Search

Most countries that have undergone economic structural transformation (Structural Transformation 1.0) have done so first using low wage, export-oriented labor-intensive manufacturing as a driving force to absorb labor, first because there was no competition (the West) and then because productivity-adjusted wages were much lower than other places (East Asia). We first argue this structural transformation is unlikely in Africa, because labor productivity is lower and in general is less densely populated, limiting conditions for labor specialization. Instead we argue for a structural transformation based in part on agricultural processing (Structural Transformation 2.0). We suggest four paths by which Structural Transformation 2.0 could be catalyzed: Bundling interventions to alleviate multiple agricultural constraints; some farm consolidation; infrastructure investments, including but not exclusively roads; and by increasing demand and improving regional trade.

This chapter privileges the often marginally recognised notion of African agency. It sets out to investigate both theoretical and practical connections between African agency and development finance in Africa. Instead of asking how external actors have impacted on development finance in Africa, the question has been inverted to focus on how African agency could and should influence its key geoeconomic tools to turnaround the development fortunes of the continent. It argues that historically, African actors have been bystanders when it came to development financing while the Euro-Western imperial powers deployed geoeconomic instruments and technologies of subjectivation such as aid conditionalities and other policy prescriptions to sustain their dominance over Africa and its peoples. It also demonstrates how the emerging and re-emerging powers such as China and Russia have tactically renovated these instruments to gain access to African natural resources and markets. The chapter concludes by motivating for a decolonial agency that is able to take advantage of the global power transformation and bring about radical structural transformation in Africa.

The CFA economies do not have a very dynamic agriculture. CFA farm yields are among the lowest in the world.

This chapter analyzes the dynamics of sectoral diversification in Africa and the role political economy has played in this process. Economic diversification within and between sectors spanning from agricultural sector to manufacturing and services sectors is critical for countries, in particular developing countries to create jobs and sustain structural transformation. This is well anchored in the international and regional development agendas, including the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the African Union’s Agenda 2063. For resource-rich countries, which several African countries are, economic diversification is critical to reduce their vulnerability to shocks. The significant roles of a conducive political environment and strong economic governance in this process cannot be overemphasized.

On the example of the current health-care reform in Ukraine, the impact of process changes on the level of individual providers of care is analyzed. The empirical study focuses on the question of how much effective Business Process Management (BPM) and openness to change can help health-care providers like family doctors to keep their performance during a structural transformation. The theoretical framework of the study is based on an innovative human-centric approach to BPM. The results show that openness to change reduces the risk of burnout and reduces cooperation issues with other doctors and hospital departments. At the same time, burnout and cooperation issues increase the number of errors and the time span of diagnosing patients significantly.

Interrupting hegemonic forms of knowledge in British universities requires a deep sense of structural transformation. From my own experience of years of being based within sociology departments, it is with confidence that I can say that the social sciences have been central in reproducing Eurocentric knowledge formations.

Since the 2000s, Africa’s economic growth has on average increased by more than 5% annually, outpacing most other regions of the world. While it is widely agreed that Africa made significant progress in terms of growth in the last 15 years, there are still some impediments to achieving its full development potential. To keep the development momentum and sustain the achievements, socio-economic transformation has become the main focus of African countries at the continental, regional, and national levels. The importance is to ensure that structural transformation is embedded in the continental (Agenda 2063 and Agenda 2030), regional, and national development plans/strategies. However, evidence points to one key issue that needs to be addressed if Africa is to unlock its full development potential—the capacity to plan, implement, monitor, and evaluate the development strategies. Building of such capacity will require change in mind-set at all levels with regard to doing business unusual.

The study seeks to identify and understand the intersectoral linkages and key sources of structural change in the output growth, within an input-output (IO) framework, of Mauritius’ economy over the time period 1997–2007. The study uses three comparable national IO tables of 1997, 2002, and 2007 within a multisectoral framework. The objectives of the study are threefold. First, the study examines the patterns of structural transformation in the value-added output and employment of the Mauritian economy, which are analytically useful. Second, the study estimates the linkage impacts of each sector to determine the relative strength of Mauritius’ productive flows and employment. Third, this research study accounts for the sources of sectoral change in growth by decomposing sectoral growth into several components with the attention on domestic demand, export expansion, import substitution, and technological change. Overall, the results of this study show that sectoral interlinkages are relatively higher in the services and manufacturing subsectors and that there is multicomponent output growth. After 2002, the results showed that the Mauritian economy is highly dependent on domestic demand as well as export expansion arising from manufacturing and services as sources of output growth. Additionally, this study shows that technological change is gradually becoming an important component of growth for this small African island’s economy.

Africans should measure whether their productive structures are changing or not. The unfortunate reality is that many African economies do not have the strategies or the determination that is necessary for driving a successful economic structural transformation. As a result, limited change has rendered made many African countries vulnerable to inherent fluctuations of the international commodity markets, leading to significant growth volatility. This vulnerability to external shocks is due to several interacting factors linked to the ‘absence’ of a developmental state. Dependence on commodity trade in the face of natural resource abundance demands that more focus be given to value addition across all production processes and nodes. Africa must prioritise industrialisation to speed up the development of various value-addition activities.

This chapter compliments the analysis in the previous chapters by examining the role of selected related sectoral policies, namely trade policy, agriculture policy and technology and innovation and how they impact structural transformation in Africa. Section 6.1 discusses the role of trade policy, focusing on the question of how to integrate trade and macroeconomic policies to ensure coherence in Africa’s structural transformation strategies. Following a discussion of the potential offered by trade policy, the section examines the channels of interaction between macroeconomic policy and trade policy and related African experiences. Section 6.2 discusses the role of macroeconomic policy in fostering sustainable agriculture for structural transformation, providing a brief assessment of the state of African agriculture and what is needed to transform this sector. The section concludes with a discussion of the institutional and macroeconomic policy landscape, necessary for promoting sustainable agriculture and structural transformation. Finally, Section 6.3 examines the role of technology and innovation in shaping policies for Africa’s structural transformation.

Nowadays using of various computer-aided design systems is the most perspective method of getting new technical solutions. In those systems used special databases, which stored physical knowledge that is represented by Physical Effects (PhE). The physical effect is the connection between two or more physical phenomena, which are characterized by physical quantities. Authors of this paper developed a methodology for calculation of PhE’s compatibility, an algorithm for constructing structures of physical operation principle (POP) of new technical systems. Developed software has been implemented and tested for tasks of POP synthesis with enhanced conditions of physical effects compatibility (quantitative compatibility conditions, PhE objects with structural transformation comparing). The developed software is more effective than the POP synthesis softwares such as “Assistant”, “Novator”, “Intellect”, “SAPFIT”.

Different models towards industrialization are implemented in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) countries in order to improve their position in the Global Value Chain and generate economic development. Special Economic Zones , Clusters , Open Incubators and Corridors presented in this chapter are able to generate together or separately structural transformation . Their impact on the current policies is limited for the moment, but in certain conditions proposed in the last chapter the situation could be improved for all stakeholders.

Structural transformation-based obfuscation is an approach to avoid the manipulation of the state transition graph of design, thus avoiding the state explosion problem. An obfuscation is called best-possible if the obfuscated design leaks no more information than any other design of the same function. It is first shown that any best-possible obfuscation of a sequential circuit can be accomplished by a sequence of four operations: retiming, resynthesis, sweep, and conditional stuttering. Then a Key-Locked OBfuscation (KLOB) scheme is developed to protect hardware IP against piracy. Starting with an original circuit, KLOB first adds stuttering with conditions both on key checking and on the original circuit and then obfuscates the conditionally stuttered circuit by a sequence of retiming , resynthesis, and sweep. With the correct key, the circuit will run in the original speed; otherwise, it will run much slower. Potential attacks and the countermeasures are thoroughly discussed.

The global communication industries have undergone a structural transformation in the early twenty-first century. This chapter discusses the recent trend of media deconvergence and it documents this dramatic change in the global communication industries. It investigates the ways in which global media corporations have changed and developed the business paradigm and its implications in the global media markets. The major characteristics of media deconvergence, which has become a new trend in the media industries, are then mapped out. This contextualization of the recent developments of media deconvergence is expected to shed light on the debates on the fall of media convergence and the emergence of media deconvergence as a new business model.

The aim of this chapter is to take stock of the evolution of development thinking and policies in Africa since independence in the early 1960s, and to assess their success and shortcomings, and explore alternative pathways for Africa’s structural transformation and long-term growth in the context of rapid globalization and technological revolutions. Taking a retrospective view and prospective view, the chapter examines the internal and external factors that contributed to the demise of the African “nationalist project” of the 1960s, and in moving forward, it explores sound and feasible alternatives on how to harness Africa’s development potential in order to an inclusive development agenda.