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This paper reviews the barriers to ethnic minority women in the development and effectiveness of the credit assistance package for women in poor ethnic minority households in the northern region of Vietnam. Based on data on poor ethnic minority household survey, covering 1685 ethnic households of 4 provinces (Lang Son, Ha Giang, Dien Bien, and Thanh Hoa) in 2018, the analysis emphasized the usefulness of ethnic minority women’s capital and the support of Women’s Union to help members use loans effectively. Since 2003, the Government of Vietnam has launched the solution in poverty reduction strategies and sustainable development in ethnic minority areas in the policy package to support loans for poor minorities. Through the credit support package, ethnic minority women are more proactive in planning production and selling products, with higher incomes from household production activities. Ethnic minority women have overcome many barriers to take initiative in accessing bank credit for household economic development. The credit has been used for development of household economy and improving their position in the family and community, toward sustainable poverty reduction.

At present, financial analysis is still the main method to evaluate the risk of corporate credit customers. However, the design and modification of financial analysis model in credit practice are mostly based on the statistical data and experience of a certain section, which is not scientific and verifiable. In this paper, we try to apply the genetic algorithm model in the field of artificial intelligence to establish a set of solutions for the continuous iterative optimization of financial model parameters, and preliminarily verify its effectiveness, and discuss its possible shortcomings and development direction.

Do capital inflows relieve credit constraints by loosening credit conditions? First, we establish that high (low) levels of non-performing loans and tight (loose) credit conditions result in low (high) credit growth. Tight credit conditions post-2007Q3 led to a lower transmission of positive portfolio banking shocks into credit growth. However, looser credit conditions pre-2007Q3 did not lead to much higher credit growth. There are asymmetric effects in the transmission of portfolio banking flow shocks due to prevailing credit conditions. Tighter credit conditions had a larger dampening effect on credit growth post-2008Q1 compared to the period pre-2008. During periods of severe global and domestic financial constraints, the direct and indirect ability of positive capital inflow shocks to stimulate credit growth is highly neutralised by the prevailing tight credit conditions. Prevailing credit conditions are conduits through which capital inflow shocks are transmitted to credit growth. In addition, credit conditions are sources of shocks to credit growth. The data fails to reject the hypothesis that a capital inflow shock leads to the loosening of credit conditions. Capital inflow shocks affect credit growth directly and indirectly via the credit conditions and credit risk channels. Thus, policy initiatives that loosen (tighten) credit conditions tend to lead to the amplification (dampening) of capital inflow shocks on credit growth.

While bank credit remains the most predominant source of financing for entrepreneurs, other channels are also now available. The role and increased prevalence of FinTech could be a potential game-changer by opening new financing sources such as through crowdfunding seed capital and via peer-to-peer electronic platforms. We highlight the countries in MENA (Middle East and North Africa) that have already established FinTech accelerators and the legal and regulatory frameworks that are being set up.

Americans showed one way forward—innovation. Money would be a means of realising their ideals. It was an element in ‘the American Dream’. The first group of post-World War I experiments, the American way, would diverge from the old European routes. Instead of coming with rules that had to be obeyed, money, like other materials and techniques used to produce and distribute goods, could be improved. It, too, needed innovation and know-how. This would apply to central banking and the new ideas of ‘monetary policy’ as well as to new means of extending bank credit. This age put in place key building blocks of the consumer society.

The Italian Minibond market was born in 2013 and was expected to ease debt financing of SMEs as a complementary channel to bank credit. In this chapter, we investigate what were the determinants of the issuing prices of Minibonds in the ExtraMotPro market from 2013 to 2016, with a special focus on small listings by non-financial issuers and on default risk. We find evidence that the rating of Minibond issuers by credit rating agencies did not help investors reduce information asymmetries about their creditworthiness.

In this paper, we use data from the first trimester of 2004 through the last trimester of 2014 to assess the impact of an increase in the credit risk of southern European banks—namely, in Portugal, Spain, and Italy—on bank transactions between these countries and German banks. Our analysis adds new evidence for the role of bank credit risk as a driver of foreign bank flows. Our main finding is that the bank’s credit risk has an important role in explaining German bank flows, although this impact is relatively small, namely that an increase in the bank credit risk in southern European countries, increases the German bank flows to these countries. We also find that a bank’s credit risk has become a more significant determinant of German bank flows since the financial crisis.

In a world governed by complex financial and economic systems, knowing the process of financial intermediation becomes a must. We face times when the process of financial intermediation seems to change nearly as a natural phenomenon. Financial intermediation stakeholders find constantly new ways to interact on behalf of obtaining funds they need and returns they expect and manage risks they try to avoid. The article’s aim is to take a snapshot of a financial intermediation process that manifests in Europe Modern Era, specifically in one EU member like Romania, in contrast with other two EU member – Bulgaria and Croatia. In the same time, we also outline the relation between financial development and economic development, mostly after EU accession. In terms of Romania’s financial intermediation, we confirm that the banking sector represents the main component of financial system and that bank credit represents the most important financing channel for nonfinancial sector, denominated, mostly in national currency. Despite all that, Romania’s EU accession has led to a constant changing in financial structure, with more active nonbanking financial intermediaries.

In this chapter we analyse the credit activity of banks in the CESEE countries, with special attention paid to the foreign-owned banks. We start our empirical analysis with the determinants of the credit growth, focusing next on the procyclicality of credit activities. Foreign-owned banks are analysed against the background of other banks operating in CESEE, with the distinction of domestic-owned, state-owned, and owned by development banks, including other non-bank financial institutions. Moreover, the credit activity of banks opens the door to a further analysis of financial stability and economic growth because bank credit is regarded as an important determinant of both of them.

• Establish the impact of the LCR on banks’ assets and risk • Analyze the costs involved in the LCR requirements • Understand the impact of regulations on bank credit supply and pricing of loans • Assess the impact of excess CAR and LAH on credit developments • Examine whether excess CAR and LAH induce any frictions in credit markets by raising lending spreads • Distinguish between the effects of excess CAR and LAH and those associated with the National Credit Act (NCA) and the Basel III shocks • Consider the responses of inflation and the repo rate to tight bank regulatory shocks

In this chapter, the relationship between the formal and informal sectors in francophone Africa is investigated, considering both trade with and outsourcing to the informal sector, and competition from it. Using survey data collected in francophone West Africa, important cases of backward and forward linkages between both sectors are documented. The chapter also highlights areas where fierce competition from the informal sector is observed. Finally, a descriptive statistic relational analysis and econometric regression are used to shed light on the profile of formal firms that are more likely to interact with informal ones, either by way of trade or outsourcing or through competition.

Due to the vital role that SMEs play in most countries, issues relating specifically to their access to bank credit remain a key concern for both academics and practitioners. To encourage banks to extend lending to SMEs , the UK government has launched several initiatives in the aftermath of the most recent financial crisis . This chapter utilises the survey data on UK SMEs to investigate the relationship between bank credit availability and awareness of government initiatives. We find some evidence that (1) SMEs that are aware of Funding for Lending Scheme are less likely to experience overdraft rejections, and (2) SMEs that are aware of the Business Growth Fund or the British Business Bank are less likely to experience loan rejections.

The purpose of this paper is to explore whether the “pecking order hypothesis” applies to the capital finance preferences of innovative companies. The research is based on a survey of 409 companies. We asked them about attitude towards innovation—three answers were possible (neutral, innovation “on occasion” and pro-innovative attitude) and to indicate the financing hierarchy for five sources of capital (retained earnings, bank credit or loan, additional capital from the current owners, loan from the owners and new external equity capital). We found that in general, the hierarchy is consistent with the pecking order theory. On the first place with the higher frequency, retained earnings were pointed out, on the second place—bank credit or loan, and on the last (fifth)—new external equity. Innovativeness of companies changes the hierarchy of financing in the third and fourth place. Innovative companies after retained earnings and bank loans prefer loans from the owners, whereas companies with neutral attitude towards innovation, additional capital from the current owners. Moreover, the group that describes their attitude towards innovations as “innovation on occasion” is the most diverse in their preferences, whereas the group with “pro-innovative” strategy has consistent preferences.

This chapter deals with the functioning of the present money and banking system—the mechanisms of how money is created and enters into circulation, how it circulates, how it may temporarily be deactivated, and how it is finally deleted. There are popular as well as scholarly misconceptions about these questionsthat will be discussed, including the rhetoric about endogenous money and the false identity of money and credit.

Availability of financial means is critical to the growth and development of production and productivity in the Eurasian wheat belt, but this has been one of the constraints on realising the agricultural potential of this region. This chapter uses examples from Kazakhstan, Russia and Ukraine, as well as other countries in Central and Eastern Europe, to identify key constraints on well-functioning credit and finance markets and discuss issues and potential remedies for the future. The scope of the chapter includes short-term operating capital, medium-term credit for durable assets and long-term credit for investment through bank credit as well as various other alternatives. It is recognised that the basic conditions for well-functioning market institutions, including for commodities, land and finance, take a long time to achieve, so innovations are needed to bridge these gaps. Successes and failures in the past experiences of transition countries in Europe and Central Asia are used in assessing future strategies and alternatives.

This paper examines the effects of changes in civil and fiscal law that were made to facilitate direct access to the debt capital market by unlisted companies in Italy to allow them (particularly SMEs) to cope with the persisting credit crunch. This study is based on an empirical investigation of data regarding issues listed in the ExtraMOT Pro market (MTF) of the Italian Stock Exchange from March 2013 to June 2014.

This chapter will illustrate two examples of DPM applied to enterprises. Cases will show how DPM can support a learning-oriented approach into the P&C processes of business organizations.

This study provides insights into the characteristics and attitudinal orientations of American and French Canadian credit card holders. The data were collected in Quebec, Canada and in Vermont, U.S.A. and analyzed using the stepwise discriminant analysis technique. Questionnaires were distributed to convenient samples of 200 households in Montpelier, Vermont and an equal number in Sherbrooke, Quebec. Ninety-seven questionnaires were returned from the American sample and 10 7 questionnaires from French Canada. Findings indicate that French Canadian and American card holders have distinct attitudinal characteristics in holding and using credit cards. The results indicate that, in both countries, credit cards are in the growth state and further growth is expected.

In this current chapter, I analyze the most important causes of a price deflation. I will look at price deflation caused by economic growth, by cash building, by bank credit contraction and by government fiat. As such, these “kinds” of deflation will be called growth deflation, cash building deflation, bank credit deflation, and fiat deflation. Growth deflation represent goods-induced changes in the purchasing power of money, while cash building deflation, bank credit deflation, and fiat deflation (with the exception of price decree deflation) represent cash-induced changes (Mises. Human action: a treatise on economics. Scholar’s edition. Ludwig von Mises Institute, Auburn, AL, 1998, p. 416). Growth deflation and cash building deflation reflect changes in the demand for money, while bank credit deflation and fiat deflation (with the exception of price decree deflation) reflect changes in the supply of money.

This chapter presents future scenarios of the financial system development in SEMC. If the analyzed countries adopt the best European practices, bank credit to the private sector, banks’ meta-efficiency and stock market turnover could reach much higher levels, although they would be still lower than the best performers in Europe. More specifically, we find that improving the quality of institutions, increasing per capita GDP, further opening capital accounts, and lowering inflation are necessary before financial systems in the SEMC are able to converge with those of Europe.