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To reduce aerodynamic noise generated by a pantograph panhead, a flow control method is applied to the panhead. First, a plasma actuator is applied to the panhead surface to verify that flow control can control flow separation and reduce turbulence intensity behind the panhead. Second, based on the flow control mechanism derived from the experiments applying the plasma actuator, a more practical flow control method is proposed using air suction as an alternative. Experimental results show that air suction near the separation point can reduce narrow band aerodynamic noise from the panhead.

The use of the cepstrum for removing components from a signal which manifest themselves as periodic spectral components has previously been described. These include discrete frequency components with uniform spacing such as families of harmonics and modulation sidebands, but also narrow band noise peaks coming from slight random modulation of almost periodic signals, such as higher harmonics of blade pass frequencies. The removal is effected by applying a notch “lifter” to the real cepstrum of the signal, thus removing the targeted components from the log amplitude spectrum, and then combining the modified amplitude spectrum with the original phase spectrum. Not much attention was previously paid to the type of notch lifter, but two different situations occurring in conjunction with analysis of signals from wind turbines showed that different lifters have advantages in different situations. This chapter describes two different approaches, illustrating them with the two examples of application.

\({\mathrm{FeSb }}_{2}\) exhibits extraordinary physical properties with a colossal thermopower reaching 45 mV/K at \(\sim \)10 K, while maintaining fairly low electrical resistivity. This results in extremely high thermoelectric power factors exceeding 2,000 \(\upmu {\mathrm{W }}/({\mathrm{K }}^{2} \cdot \,{\mathrm{cm }})\). If the thermal conductivity can be reduced to a few W/(K\(\cdot \)m), then a thermoelectric figure of merit of unity is within reach at cryogenic temperatures opening up for a new solid state cooling technology. Furthermore, the physical properties of \(\mathrm{FeSb }_{2}\) are also of immense fundamental interest since the material is believed to be a strongly correlated narrow band gap semiconductor. In the last decade a wide range of studies have explored the synthesis, structure and properties of \(\mathrm{FeSb }_{2}\) and related materials, and here an overview of the efforts is provided.

Prostate segmentation in transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) images is highly desired in many clinical applications. However, manual segmentation is difficult, time consuming and irreproducible. In this paper, we present a novel automatic approach using narrow band contrast pattern to segment prostates in TRUS images. Implicit representation of the segmenting level sets curve is firstly trained via principal component analysis, which also constraints the shape of prostate into a linear subspace. Then the model evolves to segment the prostate by maximizing the contrast in a narrow band near the segmenting curve. Many experimental results demonstrate the performance of the proposed algorithm, whose favorableness is validated by comparing to the state-of-the-art algorithms. Especially, the shape of prostate segmented by our algorithm is close to the one manually obtained by expert, and the mean absolute distance is only 1.07±0.77mm, which is quite promising.

In this paper we propose a novel fast method for implicit surface reconstruction from unorganized point clouds. Our algorithm employs a multigrid solver on a narrow band of the level set function that represents the reconstructed surface, which greatly improves computational efficiency of surface reconstruction. The new model can accurately reconstruct surfaces from noisy unorganized point clouds that also have missing information.

Despite the strengths and popularity of the log-cromaticity space (LCS), there is still a significant amount of concern regarding its narrow-band assumption (NBA). Though not always necessary, this assumption is relatively common, as it leads to elegant formulations. We present a scheme for evaluating whether a deviation from the NBA will have an impact on the expected LCS values. We also introduce two metrics for measuring the divergence from the expected behavior under the NBA in LCS. Lastly, we empirically analyze how different types of reflectance spectra are affected in varying degrees by this assumption. For example, experiments with real and synthetic data show that the violation of the NBA typically has insignificant impact on bright unsaturated colors.

The narrow-band average transmissivity data of CO2 for the 2.0μm, 2.7μm and 4.3μm bands was calculated by narrow-band k-distribution based on the line-by-line (LBL) data. A uniform-discrete scheme and four discrete schemes of the absorption coefficients were employed to compute the k-distribution function, and the reference solutions are provided by LBL calculations. Finally, the comparisons of error for four proposed schemes were discussed. The results of the case show that all the proposed schemes can significantly improve the efficiency, they make the number of discrete k values decrease sharply with the same accuracy; The increase of scheme power make the effects more obviously in major bands but the opposite effects exist in some other bands. Thus, there may be a most proper scheme for the calculation. The comparisons of error indicate that the cubic scheme on account of its balance in the calculating band performs better than others.

The ultraviolet (UV) lamp is the most critical component of any UVGI air or surface disinfection system. UV lamps come in many shapes, sizes, and UV output power levels, and they may produce different spectral bands of germicidal UV. All germicidal UV lamps will produce light wavelengths of either UVC (100–280 nm), UVB (280–320 nm), or both (UVC/UVB). Wavelengths of UVA (320–400 nm) are not germicidal and UVA lamps (i.e. blacklight and sunlamps) are not considered UVGI lamps and are not addressed in this chapter. UVGI lamps are commonly referred to as UV lamps and these terms are used interchangeably throughout this book. Various types of UV lamps are currently in use for air and surface disinfection applications, including standard medium pressure (MP) UV lamps which produce broadband UVC/UVB wavelengths, low pressure (LP) UV lamps that produce narrow band UVC wavelengths, microwave UV lamps, and light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Technically, UVC lamps are LP lamps that produce UVC wavelengths only, and the term is not necessarily accurate when applied to MP lamps that produce broadband UVC/UVB wavelengths although common usage doesn’t always make this distinction.

An approach is proposed for obtaining electro-cardiographic potential from adult lying with underwear and pajamas during sleep. This method is based on capacitive coupling involving the electrode, the cloth and the skin. A developed device was fabricated to explore the feasibility of the approach and evolution experiments were conducted for 5 men. Validation of the system revealed the following: (1) The frequency response of the device with underwear and pajamas revealed that the gain of the detected signal was reduced. (2) The signal displayed a periodic waveform synchronized with the simultaneously recorded ECG, even when underwear and pajamas was inserted between the electrode and the skin. ECG signal can be measured even all body position. (3) In overnight measurement, detection rate of R-wave for each subject was more than 95 %. Although there is still room for improvement in terms of its practical use, the developed device appears promising for application to bedding as a non-obtrusive and awareness-free method for ECG monitoring during sleep.

We propose a narrow-band based RBFs implicit surface reconstruction method which can substantially reduce the computational complexity compared with other RBFs implicit surface reconstruction techniques. Our scheme only deals with a narrow-band subdomains, rather than the traditional whole computational domain. A criteria for polygonization is presented for correctly extracting iso-surfaces from RBFs implicits. Experiments show that our method can offer a very effective RBFs based surface reconstruction algorithm.

New high resolution narrow band coronographic images of the R127 nebula have been recently obtained. The nebula displays a bipolar morphology and is similar in appearance to the nebula around AG Carinae. The observations improve the values for the linear dimensions (1.9×2.2 pc) and yield an estimated nebular mass of 3.1 Mbd.

We describe a new tactile illusion of surface geometry that can be easily produced with simple materials. When the fingertip skin is strained by loading it in traction along a narrow band surrounded by two fixed traction surfaces, the sensation of a raised surface is typically experienced. This and other analogous cases are discussed in terms of tissue deformation created at a short distance inside the skin where the target mechanoreceptors are presumably located. A finite element analysis allowed us to propose that the basis of this illusion is connected with the observation that normal loading and tangential loading can create similar strain distribution, thereby creating an instance of an ambiguous stimulus. In the discussion we relate this stimulus to several other ambiguous tactile stimuli.

Localization versus itineracy and the degree of hybridization of 5 f states with orbitals of the actinide atom (especially 6 d) as well as with those of the ligand in compounds are central questions for the understanding of bonding in actinide solids. Photoelectron spectroscopy provides answers to these questions. In narrow band solids, like the actinides, the interpretation of results requires the use of band calculations in the itinerant picture, as well as models of final state emission in the atomic picture.

In this paper, we present a robust and accurate system for outdoor (as well as indoor) face recognition, based on a recently developed enhanced near-infrared (ENIR) imaging device. Using a narrow band NIR laser generator instead of LED lights for active frontal illumination, the ENIR device can provide face images of good quality even under sunlight. Experiments show that the ENIR system performs similarly to the existing NIR system when used indoors, but outperforms it significantly outdoors especially under sunlight.

We propose a fast and robust global matching technique for detecting temporal changes of pulmonary nodules. For the registration of a pair of CT scans, a proper geometrical transformation is found through the following steps. First, an automatic segmentation is used for identifying lung surfaces in chest MDCT scans. Second, optimal cube registration is performed for the initial gross registration. Third, for allowing fast and robust convergence on the optimal value, a 3D distance map is generated by the narrow band distance propagation. Finally, the distance measure between surface boundary points is repeatedly evaluated by the selective distance measure to align lung surfaces. Experimental results show that the computation time and robustness of our registration method is very promising compared with conventional methods. Our method can be used for investigating temporal changes such as pulmonary infiltration, tumor masses, or pleural effusions.

The ISO Long Wavelength Spectrometer (LWS) parallel mode allowed LWS data to be taken at all times when the LWS was not the prime ISO insrument. Although the data is of a lower quality than that of the prime mode, large regions of the sky have been probed with 10 narrow band photometry points between 46 and 178μm. Detailed below is a description of the current state of the processing, interactive analysis and calibration with estimates of the accuracies obtainable.

A genetic algorithm was used to evolve bat-like pinna shapes for a biomimetic sonarhead. Pinnae model consisted of small reflectors placed around the transducer. Experiments with ten reflectors showed the problem of phase cancellation in the received echoes. Analysis of phase cancellation suggests more realistic pinna models for future developments.

The Calar Alto Deep Imaging Survey (CADIS) is a very deep emission line survey (using a Fabry-Perot (FP)) combined with deep broad- and medium-band photometry (for details see Meisenheimer et. al., these proceedings). Though this survey project is specifically designed to detect primeval galaxies it will in addition produce a large data base for investigations of faint galaxies at intermediate redshifts (0.2 < z < 1.2). In this contribution we present some first results concerning these forground objects which we got from the first data recorded with the CADIS strategy. These data were taken with the 2.2m telescope at Calar Alto in the CADIS field 9H. Due to delays in getting the 2k×2k CCDs, we employed an a 1k×1k CCD (field of view 8′×8′). We got four FP settings in the wavelength region 814nm to 818.5nm (resolution=1.8nm). Every setting consists of 7 individual exposures of 1500 s integration. We reached a 5σ detection limit of S lim (5σ) ≈ 5×10-20W/m2. To get an estimate of the continuum near the emissions lines detected in the FP, we did exposures with a filter λ/Δλ=812/17 nm (F lim (5σ) ≈ 5.8 × 10-21W/(m2nm)). The FP exposures were supplemented by broad band exposures with the filters BV (centered at 500 nm, 5σ limit ≈ 25. m 8), Rc (5σ limit ≈ 25. m 0) and I (5σ limit ≈ 23. m 1). Further narrow band exposures with the filters 466/9 (F lim (5σ) ≈ 10.7 × 10-21W/(m2nm)), 612/10 (F lim (5σ) ≈ 10.8 10-21W/(m2nm)) and 614/28 (F lim (5σ) ≈ 6.6 × 10-21W/(m2nm)) enable to detect further emission lines of foreground objects.

Spectral hole burning is observed in a condition that individual absorption centers have narrow width and slightly different absorption frequencies from each other due to, for example, the effect of each surrounding circumstance and the whole absorption line of the centers is broad and moderate. When narrow band energy source with some frequency is applied to excite and deform only the centers with the frequency, it produces a decrease in the absorption line, that is, a hole at the frequency.[1]

We discuss some of the consequences for the thermodynamic properties if a superconductor has a non-neglegible ratio of T c /T F . Starting from the BCS expression we derive an analytic expression for the thermodynamic potential at finite temperature, which has the relevant physical properties. From there we derive the corresponding Helmholtz-Ginzburg-Landau free energy functional near the phase transition, and discuss the behaviour of the order parameter, the chemical potential, the specific heat and the expansivity near T c .

A method of remotely sounding the tropospheric trace gases by measuring the surface reflected near infrared solar radiation is described. The absorption lines of trace gases are selected by a very narrow band pass filter and scanned with a tunable etalon. The interferogram is directly put into an inversion program to obtain the vertical profiles of trace gases. According to a simulation study the error of retrieved vertical profile of trace gases in the lower atmosphere is a few percent.

Computer codes based on Narrow Band Models were developed in order to calculate total and spectral emissivities of gas-soot mixtures.

A considerable discrepancy may be observed between the human processing capabilities of about 50 bit/s and the digital transmission rate of phone lines (about 5000 bit/s). On the other hand a phone call should be limited to about 3 minutes whereas man is capable of working some hours (e.g. 5) at a stretch (Fig.1). To compensate for this difference a local buffer of about 1–2 Mbit is usefull in a lot of applications.

Photometric measurements of Halley’s comet at phases around its recent perigee are presented. Narrow band filters isolating C2 Swan band emission and a neighboring continuum, besides the standard UBV, have been used with 4 nucleus centered field stops subtending angles between 41″ and 1050″. The brightness fluctuations detected, especially conspicuous in C2 and the nearby continuum, indicate a period of 7.3 days. Some evidence for the double peaked nature of the periodic variation is marginally present.

The multiphoton excitation of molecules by infrared radiation offers a new form of molecular activation which has captured the imagination of a sizeable audience of physicists and chemists. Many intriguing possibilities for chemical applications result from the selectivity which can be achieved using intense, narrow band lasers to excite specific molecular species, including isotopic variants. The ability to create a hot molecule in a cool environment brings chemists close to the realization of a tame Maxwell’s Demon.

Non-linear charge density wave transport in the blue bronzes is associated with sharp threshold electric fields and narrow band noise voltage including both high (10-150 KHz) and low (∼, 1 Hz) frequencies as well as metastability, hysteresis and memory effects.

Three examples of fusion-fission type collisions on medium-.mass nuclei are investigated whether the fragment properties are consistent with fission from equilibrated compound nuclei. Only in a very narrow band of angular momenta the data fulfill the necessary criteria for this process. Continuous evolutions of this mechanism into fusion fission and into a deep-inelastic process and particle emission prior to fusion have been observed. Based on the widths of the fragment-mass distributions of a great variety of data, a further criterion for the compound-nucleus-fission process is tentatively proposed.

Transient masking patterns of narrow band maskers can be considered as a measure for the temporal as well as spectral resolving power of the ear. The well-known effects of forward and backward masking represent the limitations of temporal resolution, whereas the masking pattern as function of testtone frequency characterizes the spectral resolution. Thus, backward, simultaneous and forward masking patterns of a critical-band and a sinusoidal masker, respectively, were determined by the conventional threshold method. In particular, the influence of masker bandwidth on the transient masking pattern will be discussed. In addition, pulsation threshold patterns of both sinusoidal and critical-band “masker” are compared.

The paper by Fasti (“Transient Masking Patterns of Narrow Band Maskers”) is an intersting contribution to this symposium, showing the effect of masker bandwidth on the transient masking pattern. Besides this main issue, the paper also provides information on a topic which may deserve some further attention: a comparison between the shape of a masking pattern of a narrow-band noise measured in direet masking or with thepulsa- tion-threshold method. The experimental data given in the paper suggest that “For a critical-band noise, the conventional masking method and the pulsation method lead to almost the same pattern ”. The intriguing aspect of this result is that it seems to be in conflict with the general framework of direct-masking data and pulsation-threshold data as presented in the contribution to this symposium by Houtgast (“Masking Patterns and Lateral Inhibition”). The reasoning is simple. Basically, Houtgast’s results suggest that (1) the internal representation of a stimulus’ sound spectrum is subjected to lateral suppresion, operating mainly in the direction from higher towards lower frequencies, and (2) a conventional masking pattern does not reflect this effect of lateral suppression, whereas a pulsation-threshold pattern does so. Within this framework, one would expect the low-frequency slope of a masking pattern measured with the pulsation-threshold method to be steeper than that measured in direct masking. Apparently, this framework and the result of Fastl are in conflict.