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International audience; The AGREE approach to graph transformation allows to specify rules that clone items of the host graph, controlling in a fine-grained way how to deal with the edges that are incident, but not matched, to the rewritten part of the graph. Here, we investigate in which ways cloning (with controlled embedding) may affect the dependencies between two rules applied to the same graph. We extend to AGREE the classical notion of parallel independence between the matches of two rules to the same graph, identifying sufficient conditions that guarantee that two rules can be applied in any order leading to the same result.

A theory is complete if it does not contain a contradiction, while all of its proper extensions do. In this paper, first we introduce a relative notion of syntactic completeness; then we prove that adding exceptions to a programming language can be done in such a way that the completeness of the language is not made worse. These proofs are formalized in a logical system which is close to the usual syntax for exceptions, and they have been checked with the proof assistant Coq.

The West African coastal environment’s extremely productive and biologically diverse estuaries and mangrove ecosystems have suffered increasing stress due to natural and human-induced pressures. Conserving biodiversity in this region is full of complexity as a result of the myriad connections inherent in natural ecosystems and the variety of perspectives and interests arising at multiple scales and out of varying social and cultural contexts. Therefore, a participatory system of interregional governance is necessary in order to develop appropriate solutions to achieve effective conservation. Two case studies are presented that demonstrate the usefulness of the networked governance approach to engage actors as all levels in the preservation of mangrove ecosystems. The Regional coastal and marine conservation partnership in West Africa (PRCM) and the West African network of marine protected areas (RAMPAO) demonstrate the effectiveness of coordinating local actions with the development of national and regional policies. Challenges remain including the impact of competing goals, communication difficulties, uncertain funding, unequal capacity, and political instability.