Search

Today, Fatigue is one of the hottest issues discussed in civil aviation of the world. However, because the numbers of the contributing factors and the diversity of symptoms, it makes the fatigue monitoring and the fatigue management as a problem. Based on the FRMS framework of Canada, this article will focus on the fatigue monitoring technologies of China, they are the methods on the assessment of work schedule, fatigue symptoms and the actual sleep time. These fatigue risk control measures and tools are designed for the pilots at present, and then it will be gradually developed for ATC and maintenance personnel.

An increasing proportion of workers are dual-earners in professional occupations, actively seeking rewarding, full-time careers while at the same time engaging in satisfying home and personal life. However, the demands of today’s global economic environment often make work-life integration problematic (Hill et al., 2006). One adaptive strategy to deal with work-life conflict is to choose to be flexible about when one works and opting to reduce work hours, especially when demands in the home are great (Allen and Shockley, 2009; Grzywacz, 2009; Voydanoff, 2007). This adaptive strategy is called temporal workplace flexibility.

It is discussed how to route straddle carriers during the loading operation of export containers. The straddle carrier (SC) travel distance will be much longer if two consecutive containers must be collected far from one another instead of from consecutive yard-bays. So, finding the minimum straddle carrier travel distance will guarantee port efficiency and allow cost savings. Our objective is to minimize this total travel distance of a straddle carrier. A SC performs a so called partial tour to pick-up containers of a same group, according to the work schedule. This problem is characterized as problem with binary variables, which are hard to solve optimally.

The ARIS concept paves the way for engineering, planning and controlling business processes. We will now analyze the benefits mentioned in chapter A, plus the business, organizational and IT aspects of its implementation.

Rehabilitation of the marshes has been undertaken for conservation and ecological purposes and with the potential for ecotourism in mind. Nature-viewing opportunities and visitor facilities have been concentrated and organized to provide maximum restoration and conservation potential and provide good opportunities for tourism. Research and management recommendations include: monitoring and investigation of species tolerance to tourism; tools for concentrating the spectacle; creation of appropriate observational and other infrastructure; planning of the work schedule to minimize disturbance; and transformation of agriculture in co-operation with local people.

Shift workers, including night workers in industry, hospitals, communication systems, surface transportation (railroad, bus and truck drivers), air transportation (pilots, flight attendants and passengers of transmeridian flights) are exposed to shift(s) of those environmental factors which synchronize human biologic rhythms. In this chapter we shall refer exclusively to a phase shift (ΔΦ) of synchronizers (or zeit- gebers) equal to or larger than 5 h, whether they result from a transmeridian flight across five time zones (e. g., Paris to New York) or a shift from a daytime to a night time work schedule. This qualification is related to two important facts: (a) synchronizing effects of environmental clue and cue are identical whether or not the geographical location has changed (Halberg and Reinberg 1967; Reinberg and Smolensky 1983). In other words, chronobiologic problems are similar for both the air hostess with a transmeridian flight and the nurse shifting from a day to night schedule, (b) A single ΔΦ≤ 5 h of synchronizers has either minor or more frequently no detectable chronobiologic effects (Halberg and Reinberg 1967; Klein and Wegmann 1979; Gundel and Wegmann 1989). A 1-h ΔΦ resulting, for example, transition to or from daylight saving time has no objectively demonstrable effect on either adults or schoolchildren (Reinberg et al. 1989a). Each organism exposed to a ΔΦ ≥ 5 h of environmental factors has to resynchronize its biologic time structure, which in practical terms implies that all its biologic clocks have to be reset to the “new” local time or adjusted to the “new” timing of work hours. We call this process “circadian adjustment of rhythms.”

With the mentioned subject two problem areas will be discussed; two substantial challenges which will also be of great concern over the next decade. For this reason, both of the problems will be sketched in a more concise form in the next paragraph. This explanation will likewise serve in the further clarification of both notions, which will be worked with. In the third chapter it will then be illustrated why expert systems, or more correctly formulated, knowledge based systems can make a promising contribution on many levels to the solution of problems in the area of computer integrated manufacturing.

Although the development of the basic links between PPC, CAD and CAM still leaves many unresolved problems, and will continue to occupy data processing manufacturers, software houses and users intensively in coming years, wider perspectives are also opening up. Consequently, CIM will result in the design and development area feeling more confidence in their competence to make decisions affecting costs. Furthermore CIM processes will increasingly be supported by decision support systems and expert systems. Integration concepts associated with CIM (data integration, process chain formation) will become effective beyond operational boundaries and will lead to functional readjustments between manufactureres and suppliers. These three development tendencies will be examined in this final chapter.