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This paper delves into the dyadic relationships between Science Parks (SPs) and universities from the perspective of SPs. It explores various dimensions, including organizational functions, co-location, collaboration, management team activities, partnerships, and connections with university students and senior academics. A survey of 120 European SPs underscores the significance of having the University-Industry Liaison Office within the SP, fostering increased collaboration with the local university, providing career opportunities for university students, and promoting alumni network activities. Additionally, the proximity of universities and research institutions within a 50 km radius positively impacts the relationships between SPs and universities. Additionally, the paper offers several managerial implications. Establishing communication channels between SP management and universities fosters an environment that boosts the open exchange of ideas, collaborative discussions, and problem-solving. The alignment of SPs and universities' goals and objectives, particularly in areas such as research themes, industry partnerships, technology transfer, and talent development, further solidifies the mutually advantageous nature of these relationships, establishing a strong foundation for their enhancement. Within the SP environment, universities can closely collaborate with businesses, start-ups, and entrepreneurs, promoting innovation, commercializing research findings, and incubating spin-off ventures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The digitization of medicine will play an increasingly significant role in future years. In particular, telemedicine, Virtual Reality (VR) and innovative Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems offer tremendous potential in imaging diagnostics and are expected to shape ultrasound diagnostics and teaching significantly. However, it is crucial to consider the advantages and disadvantages of employing these new technologies and how best to teach and manage their use. This paper provides an overview of telemedicine, VR and AI in student ultrasound education, presenting current perspectives and controversies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focused on students' leisure time with an exclusive focus on students with hearing disabilities leading to behavioural issues. This sensitive issue needs time to be highlighted as students with such disabilities are naturally restrained from utilizing their leisure time. This research aims to investigate numerous courses of action in the light of a detailed literature review and explore possible ways to reduce their severity and mitigate their effects. This qualitative conceptual review encompasses on how leisure time programs could be integrated and inclusive into the education, workplace, and daily life of children with hearing disabilities. This research effectively offers suggestions and recommendations that could help teachers and parents while dealing with leisure time as an approach to reducing behavioural problems such as practical solutions on various tools and procedures that can be manipulated and used in various workplaces. This review has numerous implications, such as this study could serve as a premier in setting guidelines for applying a leisure time approach to the non-clinical work environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We evaluated changes in AIDS-related knowledge, attitudes and behaviours among students in residence at the University of British Columbia based on identical surveys conducted in 1988 and 1992. 493 randomly selected students in each year were sent a self-administered questionnaire on AIDS-related knowledge, fear of AIDS, homophobia, sexual behaviours, and intravenous drug use. AIDS-related knowledge was very high and increasing (p < 0.01) among respondents. Fear of AIDS and homophobia were low in both years. Intravenous drug use was reported by only one student in each year. Sexual activity was reported by 62% of students overall, with 25% of these reporting multiple sexual partners in the previous six months. 23% of sexually active students in 1988 and 40% in 1992 reported usually or always using condoms during intercourse. In spite of high levels of AIDS-related knowledge, a large, although decreasing, proportion of students have multiple partners without barrier protection. Nevertheless, the consistent presentation of the same public health message over several years is associated with substantial improvement in condom use.

The positive role of entrepreneurship and micro and small enterprises in providing job opportunities necessitated a further investigation into the critical individual factors motivating individuals and potential entrepreneurs (students) to develop their entrepreneurial intentions and act green. Accordingly, we aimed to examine the effects of crucial factors—environmental self-identity (ESI) and green mindfulness (GM)—on students' (potential entrepreneurs') development of green self-efficacy (GSE) and to examine the influence of GSE on their green entrepreneurial intentions (GEIs). The study sample of 202 potential entrepreneurs was drawn from two Applied and Business Administration Colleges at King Faisal University. The collected data were analysed and interpreted using partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM). The research produced exciting results showing that ESI and GM positively influenced GSE and that GSE positively affected GEI. The results also revealed GSE's capability to mediate the connection between GM, ESI, and GEI. This paper concludes by providing several suggestions for decision-makers in the study context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2021, a large urban university-based hospital transitioned to a new two-floor emergency department. Despite the new environment, there were usability and workflow challenges with the space. The authors of this paper created a multidisciplinary, human-centered design collaborative of clinicians, university faculty, and students in an effort to increase emergency department efficiency. After thorough design-research and clinician-focused collaboration, the authors and design team identified the need to improve medical supply retrieval time, which directly impacts patient care and clinician satisfaction. The primary interventions consisted of a redesign that is as follows: (a) created standardized icons related to organ system, (b) increased visibility of supply labels, and (c) reorganized supplies based on usage data. Although a successful project, it was not without several barriers discussed in this article, including design researcher and clinician-level setting and engagement, academic/institutional policies, and conflicting schedules. In addition, the lessons learned from implementing human-centered design concepts into clinical workflow sets forth future research opportunities and inspiration for other institutions to collaborate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes an investigation of 13- and 14-year-old pupils' classification skills when they analyze scientific data in science lessons. The study involved two matched experimental and control pairs of classes of pupils (n = 95) analyzing scientifically based data. The assessment instrument for investigating pupils' skills was the paper and pencil pre- and post-test. This instrument showed small differences between the pre- and post-tests, and also between the computer-using and noncomputer-using pupils. However, it revealed pupils' specific skills to classify and reclassify scientific data according to criteria of a single property, their tendency to prioritize discrete over continuous criteria, and also some differences between the more able and less able pupils of the same age. The less able pupils could only classify according to discrete criteria. The scientific context influenced pupils' classification skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

English argumentative writing is difficult in second language writing for ESL students. Although there has been a lot of research on English argumentative writings, empirical research focusing on claims in argumentative writing is very scarce. Based on the Toulmin model, this paper studied the relationship between the claims and English argumentative writing performance. 117 time-limited writings were collected at a top university in Northeast China. The qualifiers were in the form of words, participle and sentence (QW, QP, QS), based on which claims were classified. Through the text analysis of each argumentative writing, 23 types of claims were extracted. Types of claims and 117 argumentative writings were scored respectively. Correlation analysis showed that claims based on qualifier divisions did not predict holistic writing performance. Claims in the higher-mark writings were also discussed. The findings led us to conclude corresponding pedagogy implications in promoting argumentative writings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on international student migration has been burgeoning, leading to a more nuanced understanding of international students whose experiences were, for many years, conceptualised in a rather limited way. In this paper, we aim to advance understanding of the diversity and complexity of student migrants' experiences, by proposing a new interpretive framework, developed through narrative enquiry. Based on an in-depth narrative analysis of 41 "biographical encounters" with student migrants in Portugal, we illustrate the potential of biographical approaches in highlighting students' subjectivities, and the complex interplay of diverse factors that shape migration processes. A migration "profile" was assigned to each narrative, capable of representing its leitmotif. This biographical approach to student migration provides a more nuanced understanding of how student migration emerges in time, thus offering a methodological approach that does justice to the diversity of student migration trajectories and may enhance the empirical examination of their experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we analyze the relationship between development and outgoing international student mobility (ISM) for the years 2003–2018 using data from UNESCO. Starting from migration transition theory, we expect that development and outgoing migration follows an inverted U-shape due to changes in capabilities and aspirations of populations. As predicted, we find that outgoing ISM also follows this pattern. Probing deeper into this finding, we investigated whether students from countries of different levels of development favor different destination countries, focusing on destination countries' academic ranking, GDP per capita, and linguistic and colonial ties. We find that these destination country characteristics indeed have different effects for students from origin countries with different stages of development, and that these effects cannot simply be reduced to a dichotomy between developed/developing countries. Together, the findings highlight the nonlinearity of ISM processes. In turn this opens up new avenues of research regarding the diversity of international student populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cloud computing and artificial intelligence are now widely used for classroom teaching in higher learning institutes. The digital teaching supported to ICT technologies in colleges serves as a central point for the advancement of modern education; and has become as a mode of instruction and an approach to teaching. Digital teaching has emerged as a major driving force in the advancement of digital economy and digitization of education in colleges. In this paper, we investigate the movable information management system utilized in the digital teaching using edge computing and 5G wireless communication technology. Furthermore, we explain the idea of a mobile data scheme and presents a teaching platform based on the edge computing and 5G-enabled wireless communication technology. The main objective of this work is to develop a digital teaching framework for college students that, in fact, enables digital teaching, the collection, and incorporation of teaching information, the provision of modern education, and sharing of resources. Cutting-edge technology advancements in the educational platform have the potential to improve 5G communication. To implement the cutting-edge technology, all types of technological devices, smart devices, and gadgets from the Internet of Things (IoT) platform are used. We evaluated the proposed system through reasonable assumptions and numerical simulations. The experimental results reveal that the suggested system has significantly improved the teaching efficiency with which digital teaching management is managed in colleges. Moreover, the edge and 5G technology can significantly improve the system performance, in terms of response time, that can be as high as 11.45% when compared to non-cloud based approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An eccentric muscle action (or contraction) is defined as active muscle lengthening against resistance, which occurs when the force generated by the muscle is smaller than the resistance placed upon it. Eccentric resistance exercise, which involves multiple sessions of repeated eccentric muscle actions, improves muscle strength and other health outcomes. In response to this evidence, new exercise technologies have been developed to permit feasible completion of eccentric muscle actions outside of the laboratory. Consequently, participation in eccentric resistance exercise is projected to increase in the future, and communications about eccentric resistance exercise are likely to reach a wide audience, including students in the classroom, athletes in the weightroom, patients who receive telehealth services, and journalists who report on study findings. Previous research has documented inconsistencies in how resistance exercises are named, but the role of eccentric resistance exercises has not been considered. Here, we explain how eccentric resistance exercises add further complexity to an already inconsistent resistance exercise nomenclature. Specifically, action words in exercise names typically describe the movement that occurs in the concentric phase (e.g., "press", "raise", "curl", "pull", "row"). This naming bias likely stems from the fact that traditional resistance exercise equipment, such as free weights and weight stack machines, does not typically accommodate for greater eccentric than concentric strength and thus emphasizes the concentric over eccentric phase. This naming bias is likely to hinder communications about eccentric resistance exercise. Thus, we encourage researchers and practitioners to discuss ways in which resistance exercises can be named more clearly and consistently. Key Points: Resistance exercises are known to be named inconsistently. Growing popularity in eccentric resistance exercise adds complexity to an already inconsistent nomenclature because action words in exercise names typically describe the concentric phase (e.g., "press", "raise", "curl", "pull", "row"). Concentric phase bias in exercise names likely stems from most resistance exercise equipment being designed for concentric muscle strength (e.g., free weights and weight stack machines). Exercise researchers and practitioners are encouraged to discuss how to overcome current and emerging challenges in resistance exercise nomenclature, including eccentric exercise names. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes an improved group teaching optimization algorithm (IGTOA) to improve the convergence speed and accuracy of the group teaching optimization algorithm. It assigns teachers independently for each individual, replacing the original way of sharing the same teacher, increasing the evolutionary direction and expanding the diversity of the population; it dynamically divides the students of the good group and the students of the average group to meet the different needs of convergence speed and population diversity in different evolutionary stages; in the student learning stage, the weak self-learning part is canceled, the mutual learning part is increased, and the population diversity is supplemented; for the average group students, a new sub-space search mode is proposed, and the teacher's teaching method is improved to reduce the diversity in the population evolution process. and propose a population reconstruction mechanism to expand the search range of the current population and ensure population diversity. Finally, the experimental results on the CEC2013 test suite show that IGTOA has clear advantages in convergence speed and accuracy over the other five excellent algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Functional thinking is characterized as a specific way of thinking in relationships, dependencies, and changes. Hence, beyond mathematics, it is also crucial for other (STEM) disciplines as well as for everyday situations. In particular, dealing with different representations of functions and changing between them are core function-related competencies, which are correspondingly needed for the formation of appropriate concepts and flexible problem-solving in various situations. Therefore, this study investigated students' (N = 856) competencies related to representational changes of elementary functions and, in particular, assessed which changes are especially easy or difficult for students. Moreover, possible school track and gender differences were investigated by performing DIF analyses within the framework of Rasch modeling. The data were gathered using a paper–pencil test administered after the students had completed the teaching unit on linear functions in their mathematics lessons. Results: Altogether, students were found to have limited competencies related to representational changes of elementary functions. There was no clear pattern regarding the types of representational change that were difficult or easy for them. Moreover, girls performed better on purely mathematical tasks, whereas boys did better at a complex modeling and problem-solving task. Classes from the academic track produced better results in tasks with a situational context compared to their peers from non-academic tracks, who performed relatively strongly on purely mathematical tasks. Conclusions: These findings imply that various representations and representational changes should be included in lessons on functions to support students in building a rich concept of function and flexible problem-solving skills, thus fulfilling curricular requirements and responding to didactical considerations. In particular, the teaching of functions should be more balanced by mixing tasks with and without a situational context and the corresponding representational changes. These findings should motivate teachers, in particular those teaching non-academic tracks, to give a more prominent role to situational contexts in their lessons on functions in order to foster their students' learning and build a bridge between mathematics and real-world situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we investigate entrepreneurial intention by applying the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) by Ajzen (1991). We specifically examine the role of gender on entrepreneurial education and role models or parental self-employment (PSE), by carrying out a multi-group analysis (MGA). We used a web-based questionnaire to collect information from 216 students at a Spanish university. Data are analysed with the help of Structural Equation Modelling (SEM)–Partial Least Square (PLS). We conducted a tripartite analysis on Complete, Male, and Female Models. Regarding the Complete and Male Models, all the primary hypotheses (5 in total) were accepted, compared with four for the Female Model. In this study, the primary hypotheses focus on the core variables of the TPB. We recommend the institutionalization of traineeship, elective courses, conference and workshops on entrepreneurship to boost the entrepreneurial spirit of students. Though this study has confirmed the applicability of the TPB model to entrepreneurial intention, we did not find a significant relationship between Males and Females about their entrepreneurial intentions for some relationships. However, this study suggests that the relationship between PSE and perceived behavioural control (PBC) is stronger for Males than Females Our results have implications for entrepreneurship education scholars, program evaluators, and policymakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Student cognitive models are playing an essential role in intelligent online tutoring for programming courses. These models capture students' learning interactions and store them in the form of a set of binary responses, thereby failing to utilize rich educational information in the learning process. Moreover, the recent development of these models has been focused on improving the prediction performance and tended to adopt deep neural networks in building the end-to-end prediction frameworks. Although this approach can provide an improved prediction performance, it may also cause difficulties in interpreting the student's learning status, which is crucial for providing personalized educational feedback. To address this problem, this paper provides an interpretable cognitive model named HELP-DKT, which can infer how students learn programming based on deep knowledge tracing. HELP-DKT has two major advantages. First, it implements a feature-rich input layer, where the raw codes of students are encoded to vector representations, and the error classifications as concept indicators are incorporated. Second, it can infer meaningful estimation of student abilities while reliably predicting future performance. The experiments confirm that HELP-DKT can achieve good prediction performance and present reasonable interpretability of student skills improvement. In practice, HELP-DKT can personalize the learning experience of novice learners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Enabling education programs, otherwise known as Foundation Studies or Preparatory programs, provide pathways for students typically under-represented in higher education. Students in Enabling programs often face distinct challenges in their induction to academic culture which can implicate them in cases of misconduct. This case study addresses a gap in the enabling literature reporting on how a culture of academic integrity can be developed for students and staff in these programs through an educative approach. Case description: This paper outlines how an educative approach to academic integrity is implemented within the Enabling programs of two Australian universities. Discussion and reflection: This case study reflects upon an approach which makes specific reference to the key elements of 'support', 'approach' and 'responsibility' as highlighted in Bretag and Mahmud's seminal paper. The paper reports a reduction in misconduct cases at the two institutions suggesting a positive correlation between the interventions and students' understanding of ethical academic practice. This study reflects upon practitioner experiences with academic integrity investigations to evaluate the effectiveness of this approach. Conclusions: The authors show that it is possible to ensure academic integrity practices and values are upheld within a supportive learning environment appropriate to a students' level of study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the relationship between Grade 12 learner preferences for study in higher education, student enrolment in higher education programmes, and student graduations in different programme areas, considering the match between these supply-side indicators and a forecast of skills demand in South Africa as a first step towards ascertaining the extent to which the higher education system is meeting the demand for skills in the labour market. While learner preferences are predominantly for study in the field of Science, Engineering and Technology (SET), student graduations are predominantly in the Humanities. And since a large proportion of scarce-skills areas are SET-related, this creates a mismatch that has implications for the economic development of the country. Simultaneously, however, the demand for educators (school teachers and academics) is even greater: the strongest discrete demand is for educators, followed by that for managers. The paper concludes by urging more concerted development of teachers and managers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper suggests new strategies for introducing students to robotics technologies and concepts, and argues for the importance of providing multiple entry points into robotics. In particular, the paper describes four strategies that have been successful in engaging a broad range of learners: (1) focusing on themes, not just challenges; (2) combining art and engineering; (3) encouraging storytelling; (4) organizing exhibitions, rather than competitions. The paper describes a new technology, called the PicoCricket, that supports these strategies by enabling young people to design and program artistic creations that integrate light, sound, music, and motion. The paper concludes with an analysis of robotics activities in three educational environments, examining how these new strategies and technologies can engage young people with diverse interests and learning styles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper draws on data from the development of annual national mathematics assessment materials for 7-year-old pupils in Wales for use during the period 2000–2002. The materials were developed in both English and Welsh and were designed to be matched. The paper reports on item analyses which sought items that exhibited differential performance in relation to whether the materials were English medium or Welsh medium. The items that exhibited consistent differential item functioning in relation to language during pre-testing are reviewed in order to discuss the linguistic factors that could affect such behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims at exploring the issues related to implementing a formative assessment model namely School-Based Assessment (SBA) at secondary schools in Bangladesh. A qualitative study employing interviews with English teachers of grade 8 and the head teachers and FGDs with students from twelve secondary schools was conducted. Moreover, field notes and document analysis provided valuable data. The findings from the qualitative content analysis showed a dismal condition of implementing SBA in Bangladesh. Some distinct reasons posed challenges to implementing SBA. These are teachers' insufficient orientation towards SBA, teachers' negative attitude towards SBA, teachers' heavy workloads, large class size, large contents of syllabus, no reflection of the marks of SBA in public examinations, lack of honesty and fairness in teachers, lack of validity and reliability of SBA as an assessment tool, poor socio-economic conditions of teachers, and the absence of monitoring and supervision by concerned authorities. This study also provides a comprehensive understanding of how teachers conceptualize and apply strategies of SBA in their classrooms, along with some recommendations and, hence, bears implications for the policy makers, teacher trainers, and other stakeholders involved in the Bangladeshi school education system and elsewhere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, research on mature students‘ approaches to learning, conducted within a students‘-experiences-of-learning framework, has suggested that these students tend towards being deep-level learners. The studies reported in this paper were focused on the self-reported conceptions of learning of a group of mature students enrolled in a postgraduate degree course. A primary aim of these studies was to assess the extent to which these students reported “sophisticated” conceptions of learning, as might be expected from mature, postgraduate learners. A secondary focus was to assess the extent to which academic context might be said to have influenced learning conceptions over time. The studies suggest that, for this sample of students, quantitative conceptions appear to predominate. In addition, a conception of learning that does not appear to “fit” within the conceptual model used to assess these conceptions is presented and discussed. Empirical data suggesting the stability of these learning conceptions over time is discussed in the light of its implications for teaching on postgraduate degree programmes where students appear to hold quantitative conceptions of learning. But the paper also argues for the need for further research into a conception which holds that learning is a moral obligation or service to a community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper was written to explain the process and steps and to describe the experience with building a women-only operated collegiate emergency medical service (EMS) system in the largest women-only university in the world. To the best of the authors' knowledge, the EMS system described in this report is the first collegiate EMS system in the Gulf region. The concept of the collegiate EMS system at the university, the factors that mandated the creation of this system, the process steps, the challenges faced, and, finally, the reported outcome have been evaluated. The women-only campus conferred unique challenges and additional pressure during the planning and implementation stages of this project; our system had helped in decreasing response time to medical emergency, provided back up support during mass gathering events in the university, and helped in decreasing the load on other national EMS services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The era of Asia has been felt in foreign language education in Japan, with more and more youth reportedly opting to study Chinese and Korean as the second foreign language. The shift in popularity, from European to Asian languages, not only reflects the societal demand for the institutional rearrangement of academic staff but also stirs teachers of European languages to appeal for the continued study of their language. The present discussion paper, drawing from secondary statistics and scholarly knowledge, first reviews a series of Japan's foreign language education policies from the 1990s to 2012 that have been affecting the organizational structure of foreign language education in Japanese higher education. The study then addresses an array of issues that emerge with the changing needs of the times: the waning popularity of European languages, the Japanese government's policy shift to English and Chinese, English language professionals' detached attitudes toward other language education, and the dominance of university language teachers with little to no language teaching training. By addressing these pending yet gravely overlooked issues that merit due attention from language teaching professionals beyond Japan, the present study hopes to provide insight into the traditionally one-sided, English-centric discussion on foreign language education in Japanese higher education in a matter that is informative for international scholarship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Augmented reality (AR) is currently considered as having potential for pedagogical applications. However, in science education, research regarding AR-aided learning is in its infancy. To understand how AR could help science learning, this review paper firstly has identified two major approaches of utilizing AR technology in science education, which are named as image- based AR and location- based AR. These approaches may result in different affordances for science learning. It is then found that students' spatial ability, practical skills, and conceptual understanding are often afforded by image-based AR and location-based AR usually supports inquiry-based scientific activities. After examining what has been done in science learning with AR supports, several suggestions for future research are proposed. For example, more research is required to explore learning experience (e.g., motivation or cognitive load) and learner characteristics (e.g., spatial ability or perceived presence) involved in AR. Mixed methods of investigating learning process (e.g., a content analysis and a sequential analysis) and in-depth examination of user experience beyond usability (e.g., affective variables of esthetic pleasure or emotional fulfillment) should be considered. Combining image-based and location-based AR technology may bring new possibility for supporting science learning. Theories including mental models, spatial cognition, situated cognition, and social constructivist learning are suggested for the profitable uses of future AR research in science education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interaction between participation and the emergence of common knowledge is the subject matter of this paper. A case study of a single class provides the focal point of analysis. During the semester the students participated in a blogging activity. As a result of their participation, the students create and distribute knowledge. The online efforts of the students can be described as participation in both a discourse and knowledge community. At one level, blogging is an activity composed of writing, reading, and commenting, and at a second level, the students share their thoughts in their own voices. At a third level, over the course of the semester, the student posts and commentary form a commons of information that can be mined later in the semester for other kinds of learning activities. Knowledge creation, distribution, and accumulation are analyzed in terms of student participation at both the level of individual events and from the perspective of an ongoing community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers the problem of plagiarism as an issue of morality. Outrage about student plagiarism in universities positions it as dishonesty and a transgression of standards. Despite this, there has been little work analysing the implications of positioning plagiarism as a moral matter in the making of judgments about plagiarism and academic dishonesty. This paper sets the scene by reviewing research about the characteristics of students who cheat and analysing student and lecturer differences. It then discusses perspectives from moral behaviour, moral philosophy and moral reasoning. The paper concludes that emotion and reason are brought to moral judgments, and so makes a case for those who are making judgments about plagiarism to reflect on whether they are faced with a matter of morality or convention. Greater awareness of the domains of convention and morality, the issues of justice and care, the roles of emotion and reason and what is involved in making judgments, will open ways of understanding reactions to plagiarism so that better ways to deal with accusations and make judgments can be developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we examine the support given for the ‘theory of formal discipline’ by Inglis and Simpson (Educational Studies Mathematics 67:187–204, ). This theory, which is widely accepted by mathematicians and curriculum bodies, suggests that the study of advanced mathematics develops general thinking skills and, in particular, conditional reasoning skills. We further examine the idea that the differences between the conditional reasoning behaviour of mathematics and arts undergraduates reported by Inglis and Simpson may be put down to different levels of general intelligence in the two groups. The studies reported in this paper call into question this suggestion, but they also cast doubt on a straightforward version of the theory of formal discipline itself (at least with respect to university study). The paper concludes by suggesting that either a pre-university formal discipline effect or a filtering effect on ‘thinking dispositions’ may give a better account for the findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, entrepreneurship has become an important issue due to national economic development and the contribution of society. Data with a hierarchical structure received more attention and occur frequently in social science, public health and epidemiological researches. In such research, binary outcomes are common. Multilevel logistic regression models allow one to account for the clustering of subjects within clusters of higher-level units when estimating the effect of subject and cluster characteristics on subject outcomes. Traditional logistic regression is inappropriate when data are hierarchically structured. Therefore, this study presents multi-level Bayesian logistic analysis for entrepreneurial intention of students using classical and Bayesian approach. The descriptive result revealed that about 57.4% of the students had an entrepreneurial intention while 42.6% do not have an intention. The results also showed that entrepreneurial education/training and entrepreneurial attitudes significantly predicts students’ entrepreneurial intention at 5% level of significance. The model results indicate that the effects of the selected variable on entrepreneurial intention vary across university. By failing to take into account the clustering within university (level 2), Bayesian multilevel effects are not taken into consideration in modeling, the β coefficients in multilevel logistic model using classical approach are distorted somewhat in both directions either in over or under direction. This study also evaluates and compares the behavior of maximum likelihood and Bayesian estimators to investigate the relationship between covariates and the response. Both point and interval estimation performances were investigated. The results revealed that lower standard errors of the estimated coefficients in the Bayesian logistic regression approach as compared to classical approach. Moreover, the results revealed that the length of the Bayesian credible interval is smaller than the length of the maximum likelihood confidence interval for all factors. In order to identify the most plausible method between Bayesian method and maximum likelihood estimation of the data, AIC, BIC and DIC are adopted in this paper. The result of the study depicts that the Bayesian method performs better and more efficient than maximum likelihood estimation. The study recommends that the government as well as the universities should design programs that facilitate entrepreneurship to change the mindset, attitude, and intention of those students who do not have knowhow about entrepreneurship as a future career. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study adds to the collegiate substance use literature by measuring the magnitude of peer effects upon individual cigarette use. The study employs data from the 2001 Harvard School of Health College Alcohol Survey to construct this peer effect measure and to study the effect of other variables upon a university student’s decision to smoke. The main finding of this paper is that moving a student from a university where no students smoke to an institution where 25 percent of the population smokes increases that student’s probability of smoking by 10.71 percent. The results of this paper suggest the potential for universities to institute student-led, anti-smoking organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the context of broad literature on cross-border flows for higher education, this article examines the distinctive case of mainland Chinese students in Hong Kong and Macau. These territories are a sort of bridge between the fully domestic and the fully international. Hong Kong and Macau higher education plays a dual role, as a destination in itself for higher education and as a stepping-stone for students’ further international development. Patterns in Hong Kong are slightly different from those in Macau, and the territories may thus be usefully compared with each other as well as taken as a pair for comparison with other parts of the world. The paper begins by noting the literature on the ways that push and pull factors influence student mobility, and then turns to motivations in pursuit of academic and professional growth, economic benefit, individual internationalisation, and enhanced social status. The paper shows that flows of mainland Chinese students are driven by both excess and differentiated demand. Analysis of the distinctive features of this pair of territories adds to wider conceptual understanding of the nature of cross-border flows for higher education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ‘independent learner’ is a key construct within discourses of educational policy and practice in the UK. Government policy statements stress the importance of developing learner independence, and higher education pedagogical practices tend to rest on the assumption that students are independent learners. This paper draws on research with undergraduate students in a post-1992 university to offer a critical appraisal of the discourse of the independent learner. The paper examines students’ perceptions of independence in both their first year of undergraduate study, and in the later years of their degree courses. Support for learning and issues related to asking for help are discussed. Whilst students tend to both expect and want to be independent, it is suggested that dominant constructions of the independent learner are gendered and culturally specific, and as such are inappropriate for the majority of students in a mass higher education system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of group dynamics highlights the activity in the group in terms of its performance and communication. The experience of facilitating virtual communities and teams (Eunice and Kimball in , ) suggests that groups go through the same stages either in face-to-face or in online mode. The paper brings together a theoretical framework based on the literature on virtual communities, Gestalt systems and online facilitation in order to address the issue of electronic togetherness, in particular from a group dynamics perspective. The empirical work on which the paper is based is an observation of a group of students in a training set playing a decision-making game. The model of Tuckman (Tuckman in Psychol Bull 63:384–399, ; Tuckman and Jensen in Group Organ Stud 2:419–427, ) is used as a framework within which to discuss the findings of the case. The paper finishes with concrete recommendations for facilitators of online communities and designers of the electronic spaces where these communities operate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the mission of the Journal of Science Education and Technology; the people who are helping to further this mission; our review philosophy, policies, and electronic review process; and important information for authors, readers, practitioners, students, and administrators to know. It also includes announcements about new features in the Journal, and two book series: Innovations in Science Education and Technology and Classics in Science Education and calls for papers and book ideas to be submitted to cohenka@aol.com. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an innovative approach to introducing pre-service early childhood teachers to math, science and technology education. The approach involves the creation of partnerships between pre-service early childhood and engineering students to conceive, develop, implement and evaluate curriculum in the area of math, science and technology by using robotics and the engineering design process. In this paper we first present the theoretical framework for the creation of these partnerships. We then introduce an experience done at Tufts University in which three different forms of partnership models evolved: the collaborator’s model, the external consultant’s model and the developer’s model. We also present different case studies from this experience and finally we conclude with some remarks and observations for making this work scalable and sustainable in other settings and universities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analysed the trend and pattern of gender enrolment in Nigerian Universities between 1989 and 1997. It critically examined the gender disparity in university enrolment generally, as well as among some selected disciplines and the country's geo-political zones. The analysis revealed that gap existed between female and male in the university enrolment with lower female enrolment in all aspects of the Universities. Specifically there was a wide gap in the sciences and science-based disciplines and also between the Northern and Southern zones with higher female enrolment in the south than the north. The paper made useful suggestions to narrow the gender gap in the university enrolment in the nearest future, which included sustained enlightenment programmes, fine-tuning labour laws and accommodating female under the ``educationally disadvantaged'' admission policy being enjoyed by some citizens of the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Can high school students become contributors as well as users on the World Wide Web? This research explores a new Web-based curriculum idea, that of having students write and publish critical “reviews” of scientific resources. Writing reviews can be a means of both practicing critical evaluation of Web resources, and of making an authentic value-added contribution to the Web. This paper presents content analyses of 41 source documents and 63 critical reviews published by 11th grade students in a project-based science class. The source documents are described as to their publishing source, use of organizational elements, and use of graphics. Two aspects of student-written critical evaluation are analyzed: evaluation of organization and evaluation of graphics. While evaluations of graphics were somewhat thin in these reviews, this was due mostly to the lack of good content representations in the source documents. The on-line review form did successfully prompt students to make conceptual connections between organizational structure and their own sense-making process. Reviews also sometimes showed students engaged in perspective-taking related to potential readers. The literature review of this paper examines critical evaluation models and current social filtering models for large, distributed databases. A section on future directions for Web reviews describes a review-publishing system developed for the University of Michigan Digital Library system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we examine aggregate patterns and trends in segregation among white (non-Hispanic), black, Hispanic, and Asian public school students in 217 metropolitan areas during the period 1989-1995. We first describe a set of methodological tools that enable us both to measure the mutual segregation among multiple racial groups and to partition total metropolitan-area school segregation into geographic and racial components. Then we use these tools to examine patterns and trends in metropolitan-area school segregation. We find that the average levels of multiracial school segregation have been unchanged from 1989 to 1995, but that this stability masks important shifts in the geographic and racial components making up average levels of total metropolitan school segregation. In particular, segregation between non-Hispanic white students and all other students has increased, on average, while segregation among black, Hispanic, and Asian student groups has declined. In addition, the contribution to average levels of total metropolitan segregation due to between-district segregation has grown, whereas the relative contribution of within-district segregation has declined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this study was to investigate the depth and breadth of knowledge and ideas about adolescent health among secondary-level students. A concurrent mixed method approach, both quantitative and qualitative methods, was followed to carry out the study. Students enrolled in tenth grade under the Directorate of Secondary and Higher Education (DSHE) in Khulna City, Bangladesh, were chosen as the respondents of the study. Kotwali and Khanjahan Ali Thana of Khulna City were rationally chosen as the areas of the study. A total of 40 schools were randomly chosen, and 400 surveys, 10 surveys from each school, ideally 05 boys and 05 girls, were carried out, including 10 in-depth case studies. Findings indicated that, on average, more than half of the adolescents have knowledge gaps about adolescents and reproductive health, for example, misconceptions about the adolescent period and age range of puberty, vague understanding of the first sign(s) of physical appearances, and face critical emotional and social challenges. Both qualitative and quantitative data further showed that they hardly get sufficient cooperation and support from family and social environments in dealing with their challenges, display risky health behaviour, and make major decisions based on their self-discretionary assumptions to deal with crises. The findings of this study would provide important guidelines to parents and guardians, local and district and regional and national level GOs and NGOs health professionals who work with adolescent and reproductive health services, policymakers, academics, and researchers to create an adolescent-friendly environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rate of cybercrime among Palestinian university students is unknown. This study is the first to examine cybercrime awareness among Palestinian undergraduate students. A cross-sectional design was used to investigate cybercrime awareness, risky online behaviors, and the prevalence of cybercrime among these students. Participants were selected using convenience sampling. Invitations were sent via Google Forms to complete an online questionnaire. The findings revealed that a sizable proportion of participants (52.4%) had either been victims of cybercrime or knew someone who had. High-risk online behaviors included using social media for social interaction, using mobile apps, engaging in excessive social media use, and failing to report criminal activity to law enforcement authorities. The study found a lack of awareness about cybercrime, particularly regarding knowledge, perceived causes, cybersecurity measures, and emotional responses. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified significant relationships between cybercrime exposure and factors such as students' knowledge of cyberstalking and cybercrime harassment, perceptions of being threatened by cybercrime, the need for university cybercrime awareness programs, and experiences with sextortion, social media harassment, and cyberstalking. Accepting friend requests only from known individuals could reduce their vulnerability to cybercrime. Fear and indifference decreased the likelihood of being exposed to cybercrime, while anger increased the risk. Thus, incorporating cybercrime awareness program, which includes information security awareness, education, and training, into universities' overall security management strategies is critical. This will effectively reduce the risks associated with cyberattacks for students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we analyze the relationship between class sizes and examination results in higher education. Data from the University of Stavanger, collected in the Common Student System (FS) in the period from 2011 to 2021, shows that there is a negative correlation between the number of students enrolled on courses and examination results. An increase in the number of students taking a course reduces the average scores. We also show that the difference in examination results for different class sizes decreases when the course level increases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines tuberculosis (TB) incidence among students in Jilin Province, China, focusing on spatial, temporal, and demographic dynamics in areas of social inequality. Variation in incidence rate of TB was analyzed using the joinpoint regression method. Spatial analyses techniques included the global and local Moran indices and Getis-Ord Gi* analysis. Demographic changes in new cases were analyzed descriptively, and the Geodetector method measured the influence of risk factors on student TB incidence. The analysis revealed a declining trend in TB cases, particularly among male students. TB incidence showed geographical heterogeneity, with lower rates in underdeveloped rural areas compared to urban regions. Significant spatial correlations were observed, with high-high clusters forming in central Jilin Province. Hotspots of student TB transmission were primarily concentrated in the southwestern and central regions from 2008 to 2018. Socio-economic factors exhibited nonlinear enhancement effects on incidence rates, with a dominant bifactor effect. High-risk zones were predominantly located in urban centers, with university and high school students showing higher incidences than other educational stages. The study revealed economic determinants as being especially important in affecting TB incidence among students, with these factors having nonlinear interacting effects on student TB incidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses a philosophic basis for Orton-Gillingham teaching and attempts to demonstrate how certain of the features of such multisensory teaching act to remediate language problems exhibited by many dyslexic students. The common basis of the array of programs coming from both Orton and Gillingham is addressed. Some individual strengths and minor differences between Orton and Gillingham variations are examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper applies the concepts of the horizon problem, agency costs, monitoring, and special interest incentives to trustee management of public schools and higher education. We examine whether South Carolina's 1984 Education Improvement Act, a major restructuring of educational organization and spending in South Carolina, is related to the ratio of pupils in private versus public schools. We employ 30 years of county level data in South Carolina, and we uncover several things. There is no statistically credible relation between public school expenditures per pupil and the private school/public school enrollment ratio. However, we do find that the directed changes in rules, organizational structure, and incentives mandated by the 1984 Educational Improvement Act are associated with a reduction in the relative number of children attending private school. We interpret this to mean that the features of the law requiring better accountability and the like were perceived by parents to make for better education while the increased money spent was only a transfer to teachers or some other groups; we find that organization matters more than money. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current paper, we attempt to contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of science, technology and innovation (STI) outputs and outcomes through the application of a Scientific and Technical Human Capital (STHC) evaluation framework. We do this by describing a study that focuses on a type of STI initiative that appears ripe with potential to affect STHC impacts—Industry–University Cooperative Research Centers (IUCRCs). In doing so we summarize relevant theory related to the STHC framework and social capital formation more generally. We also define IUCRCs and highlight the program mechanisms that appear likely to impact the STHC outcomes. Finally, we narrow our focus to a relatively neglected research target of the STI evaluation—science and engineering (S&E) doctoral students. We compare social capital and other students' outcomes by employing a rare quasi-experimental design with two training modalities: IUCRC and more traditional, non-center training. We show that our results demonstrate strong evidence for positive effects of IUCRC training on graduate S&E students' outcomes. We also explain significant moderating effect of citizenship status on some of our results where international students, who account for 50% of this population, do not receive the same social capital outcomes as students with US citizenship or permanent resident status. In addition, we describe patterns in international students' intentions to stay in the US and how they are affected by students' training modality. Finally, we discuss the results and implications in the context of graduate training, STHC evaluation framework and STI and immigration policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scientific research in Brazil is mainly state-funded. Postgraduate students and postdoctoral fellows believe say that until and unless their published work is in good numbers and the same are made in popular English journals. They are frowned upon when the same is published in Brazilian journals. Most research fellows feel insecure since research funding in Brazil is mainly public.