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Cyber Physical Systems (CPSs) are pervasive in businesses and critical infrastructures that are becoming targets of cyber attack by our adversaries. The presence of advanced persistent threats or zero-day attacks suggests that cyber defense must include recovery response from cyber intrusions. Recovery response must rely on adaptive ability of the CPS as the impact of zero-day attacks cannot be anticipated. In unanticipated situations, human adaptive ability can contribute greatly to the recovery from cyber intrusions. This paper presents Work Domain Analysis (WDA) as a human factors engineering tool for evaluating system and identifying solutions supporting operators in their response to cyber threats. The cyber attack on Australian Maroochy Water Services is used as illustrative case study to demonstrate the potential of WDA in enhancing cyber security of CPS.

This paper reviews verification and validation (V&V) as applied in the context of nuclear power plant control room modernization. A common approach for V&V is summative or late-stage evaluation of the finalized design through a process called integrated system validation. Yet, common practice in user-centered design is to conduct evaluations early on in-progress system prototypes. Iterative, early-stage evaluation can form the basis of a safety case argument to ensure the regulatory acceptability of the new human-machine interface in the control room. It is argued that a series of formative evaluations provide more complete evidence of the safety of the new system than does a single summative evaluation.

Cross-sector or collaborative research between government, academia, industry, and public stakeholders is essential to find innovative solutions to 21st century grand challenges. The proliferation of cyberinfrastructure and cyber physical systems will play critical roles in managing information and large scale human machine systems. While available data, processing power, and model complexities grow at an accelerating rate, the information processing capacity of human cognition does not. Human computer interaction research is needed to bridge this gap and enable the development, operation, and analytics of emerging, integrated, large-scale, multi-user, realtime systems.