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Time is an essential dimension of our perception of the world and hence an important dimension for the representation of the real and social world in data models. We give an overview of the basics of representing time in data models and representing objects and processes with respect to the temporal dimension. In particular, we discuss basic concepts and novel developments in the areas of representing time, snapshot data models versus temporal versioning of data models, time-related storage of data in databases, temporal data warehouses and databases, schema evolution, and the representation and checking of temporal integrity constraints.

The purpose of this text is to discuss the relationship between soccer and dictatorship through interviews with some Brazilian Olympic soccer players who competed in the 1968 Olympic Games. It is noteworthy that, at that time, the athletes who went to the Olympic Games were amateurs. Through the narratives, we intend to analyze that, under the discourses that they were young and did not understand the political context, there was an essential dimension of the soccer player’s career: the uncertainty. To politically position oneself could generate consequences and difficulties to sign contracts as professional players.

One essential dimension of Toegye’s thought is the concept of principle (i/li) in relation to Neo-Confucian metaphysics and ethics. This chapter discusses this key topic and concludes that Toegye developed an inspiring, original interpretation that enriches and vitalizes the inner moral and religious depth of Zhu Xi Neo-Confucianism (Seongnihak) in Korea.

Globally, the manufacturing industry is gearing up for the next level of industrial revolution, and it is called smart manufacturing or Industry 4.0. This chapter aims to discuss various aspects of performability for next-generation manufacturing systems. “Intelligence” is identified as an essential dimension of performability for such systems. Various elements of this new dimension are discussed, and the associated technologies are mapped. New business models that utilize the performability of the next-generation manufacturing systems are presented. Finally, a new philosophy, namely, “Manufacturing by Mass,” is built to capitalize the full potential of intelligent factories.

Trust is an essential dimension in transactions that involve performance ambiguity, important consequences, and great interdependence between partners, i.e., there is some kind of risk involved. In personal sales, building lasting relationships should be encouraged, especially in insurance market, in which trust and commitment between broker and insured are put to test year after year. The present research intends to investigate the importance of trustworthiness of frontline employees and managerial policies and practices of insurance companies on customer satisfaction and loyalty. To the model testing, data were collected with Brazilian insurance brokers. PLS was used for the data analysis. The results indicate the influence of trustworthiness of employees on satisfaction and loyalty and the influence of managerial policies and practices on satisfaction.

This chapter traces disaster definitions devised by social scientists, recounting the evolution of scholarly thinking and the elements of the concept. The emphasis is on the definition of the phenomenon itself, not on enumerating the causes of, conditions for or consequences of disasters. Three collections of theory-based definitions are reviewed: the classical period, the hazards-disaster tradition, and the most recent emphasis on disasters as social phenomena. The influence of the human ecology perspective and the concepts of vulnerability and resilience are also examined. Gradually, consensus is emerging on a theory-based definition of disasters. Definitions have moved away from an agent-centered, damage-driven, uncontrollable event vision. Although agents may be proximal causes, humans “cause” virtually all disasters. Most researchers currently view social disruption as the key defining feature or essential dimension of disasters.

Today there is a robust, theoretical basis, contributed by a range of disciplines, for rooting compassion into university curricula—an essential dimension to HE’s remit to serve the public good. Central to this is how compassion has come to be introduced to be credit bearing towards degrees, for example, in terms of assessment practice for group work, seminars and tutorials, in parts of the University of Hertfordshire (UH).

Ethics, an essential dimension of human research, is considered both a discipline and practice. For clinical research, ethically justified criteria for the design, conduct and review of a clinical investigation can be identified by obligations to both the researcher and human subjects. Informed consent, confidentiality, privacy, privileged communication and respect and responsibility are key elements of ethics in research [1].

Roughly speaking, the essential dimension of an algebraic structure measures the complexity of the structure by giving the number of independent parameters needed to define it. For a prime number p, the essential p-dimension is a variation of essential dimension that takes into account simplifications in structure that can occur after field extensions of degree prime to p. In §12.1 we define the basic notions of essential dimension and essential p-dimension. We also give examples, which emphasize the relation with the decomposability of central simple algebras into tensor products of symbols. Merkurjev in [150] and Baek–Merkurjev in [21] recognized that the presence of a valuation on a division algebra D implies some level of complexity to D, and they used this to give a lower bound on the essential p-dimension of D. In §12.2 we give a version of the valuation-theoretic part of their arguments. Then in §12.3 we sketch their method to obtain lower bounds on the essential p-dimension of central simple algebras. In the final §12.4, we discuss consequences of these lower bounds for the decomposability of division algebras into tensor products of symbol algebras.