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This chapter describes the body of work known as historical institutionalism, and outlines key concepts such as path-dependent processes, feedback loops and punctuated equilibrium (amongst others). It then outlines a further body of work (which developed partly as a critique of historical institutionalism) which is known as constructivist institutionalism, and which points to the ways in which ideas and the construction of problems and policy concerns also play a part in complex explanations. The chapter ends with a brief consideration of comparative historical analyses. The ideas in this chapter are useful for studying processes of change in which ideas play a role in the eventual outcomes observed, and in which the changes affect organisations, institutions and individuals, but in which past decisions and social forms still affect the processes and outcomes.

This chapter aims to present the Transtheoretical Model of Behavioral Change (TTM) and its main constructs. The intention is to expose the applicability in the treatment of substance dependence and it explains how the model is structured. TTM has two central constructs: the Stages of Change and the Mechanisms of Change. The Stages of Change are called the temporal part of the model, with a definition of stages in relation to the motivation of a person. The Stages of Change are Precontemplation, Contemplation, Preparation, Action, and Maintenance. In addition to the stages, an explanation about the Mechanisms of Change will be carried out in the text. The mechanisms are the “gears” that make people change motivational stages. Mechanisms of change are the self-efficacy, the temptation to return to drug use, the decision-making balance (pros and cons), the processes of change, and the external factors. Many research works were cited in order to illustrate the applicability of the model in different contexts. And finally, the main instruments of evaluation of TTM in Brazil have been described. In light of the above, it is clear promising results the model has to offer in the treatment of substance abuse.

Based on the assumption that a recent reform of civic and ethical education programs in Mexico challenges teachers’ configuration of a new way of being, this chapter analyzes how the relationship between knowledge and pedagogical authority constitutes an articulating nucleus of the teaching ethos, which is difficult to dismantle in order to give way to the development of a new or modified teaching practice that favors students’ autonomy. Starting from the consideration that the teaching ethos constitutes a mediating variable in the construction of the meaning that teachers grant to the new proposal of civic and ethical education, it conditions their possibilities and limits of appropriation.

In this chapter, we discuss traditional change models, such as Lewin’s three-phase unfreezing model and Kotter’s eight steps. We also focus on misconceptions about change leadership, for example around top managements’ role, positioning of change leadership and styles of leadership. We differentiate between change and transformation and position this volume within the process change domain. The complexity of emerging markets renders our in-depth attention. We differentiate between frontier and emerging markets. The relevance of emerging markets for change leadership is discussed.

The retreat from open spaces, the longing for individuality, and national homogenisation exemplify modulations of Casamancais aspirations to be modern, providing rich counternarratives to lived experiences with difference. Perceived risks and negative potentiality challenge the capacity of neighbourhood spaces as open. However, the contested socialities of migrant homes and other migrant spaces form part of the process of conviviality. Juxtaposing individual aspirations to autonomy, degrees of conviviality, open conflict, and mutual non-engagement reveals ongoing everyday struggles. Part of these struggles concern the maintenance of configurations of difference or the privileging of homogenising processes which trigger hopes of a modern future. The dynamic, relational processes of change and continuity interweave aspirations for modern life with adjustments in modes of living with difference.

Introducing change to organizational business processes is an inherently social event. People perform process activities to realize corporate and personal goals. When confronted with changes to their daily routine environments, people, being social actors, reflect critically on the changes presented to them. Collective interactions may lead to acceptance or rejection decisions about the process change, which could be why process change projects regularly fail during their implementation phase. Managing the complexity of interacting social mechanisms during the process implementation phase may be decisive in determining the success or failure of process change projects.

The introductory essay outlines the way in which Change and Exchange places literature, and, in a wider sense, imaginative practice, at the centre of early modern economic knowledge. Probing the affinity between economic and metaphorical experience in terms of the transactional processes of change and exchange, it sets up the parameters within which the essays in the volume collectively forge a language to grasp early modern economic phenomena and their epistemic dimensions. It prepares the reader for the stimulating combination of materials that the book presents: the range of generic contexts engendered by emergent economic practices, structures of feeling and modes of knowing made available by new economic relations, and economies of transformation in discursive domains that are distinct from ‘economics’ as we understand it but cognate in their intuition of change and exchange as shaping agents.

This chapter highlights the importance of and the relationship between targets and policy instruments in the conduct of economic policy, as critical to understanding the process of policy-making and change. Specifically, the analysis includes the contribution of Tinbergen and Theil, concerning the number of instruments available in relation to the objectives to be adopted, Lucas’ contribution to the impact of the process change of structural relations after the implementation of economic policy and the role of game theory in the development of economic policy. In addition, in the last section of the chapter, the factors are presented which influence the method of economic policy exercise as well as the distinction between top-down and bottom-up policies, or a combination of the two.

Our democratic creed is predicated on the possibility of improving the organization and the ability of citizens to achieve their purposes and to better their lot. (This text was first published as: Reychler (1999). Reprinted with permission.) Efforts by the international community, however, do not always result in successes; there have been failures (March/Olsen in Democratic Governance. The Free Press, New York, 1995). These failures indicate that although we have acquired a lot of insight into the processes of change, we still do not know enough to be confident that the effects we produce will be intelligent ones. Some lessons from recent experiences and concrete proposals for coping with the problems are discussed in this part of the report.

We have, at various stages of the presentation, but especially in the discussion of “Passing Time,” had occasion to see how, for Conrad-Martius, time’s motion is not dependent on empirical processes of change but on an existential motion, i.e., on the ontological foundational process of empirical nature. We have seen this “process” described as the progress of being-quanta or a constantly renewed transition from not-yet being to actual being.

This chapter explores who is represented in multilateral processes on disarmament. Drawing on five years of quantitative data concerning meetings of 13 international forums regarding weapons, it examines the marginalization of developing countries, certain regions, civil society, and women. The chapter examines how patterns of underrepresentation may impact on international processes, and how they might be addressed toward more equitable processes of change in this sphere in the future—including through reframing key issues in disarmament to address a wider range of interests using a humanitarian perspective. Focusing on recent meetings on nuclear disarmament, the author shows how overrepresentation of major military powers overrepresents policy positions upholding the status quo and underrepresents widely supported humanitarian perspectives.

This chapter lays the contextual foundations for this study of ideas. Recognising that the influence of the ANC shaped both the struggle for democracy and the society it fought for, it provides an overview of the movement’s ideological lineage and democratic thinking prior to 1980. With a focus on its ideas about popular participation, the chapter traces the influence of liberalism, trusteeship, African Nationalism and Marxism. Recognising that the term ‘participatory democracy’ was not yet a feature of ANC discourse, it draws out the ideas and practices which began to shape its envisaged role for ‘the people’. Although the ANC’s reconstitution as a mass movement from the mid-1940s is a familiar history, it’s significance for this book lies in the foundations it lay for a more central role for ordinary people in processes of change. The origins of contemporary ideas about mass participation, mobilisation and organs of self-government can be traced to these earlier decades. The chapter also introduces the concept of ‘vanguardism’ which came to characterise ANC political culture from the 1960s onwards. The interlinking of the vanguard movement with the development of participatory democracy is a central thread carried through the subsequent chapters.

This case study used narrative inquiry to explore two Chinese as a Foreign Language (CFL) teachers’ experiences and changes in beliefs that occurred in the Danish classroom in their early years of teaching. Participants were one male native Danish teacher and one female native Chinese teacher who taught in two separate Danish secondary schools. Data collection for this study spanned over two years and was composed of classroom observations, lesson plans, informal talks and audio-recorded interviews. This study reveals that the interplay between the working context and teachers’ personal experiences affects the development of teachers’ beliefs. The participants’ stories display different personal and professional experience narratives and processes of change.

Urban morphology describes and explains the physical form of cities. Adopting a dynamic perspective, it explains how different agents change that physical form over time and how diverse processes are involved in this transformation. Urban morphology may also offer insights on prescription for the design of new urban forms and for the transformation or conservation of existing forms. This chapter focuses on two dominant approaches in urban morphology, the historico-geographical and the process-typological. While briefly presenting the origins and main developments of each of these approaches, it goes one step further debating how these two can be combined with other approaches presented in the book to offer better description, explanation, and prescription of the physical form of cities.

Hillbom and Green strive to summarise almost nine centuries of pre-colonial history in one chapter. By necessity, they only touch the surface of the rich past. Nevertheless, it is an important endevour as they emphasise regional and local processes of change in terms of production, demography, political systems, social structures and trade. They present a time of which many people have limited knowledge and highlight the great variation found on the continent, spanning from describing nomadic hunter-gatherer societies to advances civilisations in centralised kingdoms. An important theme is how changes in land, labour and capital interact with changes in institutions and organization of production. With its broad range, the chapter provides a valuable base for the subsequent time periods.

Systems thinking offers an in-depth perspective on processes of change and transformation. As a unique way of comprehending and conceptualizing growth and change, it focuses on the relational nature of those processes. Transformative learning as an approach to teaching based on promoting change is concerned with the process of transforming one’s relation to oneself and to the world. The purpose of this chapter is to explore systems thinking within and beyond Transformative Learning Theory and to foster theory development between tradition and innovation. The chapter explores (1) the embeddedness of systems thinking within Transformative Learning Theory; (2) outlines core concepts of systems thinking regarding the question of how to comprehend and conceptualize change and transformation; and, (3) fosters theory development between tradition and innovation by expanding Transformative Learning Theory through systems thinking.

The worldwide demand for blood and its components is critically growing owing to the rise in target diseases, accidents and surgeries. As blood supplies are considerably outstripped by the immediate and crucial need of blood transfusions, the recruitment and retention of voluntary qualified donors pose an acute challenge for blood centers. In this regard, digital technology has proven to be effective in the optimization of blood donation in many ways. Based on that fact, it was designed a solution consisting of a hybrid mobile application named ‘Blood4Life’ which employs gamification techniques and integrates the principles of Trans-Theoretical Model (TTM) of behavior change. This paper presents, therefore, the requirements and characteristics of ‘Blood4Life’ which aims at targeting all types of users in terms of their stage of change which defines their readiness and willingness to donate blood. By means of a variety of gamification elements and according to the initial stage of change of the user, the mobile application is likely to trigger the processes of change that are assumed to encourage users to progress towards later stages.

The significance of creative ecologies and acknowledging existing creative partnership research is an expanding field of interest both in Australia and the United Kingdom. This chapter reflects on a contemporary range of creative engagement practices, creative partnerships and emergent ecologies as new ways of working in the cultural sphere. Propositions that signal purposive change have been articulated, rather than perpetuating assumptions about how creativity has been used to describe all processes of change as innovation for example. Evidence and considerations for recalibration that respond iteratively and interstitially to complex ecological phenomena are articulated. The chapter presents a brief summation of the major contributions of this volume, and directions forward for the field of creativity research in current policy contexts.

The significance of creative ecologies and acknowledging existing creative partnership research is an expanding field of interest both in Australia and the United Kingdom. This chapter reflects on a contemporary range of creative engagement practices, creative partnerships and emergent ecologies as new ways of working in the cultural sphere. Propositions that signal purposive change have been articulated, rather than perpetuating assumptions about how creativity has been used to describe all processes of change as innovation, for example. Evidence and considerations for recalibration that respond iteratively and interstitially to complex ecological phenomena are articulated. The chapter presents a brief summation of the major contributions of this volume, and directions forward for the field of creativity research in current policy contexts.

Bini analyses the multifaceted issue of power in relation to the major economic events occurring and studies performed in Italy from 1970 to 2014. Dividing this time span into three sub-periods, he explores the relative emergent powers for each of them: the power of the workers in the 1970s, of the Italian Central Bank in the 1980s and of the Maastricht rules from the 1990s. The chapter seeks to ascertain how it is that the manifestations of power in Italy very often failed to activate adequate economic counter-powers, thereby generating asymmetric processes of change, unfavourable to growth. The author also explores the Italian economists’ contributions to analysis of the issue of power from the point of view of economic theory and economic policy.

Flexible process management systems store information about conducted process change operations in change logs. Change log analysis can provide users who are responsible for planning and executing upcoming adaptations with valuable information. Change trees represent change logs emphasizing the temporal relation between change operations such that users can immediately see which change sequences have been applied in the past. Similar to most process mining approaches, change trees currently build upon label equivalence. However, labels only provide restricted information about a change operation. Hence this paper investigates how process change similarity can be employed to compare changes, i.e., similar change operations are aggregated in the tree as they appear in a change sequence. A user experiment shows the increased efficiency of the aggregated change sequences: users find relevant information faster than in a change tree based on label equivalence.

The VIDEO-LM project (Viewing, Investigating and Discussing Environments of Learning Mathematics), developed at the Weizmann Institute of Science in Israel, is aimed at enhancing secondary mathematics teachers’ reflection and mathematical knowledge for teaching. In the project, videotaped lessons serve as learning objects and sources for discussions with teachers. These discussions are guided by an analytic framework, comprised of six viewing lenses: mathematical and meta-mathematical ideas; goals; tasks; dilemmas and decision making; interactions; and beliefs. To assess and characterize the impact of the project, data was collected from 17 different implementations of in-service VIDEO-LM courses around the country conducted by facilitators specifically qualified for this pursuit. This paper reports on some of the findings, with particular reference to possible mechanisms that can explain the processes of change that teachers undergo.

Airbus Defence and Space has a rigorous Model Based System Engineering (MBSE) approach that is utilised on all its projects; however, this process must be able to adapt and improve with new and innovative ideas and/or customer change requirements. This paper highlights the implementation of Human System Integration and Human Views research over the past five years and a potential major customer change in Architecture Development in 2018/19. It will then define two examples of how the Airbus DS MBSE process has adapted to meet new innovations and how it is planning to respond to a potentially large customer process change.

This chapter explains how human societies have developed over time; and how the movement from one civilization to another has caused each society to go through a difficult transitional period. Every time, a new society with a different culture and a new economy has emerged, causing the history of the previous civilization and its historical logic to end. In addition, the chapter develops the “societal processes of change,” the sociocultural, political, economic and infomedia processes, as tools with which to analyze past, present and future change and transformation. As these processes have become mechanisms through which societal change is introduced and managed, they have caused the roles of all other players to diminish.

‘To be’ is ‘to be related’. Getting access to ‘self’ is a relational process. Dialogical Self Theory conceptualizes self in terms of a dynamic multiplicity of relatively autonomous I-positions in the (extended) landscape of the mind. Core of Dialogical Self Theory and Social Constructionism are permanently changing relations, internally and externally. At the heart of both views is self as ‘a continuously changing process of relational co-creating and relational positioning and counter/re-positioning in space and time’. Free energy is the human capacity to move away from immanent natural patterns. Without free energy, there is no self. Without free energy, there is no dialogue. The Japanese word ‘ma’ combines in one concept: physical space, temporal space, relationship and silence. The concepts of creating ‘ma’—as a living pause—and freeing energy enable us to understand the processes of change and transformation. ‘Transposing’ or ‘transpositioning’ is a mental act to bring I-positions from one domain in life/work to another in order to create transformation in the position repertoire. The ‘energy’ of one I-position is brought to another. I-positions can be described as ‘empty’ concepts, which you can apply on a variety of situations.

Process flexibility is a vital part for almost any business area. Change logs are a central asset for documenting adaptations in processes, since they capture key information about associated change operations. Comparing multiple change operations offers interesting data for many analysis questions, e.g., for analyzing previously applied change operations and for supporting users in future adaptions. In this paper, we discuss different change perspectives and present metrics for comparing change operations. Their applicability and feasibility are evaluated based on a prototypical implementation and based on real world process logs.

In this paper the lens of Symbolic Interactionism is used to examine the changing norms of a 6th grade classroom in which two teachers attempt to implement the ideas of “reform” cognitively demanding and discourse rich instruction. The findings point to tensions between the declared norms of “it’s OK to be wrong” and the teachers’ unreflective emotional alignment with students’ embarrassments and frustrations that adhere to the old norms. The paper concludes with the importance of attending to emotions in situations of change to further teachers’ success in implementing cognitively demanding and discussion-based instruction.

The spatial distribution of pottery in Quebrada de La Cueva (Humahuaca, Jujuy, Argentina) is a useful hint towards understand consumption relations. In this study, consumption is mainly seen from a stylistic level, both on intra- and inter-site scales within the area. Furthermore, the evaluation of this practice through time could contribute to the study of past social practices in the area. Considering this region as part of the northern Quebrada de Humahuaca, it is suggested that this area suffered similar processes of change on different levels. The starting point of this work is thus defined by the general hypothesis that the consumption of pottery in Quebrada de La Cueva varied through time. From this, a number of minor hypotheses may be derived: (a) during the Late Formative Period, consumption of pottery in the area had a more foreign nature; and (b) during both the Regional Developments Period II and Inca Periods, its consumption was more locally based than in previous and probably later occupational events. Hence, this chapter considers pottery at the stylistic level, using the concept of goods consumption as a kind of symbolic action. In order to consider the consumption of pottery on a stylistic level, a number of analyses were performed: (1) a decorative analysis of complete vessels and sherds recovered in past and recent excavations; (2) a study of the variability in styles on inter- and intra-site scales within the area both spatially and temporally; and (3) a preliminary outline of some of the ways pottery was consumed in Quebrada de La Cueva. Fil: Ramundo, Paola Silvia. Pont. Universidad Catolica Arg."sta.maria de Los Bs.as.". Facultad de Cs. Sociales, Politicas y de la Comunicación. Departamento de Historia; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina

Eucalyptus (family Myrtaceae), represented by over 900 species distributed throughout the world, are well known for their essential oils. Nutrient supply is treated as a dynamic variable which is related to relative growth rate. Plants take up the nutrients from the soil and use them for various metabolic processes. The genetic constitution of plants plays a superior role in determining the way assimilates are partitioned between roots, stems, and leaves. Different growth stages of the trees are reflected in processes of change that contribute to the control of nutrient demand, storage, and distribution. The amount of litterfall and nutrient return depends on the degree of biomass production and nutrient uptake in the stand. Cycling of nutrient is an important aspect as significant amounts of nutrients are returned to the soil through different mode and become available for cycling.

Implications of market and environmental changes have always influenced the industrial world. Combined with new technologies, the current changes are summarized under the term Industrie 4.0. Since the first announcement, Industrie 4.0 is one of the most discussed topics in research and industry. However, for companies in the industrial sector, it is a challenge to assess the implications of Industrie 4.0 for their organizations, and to decide whether and how to respond. Therefore, a methodology to transform an organization towards Industrie 4.0 is required. This paper provides a metamodel for the transformation of organizations towards Industrie 4.0 as well as the first technique of this method, a framework, to structure the implications of Industrie 4.0 and to identify Industrie 4.0 action fields as a first step towards Industrie 4.0 transformation. Furthermore, it provides an outlook how to implement the identified action fields systematically in existing process change management.

What is ‘demography’? A short answer, sufficient perhaps to quickly satisfy the lay inquirer, is ‘the study of human populations’. More elaborate definitions are, however, to be found in the literature. Several are reproduced in Table 1.1, where page references make it clear that it is common for books like this one to commence by addressing the question just posed. Some definitions are more restrictive than others. The Belgian Achille Guillard is credited with having first coined and defined the term ‘demography’. Of the more recent definitions cited, that attributed to the IUSSP advances us a little beyond ‘the study of human populations’, but remains general and non-specific. Hauser and Duncan provide more detail, introducing the notion of ‘territorial distribution’ to provide a touchpoint with geography and itemizing four processes through which populations change over time. Bogue asserts the ‘statistical and mathematical’ nature of demography, adds ‘marriage’ as a fifth process generating change and claims theory-building as a long-run disciplinary goal. Shryock, Siegel and Associates in their encyclopaedic two-volume survey of demographic techniques offer that demography may be defined either ‘narrowly or broadly’, whilst Wunsch and Termote explicitly acknowledge only three processes of change, although their second sentence broadens the agenda a la Shryock et al. Weeks’s definition is a real catch-all, that of Hinde highlights future prediction as an important element of demography, Preston, Heuveline and Guillot are succinct (perhaps too succinct to be very helpful), and Weinstein and Pillai emphasize that demographers deal with aggregates of living individuals. Siegel and Swanson’s definition revises that of Shryock, Siegel and Associates in the earlier edition of The Methods and Materials of Demography.

Counseling is a profession that helps individual, family, or group through the relationship between the professional and client. Counseling facilitates the processes of change and improves the quality of life, enhancing both the resources and the relationships with the environment surrounding. The fetal echocardiography is a technique born in the late 1980s, when the improvement of ultrasound technology has made it possible to highlight the characteristics of the fetal heart. Huhta JC, one of the fathers of this method, wondered immediately if, without the possibility of dealing with in utero congenital heart disease, it was useful or advisable to diagnose before birth. Numerous studies have now clearly demonstrated that a team consisting of a gynaecologist and a cardiologist pediatrician can diagnose with very high accuracy a number of congenital heart defects in the fetal stage; so, the spectrum of the anomalies discovered in the uterus is almost superimposed on the heart disease observed at birth. Nowadays, high attention to the anatomy of the fetal heart is associated with an equally close attention to the psychological aspect of the matter: in practice it is not always possible to deal adequately with the counseling prospective parents.

Qualification and competence requirements in logistics companies are influenced by internal and external processes of change. To stay competitive and reactive to the market, those companies have to face the problem of qualification and competence related misfits. This paper presents a mixed method approach to identify and measure qualification and competence related misfits in different occupational groups and closes a gap in the literature. The use of the tool could provide valuable information to the HR development function of a logistics company.

On the Camino to Finisterre, on the second night after leaving Santiago, many pilgrims sleep in Olveiroa, a small village with two hostels and a hotel. By shifting the focus from the pilgrims to the local population and landscape, this chapter aims to bring to the fore the changes in a small village and how these changes have affected the local landscape. This chapter offers a diachronic study of the rural landscape of Olveiroa in order to analyze the transformations of the landscape that are mainly related to the abandonment of the main transit route and village center that continued until the end of the twentieth century, the construction of a road, and the development of pilgrimage. The remodeling of the footpaths or caminos, related, among other factors, to the reactivation of the Camino to Finisterre, changed the landscape of Olveiroa. This chapter presents the concept of a pilgrimage landscape, which is a landscape that is remodeled and linked to Galicia’s foremost tourist attraction: the Camino.

The proper handling of temporal process constraints is crucial in many application domains. Contemporary process-aware information systems (PAIS), however, lack a sophisticated support of time-aware processes. As a particular challenge, the execution of time-aware processes needs to be flexible as time can neither be slowed down nor stopped. Hence, it should be possible to dynamically adapt time-aware process instances to cope with unforeseen events. In turn, when applying such dynamic changes, it must be re-ensured that the resulting process instances are temporally consistent; i.e., they still can be completed without violating any of their temporal constraints. This paper presents the ATAPIS framework which extends well established process change operations with temporal constraints. In particular, it provides pre- and post-conditions for these operations that guarantee for the temporal consistency of the changed process instances. Furthermore, we analyze the effects a change has on the temporal properties of a process instance. In this context, we provide a means to significantly reduce the complexity when applying multiple change operations. Respective optimizations will be crucial to properly support the temporal perspective in adaptive PAIS.

Broadly speaking, the term transition economy (TE) describes an economy that is evolving from a centrally planned system to a market-based system (Samoilenko and Osei-Bryson 2008; Hoskisson et al. 2000; Makhija 2003; Svejnar 2002). These economies are different from controlled and developed economies due to the extent of reforms and to the fact that their end points are rather uncertain. With the reforms in question, prices and trade are widely liberalized, guaranteed employment comes to an end, traditional markets are lost, and massive privatizations occur (Makhija 2003; Svejnar 2002). This scenario leaves businesses in a condition of uncertainty, as they struggle to survive (Peng 2003; Peng and Heath 1996). At times, uncertainty was also enhanced by reforms that favored specific industries and companies rather than others (Farashahi and Hafsi 2009; Newman 2000). Differences in reforms at a national level and processes of change generated institutional contexts that had different degrees of market orientation.

Internal process change is one of the options adopted by the pulp and paper industry to reduce pollution at the source. Studies have shown that large number of pulp and paper mills in the developing countries have significantly reduced effluent discharge even when the production has been increased.