the proposed score function are discussed. Furthermore, the weighted comprehensive score value of IVIFNs is introduced, and an MCDM method is developed in an interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy environment. Finally, a numerical example and comparative analyses are provided to illustrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses challenges in research paper retractions or correction of erroneous information published in scientific journals. Topics include enforcement after misconduct, reputation damage, authors behavior, lawsuit threats, delays in retraction due to disputes between co-authors and lengthy investigations, confidentiality agreements between institution and the journal. A case of retraction of research papers by the physicist Jan Hendrik Schön is mentioned.

This paper examines climate change adaptation and gender issues through an application of a feminist intersectional approach. This approach permits the identification of diverse adaptation responses arising from the existence of multiple and fragmented dimensions of identity (including gender) that intersect with power relations to shape situation-specific interactions between farmers and ecosystems. Based on results from contrasting research cases in Bihar and Uttarakhand, India, this paper demonstrates, inter alia, that there are geographically determined gendered preferences and adoption strategies regarding adaptation options and that these are influenced by the socio-ecological context and institutional dynamics. Intersecting identities, such as caste, wealth, age and gender, influence decisions and reveal power dynamics and negotiation within the household and the community, as well as barriers to adaptation among groups. Overall, the findings suggest that a feminist intersectional approach does appear to be useful and worth further exploration in the context of climate change adaptation. In particular, future research could benefit from more emphasis on a nuanced analysis of the intra-gender differences that shape adaptive capacity to climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines a rarely-discussed argument for the right to bequeath wealth. This argument, popular among libertarians, asserts that opposition to the practice of inheritance is prone to over-generalize, such that opponents of inheritance cannot avoid condemning other uses of private property, like gift-giving. The argument is motivated by an interesting methodological claim, namely, that the morality of bequest ought to be evaluated from the perspective of the donor, and not evaluated in ways that invoke the effects of bequest on the distribution of wealth. This paper argues that this donor-centric approach ultimately favors restricting the right of bequest. Specifically, I maintain that bequest generally carries a lower opportunity cost than other uses of property. Accordingly, inheritance tax is less coercive than other taxes, and bequest is less obviously as generous an act as gift giving. While the arguments made here will encourage traditional opponents of inheritance (such as egalitarians), I also suggest why they might be welcomed by at least some types of libertarian. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper, based on the data of 48 countries and regions from 1999 to 2008, studies the economic and educational determinants of how countries of different types attract international students. The study finds that: the volume of merchandise trade between countries facilitates international student mobility across borders; international students from developing countries put the same weights on educational and economic factors for peer developing countries as potential destinations, while only economic factors are taken into consideration for developed countries as potential destinations. On the other hand, international students from developed countries often value educational factors more for developed countries as possible destinations, while equally weigh educational and economic factors for developing countries as possible destinations. Therefore, countries aiming to attract talents from other countries should pay more attention to attract international students and encourage them to seek working opportunities in local employment markets after finishing study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Individuals who fish and eat self-caught fish make decisions about where to fish, the type to eat, and the quantity to eat. Federal and state agencies often issue consumption advisories for some fish with high mercury (Hg) concentrations, but seldom provide either the actual metal levels to the general public, or identify the fish that have low contaminant levels. Community participatory research is of growing importance in defining, studying, and resolving complex exposure and risk issues, and this paper is at the intersection of traditional stakeholder approaches and community-based participatory research. The objective of this paper is to describe the process whereby stakeholders (fishers), were involved in directing and refining research questions to address their particular informational needs about mercury levels in fish, potential risks, and methods to maintain health, by balancing the risks and benefits of fish consumption. A range of stakeholders, mainly individual fishers, fishing organizations, and other scientists, were involved at nearly every stage. Community participants influenced many aspects of the design and implementation of the research, in the determination of which fish species to sample, in the collection of the samples, and in the final analyses and synthesis, as well as the communication of results and implications of the research through their fishing club publications, talks and gatherings. By involving the most interested and affected communities, the data and conclusions are relevant to their needs because the fish examined were those they ate and wanted information about, and directly address concerns about the risk from consuming self-caught fish. Although mercury levels in fish presumed to be high in mercury are known, little information was available to the fishermen on mercury levels in fish that were low and thus provided little risk to their families. While community participatory research is more time-consuming and expensive than traditional scientific research, both the process and results are better scientifically in terms of community relevance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I undertake an in-depth examination of an oft mentioned but rarely expounded upon state: suspended judgment. While traditional epistemology is sometimes characterized as presenting a 'yes or no' picture of its central attitudes, in fact many of these epistemologists want to say that there is a third option: subjects can also suspend judgment. Discussions of suspension are mostly brief and have been less than clear on a number of issues, in particular whether this third option should be thought of as an attitude or not. In this paper I argue that suspended judgment is (or at least involves) a genuine attitude. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper it is argued that the buck-passing analysis (BPA) of final value is not a plausible analysis of value and should be abandoned. While considering the influential wrong kind of reason problem and other more recent technical objections, this paper contends that there are broader reasons for giving up on buck-passing. It is argued that the BPA, even if it can respond to the various technical objections, is not an attractive analysis of final value. It is not attractive for two reasons: the first being that the BPA lacks the features typical of successful conceptual analyses and the second being that it is unable to deliver on the advantages that its proponents claim for it. While not offering a knock-down technical refutation of the BPA, this paper aims to show that there is little reason to think that the BPA is correct, and that it should therefore be given up as an analysis of final value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper investigates the implications of empirical studies by Amiel and Cowell (J Public Econ 47:3–26, 1992) of the public’s attitude towards inequality. It demonstrates that the value judgments concerning the redistribution of income which have been revealed in these studies can be represented by the principle of concentration. A concentration is a redistribution of income which reduces the distance between each income and the average income in the same proportion. Imposing this principle and some other basic properties the paper characterizes several families of social welfare orderings which imply generalized Atkinson inequality measures. They do not necessarily satisfy the principle of progressive transfers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two letters from William Burnside have recently been found in the Nachlass of Robert Fricke that contain instances of the Burnside Problem prior to its first publication. We present these letters as a whole to the public for the first time. We draw a picture of these two mathematicians and describe their activities leading to their correspondence. We thus gain an insight into their respective motivations, reactions, and attitudes, which may sharpen the current understanding of professional and social interactions of the mathematical community at the turn of the twentieth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most critical issues for unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) safety and precision flight is wind disturbance. To this end, this paper presents an acceleration feedback (AF) enhanced H ∞ method for UAV flight control against wind disturbance and its application on a hex-rotor platform. The dynamics of the UAV system are decoupled into attitude control and position control loops. A hierarchical H ∞ controller is then designed for the decoupled system. Finally, an AF-enhanced method is introduced into the decoupled system without altering the original control structure. The stability of the AF-enhanced H ∞ method for the UAV system is analyzed and verified using the H ∞ theory. Two types of wind disturbances—continuous and gusty winds—are considered and analyzed for guiding the AF-enhanced controller design. The results of an experimental comparison between the H ∞ controller and the AF-enhanced H ∞ controller against wind disturbances demonstrate the robustness and effectiveness of the proposed method for wind disturbance rejection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As multinational corporations (MNCs) aim to become more environmentally sensitive, responsible leaders need to create organizational cultures that facilitate green behaviors among their employees. Successfully encouraging green behaviors can enhance an organization's environmental impact and performance. This exploratory study examines the perceptions, attitudes, and values of managers, employees, and academicians in engaging employees in self-initiated green behaviors. The study uses a qualitative method in which three-day workshops were conducted with 40 mixed participants of focus groups from the United Arab Emirates and the United Kingdom. This paper introduces a green behavior model (GBM) based on the "behavior change wheel" (BCW) theoretical framework (Michie, van Stralen, & West, 2011). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Mobile apps that utilize the framework of entrustable professional activities (EPAs) to capture and deliver feedback are being implemented. If EPA apps are to be successfully incorporated into programmatic assessment, a better understanding of how they are experienced by the end-users will be necessary. The authors conducted a qualitative study using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) to identify enablers and barriers to engagement with an EPA app. Methods: Structured interviews of faculty and residents were conducted with an interview guide based on the CFIR. Transcripts were independently coded by two study authors using directed content analysis. Differences were resolved via consensus. The study team then organized codes into themes relevant to the domains of the CFIR. Results: Eight faculty and 10 residents chose to participate in the study. Both faculty and residents found the app easy to use and effective in facilitating feedback immediately after the observed patient encounter. Faculty appreciated how the EPA app forced brief, distilled feedback. Both faculty and residents expressed positive attitudes and perceived the app as aligned with the department's philosophy. Barriers to engagement included faculty not understanding the EPA framework and scale, competing clinical demands, residents preferring more detailed feedback and both faculty and residents noting that the app's feedback should be complemented by a tool that generates more systematic, nuanced, and comprehensive feedback. Residents rarely if ever returned to the feedback after initial receipt. Discussion: This study identified key enablers and barriers to engagement with the EPA app. The findings provide guidance for future research and implementation efforts focused on the use of mobile platforms to capture direct observation feedback. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aimed to explore knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of women towards the municipal solid waste (MSW) management in Tehran, Iran, to provide a basis for experts and decision-makers to develop or improve practical waste management strategies. Women's contribution could markedly promote accomplishment of MSW management strategies, which has been neglected in many developing countries. A cross-sectional study was conducted in two stages: first, a random sample of 384 respondent women was selected from the 22 urban districts of Tehran, then 64 of them were randomly selected and trained face-to-face. The second phase was aimed at determining the effectiveness of face-to-face training and its impact on women's performance in waste management. In both stages, data were collected using a structured self-administered questionnaire containing 21 questions in four categories. Chi square (χ2) and Pearson correlation tests were applied to identify the association among variables. Results indicated that 69.6% and 72.9% of the women had adequate knowledge and attitude, respectively, while only 46.0% performed moderate practice on MSW management. Overall, significant association between education level, occupation, and marital status of the women with KAP towards reduction, reuse, recycling, and recovery of MSW were yielded (p < 0.05). Adequate knowledge and positive attitude did not necessarily lead to the proper practice in this study. However, face-to-face training positively affected women's practice in solid waste recycling and source separation. Conducting training programs and motivation of women by municipalities and decision-makers to elevate women's environmental performance could substantially promote MSW management strategies in developing nations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lay illness risk beliefs are commonly held philosophies about how risk works. These include beliefs that one's personal illness risk is unknowable and beliefs that thinking about one's risk can actually increase that risk. Beliefs about risk may impact risk behaviors and thereby subsequent health status. However, limited research examines the relation between lay risk beliefs and health behavior. This paper explores this possible relation. A nationally representative sample of adults (N = 1005) recruited from an internet panel were surveyed about lay risk beliefs and risk perceptions regarding diabetes and colorectal cancer, psychosocial factors (i.e., health literacy, need for cognition, locus of control), demographics, and current health behaviors (i.e., cigarette smoking, red meat intake, physical activity). In separate sets of regressions controlling for either demographics, psychosocial factors, or risk perceptions, lay risk beliefs remained significantly related to health behaviors. It may be important to consider how to address lay risk beliefs in intervention content and targeting in order to increase adaptive health behaviors and thereby prevent chronic disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We use data from SHARE (The Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe) in Austria to investigate attitudes towards new technologies in information and communication technology. The technologies can significantly facilitate the daily lives of an ageing population. In Austria, in wave 6 in 2015, an additional paper-and-pencil questionnaire was implemented which asked details about attitudes towards different technological innovations. From these questions, we develop a binary attitude score which indicates positive attitudes towards new technologies. In probit estimations, the attitude score is related to different demographic and health variables. Our main results indicate that strong gender differences in attitudes towards new technologies exist: men value communication and entertainment devices more, whereas women's attitudes are more positive towards devices that include a specific health or support value. Furthermore, while older cohorts value entertainment devices less than younger ones, no such pattern exists for health and support systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses survey data to examine the effect of the income-contingent charge mechanism, the Higher Education Contribution Scheme (HECS), and other demographic and attitudinal variables on fertility expectations in Australia over the recent past. HECS requires former Australian students to fund some of the costs of higher education through the repayment of interest-free loans made by the Australian government. Its defining characteristic is that repayments only occur when and if students' future incomes exceed a particular level. Since its introduction in 1989, media and other populist commentary has suggested that HECS has had unanticipated effects on behaviour. Most recently, attention has focused on the effects of HECS on fertility, with some arguing that university graduates are delaying births, and having fewer children, because of their HECS debts. This paper demonstrates that the introduction of HECS has had no discernible impact on Australian fertility rates, nor on the number of children that people expect to have. However, education, age and a number of attitudinal factors are associated with significant differences in fertility expectations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines an alternative solution for collecting reliable police shooting data. One alternative is the collection of police shooting data from hospital trauma units, specifically hospital-based violence intervention programs. These programs are situated in Level I trauma units in many major cities in USA. While the intent of these programs is to reduce the risk factors associated with trauma recidivism among victims of violent injury, they also collect reliable data on the number of individuals treated for gunshot wounds. While most trauma units do a great job collecting data on mode of injury, many do not collect data on the circumstances surrounding the injury, particularly police-involved shootings. Research protocol on firearm-related injury conducted in emergency departments typically does not allow researchers to interview victims of violent injury who are under arrest. Most victims of nonfatal police-involved shootings are under arrest at the time they are treated by the ED for their injury. Research protocol on victims of violent injury often excludes individuals under arrest; they fall under the exclusion criteria when recruiting potential participants for research on violence. Researchers working in hospital emergency departments are prohibited from recruited individuals under arrests. The trauma staff, particularly ED physicians and nurses, are in a strategic position to collect this kind of data. Thus, this paper examines how trauma units can serve as an alternative in the reliable collection of police shooting data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports findings of a laboratory experiment, which explores how reported self-assessment regarding the own relative performance is perceived by others. In particular, I investigate whether overconfident or underconfident subjects are considered as more likeable, and who of the two is expected to win in a tournament, thereby controlling for performance. Underconfidence beats overconfidence in both respects. Underconfident subjects are rewarded significantly more often than overconfident subjects, and are significantly more often expected to win. Subjects being less convinced of their performance are taken as more congenial and are expected to be more ambitious to improve, whereas overconfident subjects are rather expected to rest on their high beliefs. While subjects do not anticipate the stronger performance signal of underconfidence, they anticipate its higher sympathy value. The comparison to a non-strategic setting shows that men strategically deflate their self-assessment to be rewarded by others. Women, in contrast, either do not deflate their self-assessment or do so even in non-strategic situations, a behavior that might be driven by non-monetary image concerns of women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Online social network (OSN) is an important part of cyber physical system (CPS). In OSN, micro-blogging has grown rapidly to a popular online social network recently and provides a large number of real-time tweets for users. With the popularity of micro-blogging and the increase of active users, many users are faced with an information overload problem, especially for those with many followees and thousands of tweets arriving every day. In this paper, we aim to investigate the problem of recommending valuable tweets that users are really interested in personally, so as to reduce their efforts to find useful information. We consider three major aspects in our proposed ranking model, including the popularity of a tweet itself, the intimacy between the user and the tweet publisher, and the interest fields of the user. The detailed indicators for each aspect are introduced by analyzing users' behaviors and their meanings on micro-blogs. The experimental results show that the proposed model can help improve the ranking performance in precision and greatly outperform several baseline methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This text presents some psycho-sociological comments on the social representation (or SR) of the object "hymen" and its practical counterpart of defloration. The main argument is based on the observation of the recurrence of fetishistic attitudes towards bodily objects and ritual behaviors associated with the initiation into sexuality and the idea of physical and moral purity. The SR of virginity is observed in a heterogeneous corpus: history books, short stories, novels, anthropological archives, secondary data on the conception of virginity among young people, essays, online press, ethnographic reports, etc. This social representation may also include other terms such as "chastity", "purity", "first time", "sexual initiation", "abstinence" or "continence." First, the genesis of the objectified and anatomical meaning of virginity and defloration is analyzed as a scientifically and institutionally constructed imaginary process. Entering the world of sexuality, however, involves bodily techniques and behaviors that are less and less regulated today. The representational, semantic (connotations, effects of cultural matrices) and historical evolution of the purity associated with virginity are also examined. Various themes will be addressed in turn: the disjunctive structure (instrumentalization/idealization) of virginity; the proximity between puritanical and perverse attitudes towards these phenomena; certain mythographies and rituals (magic, novels) and the practice of bodily rituals, remnants of earlier practices. The interpretation of the social representation of the virginity and its anthropological logic are synthesized at the end of the article. Finally, the philosophical and psycho-sociological meanings of the purity fetish are presented. The couple virginity/defloration and more generally any form of bodily organization that conveys eroticism and sexuality, are seen as structures of protraction, quite very close to the notion of apparatus (or device). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assessed the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of non-ophthalmic medical staff towards myopia-related fundus lesions. This multicenter, cross-sectional study enrolled non-ophthalmic medical staff of Suining City between January and May 2023 using a self-designed questionnaire. A total of 505 (93.19%) valid questionnaires were included. Their mean KAP scores were 8.10 ± 2.32 (range: 0–12), 20.27 ± 2.68 (range: 0–24), and 17.77 ± 5.04 (range: 0–28), respectively. Structural equation modeling indicated that knowledge has a positive effect on attitude (β = 0.307, P < 0.001), and attitude has a positive effect on practice (β = 0.604, P < 0.001). Moreover, a higher degree of myopia exhibited a positive effect on knowledge (β = 0.510, P < 0.001). Nurses and other medical staff showed a negative effect on knowledge (β = − 0.706, P < 0.001) compared to doctors. Working in secondary and tertiary public hospitals, as well as private hospitals, demonstrated a negative effect on practice (β = − 1.963, P < 0.001) compared to those working in primary hospitals. Non-ophthalmic medical staff exhibited moderate knowledge, positive attitudes, and moderate practices toward myopia-related fundus lesions. The degree of myopia, doctors vs. other medical staff, and the hospital level influence the KAP of non-ophthalmic medical staff. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]