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This study presents a medical-geographical analysis of the SARS CoV-2 pandemic development in the Russian Federation as by August 31, 2020. In general, the initial course of pandemic in Russia was characterized by a basic reproductive ratio (R0) of 2.41 (2.22–2.60), which is relatively low as compared to most affected countries. A spatial regression analysis demonstrated that the onset of the epidemics by the regions of Russia was determined by their proximity to major international airports and connectivity of transportation network, while morbidity and mortality rates show a pronounced relationship with the population density, urban population proportion and proportion of the population over working age.

This chapter examines the contemporary understanding of natural preconditions for disease as unique features of the environment that determine the emergence and function of host–parasite systems and the spread of natural foci.

The chapter presents a brief characterization of the system of sanitary and epidemiological monitoring in the Russian Federation. Its work is aimed at ensuring epidemiological safety in the environment. A textual description of its structure is provided and illustrated with three maps, one of which reflects border control points that exert sanitary control, while the others show the locations of major sanitary, epidemiological and hygienic institutions in Russia.

Climatic conditions play a major role among natural factors determining human’s existence. The factor of climate change is considered among other known risk factors to population health. In particular, climate leads to the changes in borders and structure of the areas of infectious and parasitic illnesses. The most serious climate changes are expected in mid- to high latitudes, especially in cities, where anthropogenic activity and air pollution cause exacerbating effect. Within the framework of this study, we try to elaborate a prognostic model of epidemiological conditions of the vivax malaria for the territory of the European part of Russia and Western Siberia. Forecasting was based on the results of climate modeling CMIP3 project under the “A2” IPCC scenario. As a result of forecasting, it is revealed that in the future (2046–2065), favorability of climatic conditions for malaria transmission will increase. The most remarkable changes are expected in the areas situated near southern limits of the considered territories.