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A Heller myotomy is performed when medical management has failed to improve the symptomatology of esophageal achalasia. It involves incising the smooth muscular layer of esophagus, allowing the lower esophageal sphincter to relax. The chapter prescribes a minimally invasive approach.

A laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication is performed in order to surgically correct gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). It involves a 360 degrees wrap of the fundus of the stomach around its proximal aspect. The chapter describes a laparoscopic approach, which is most commonly performed.

Esophageal cancer is associated with high mortality due to early spread. When indicated, an esophagectomy can be performed with reconstruction, most commonly using the stomach, with the right gastropepiploic artery serving as the vascular pedicle. While there are many ways to perform the surgery, the combination of laparoscopy and thoracoscopy (Ivor – Lewis) has gained popularity. The present chapter describes that approach.