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Introduction: Postoperative infectious complications are commonly encountered in open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) of maxillofacial fractures. An early diagnosis of infectious processes is the key in preventing morbidity/mortality which could be in the form of loss of hardware and sepsis. To prevent these, various markers of inflammation have been studied in different disciplines of surgery but are found scarce in maxillofacial practice., Material and Method: The present study was designed to evaluate the perioperative variations in the levels of inflammatory markers. We analysed temperature, TLC, DLC, ALT, AST and CRP in 50 patients of ORIF. Their values were recorded preoperatively as well as at 24 h, 48 h, third day and seventh day postoperatively. The correlation of inflammatory markers with the type of anaesthesia and length of surgery were also analysed., Results: The ranges of various markers in the perioperative phase were: temperature (97.6 ºF-99.2 ºF), TLC (5100/mm 3 -18200/mm 3 ), neutrophils (51-91%), AST (12-86 IU/L), ALT (12-96 IU/L) and CRP (1.2-150 mg/L). Mean values of all the inflammatory markers achieved their peak values within 24 h postoperatively. These values showed a decline thereafter, with the day 3 and day 7 values being even lower than their preoperative values. This fall in the values was highly significant ( p  < 0.001) except ALT where the fall was significant ( p  < 0.05). The data obtained could be used as a reference range by the surgeons for monitoring the recovery of the patient. It could also help in timely interception and expeditious management of an infectious episode in the postoperative phase., Competing Interests: Conflict of interestThe authors declare that they have no competing interests., (© The Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons of India 2018, corrected publication, May 2020.)

Background: Endometriosis is an enigma. Extrapelvic endometriosis is even more challenging, as theories of origin are difficult to explain. Very few cases of skeletal endometriosis have been reported in the literature., Method: We managed a case of 39-year-old nulliparous woman, who presented to the department of plastic surgery with complaints of a painful nodule measuring about 2 cm, in left upper arm since past 8 years. She had history of myomectomy 8 years back, while she was undergoing treatment for primary infertility. Differential diagnosis of extrapelvic endometriosis was made based on clinical history of cyclical pain and swelling, and she was referred to gynecology for hormonal treatment. MRI and FNAC were inconclusive. She underwent excision biopsy of the lesion., Result: Histopathology confirmed intramuscular endometriosis of left deltoid with positive margins. Postoperatively, she was started on dienogest 2 mg once daily and LNG IUS was inserted. Both were withdrawn a year later, due to side effects. It has been more than 6 months since removal of LNG IUS, and currently she is asymptomatic., Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the third case of deltoid endometriosis reported till date., Competing Interests: Conflict of interestAll authors declare that they have no conflict of interest., (© Federation of Obstetric & Gynecological Societies of India 2019.)

Introduction: Animal bites are a significant public health problem, with the majority of bites coming from dogs, cats and humans. These may present as punctures, abrasions, tears, or avulsions. The force and relative bluntness of the teeth also increases the possibility of a crush injury with devitalized tissue .The clinical presentation and appropriate treatment of infected bite wounds vary according to the animal and causative organisms. These wounds have always been considered complex injuries contaminated with a unique polymicrobial inoculum., Materials: This article reviews animal bite wound incidence, bacteriology, risk factors for complications, evaluation components, recommended treatment and prevention based on advanced PUBMED search of the English language literature from the years 1970 to present., Conclusion: As the bite wounds are frequently located on the face, an oral and maxillofacial surgeon needs to be familiar with the treatment of animal bites, pitfalls in management and to educate patients on ways to avoid future bite injuries. The management of animal bites is an evidence poor area and most recommendations are based on small case series, microbiological data and expert opinion. The main controversies include whether wounds should or should not undergo primary closure and the use of prophylactic antimicrobials.