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This paper addresses the relations of Nature Writing and the Anthropocene discourse in contemporary German literature. My reading of Esther Kinsky’s Gelande-Poetik (‘poetics of terrain’), especially of her novel Am Fluss (2014), reveals how ‘Nature Writing of the Anthropocene’ (Hummelsund Voie 2017) resists an all too easy declaration of the ‘end of nature’. Hence, terminologies of Anthropocene discourse such as Timothy Morton’s ‘ecology without nature’ prove to be inadequate for the description of Kinsky’s Gelande-Poetik. Instead, her Gelande-Texte (‘terrain texts’) perform an ongoing multiplication of natures, cultures, their entanglements, as well as their separations. Yet, the texts’ aesthetic relations to their environment are too self-reflective and complex as to be fully captured by Morton’s ‚ambient poetics.‘ Drawing on Latourian theory, this paper therefore proposes a reconceptualization of Nature Writing’s poetic form, aiming for a better understanding of its counter-discoursive force in modernity as well as in the Anthropocene.

As the new Gene-Editing technologies like CRISPR-Cas9 and research on its medical application are rapidly developing, ethical or legal issues are being actively discussed in Korea. Especially, Korean researchers recently conducted a genetically modified cell therapy study, which differentiated pluripotent stem cells of hemophilia patients into hepatocytes by reprogramming the hemophiliac somatic cells and transplanting these hepatocytes into the patient’s liver. With respect to this type of research, some in Korea have voiced their concerns that “there is a possibility that research with little consciousness of ethics will proceed because it is possible for anyone to use simple molecular biological knowledge.” Beyond the ethical implications, there is a serious need to discuss the social impact of gene editing technology and its normative acceptability. In particular, this discussion should consider the use of germline cells or human embryos to create a so-called Designer Baby as this use of science raises eugenic concerns. In this context, it appears that genetic intervention on germline cells ignores the international consensus provided in Article 16 of the UNESCO Declaration on Biosafety and Human Rights (2005), which stipulates that, in the operation of technology, consideration should be given to the impact on the genetic composition of future generations.

The 100 Companies for Resource Efficiency initiative took place within the framework of Baden-Wurttemberg's Alliance for Greater Resource Efficiency (see declaration on page 78). In November 2013, the state government, represented by Environment Minister, Franz Untersteller, agreed on a joint approach with the state’s leading representatives of trade associations and chambers of industry and commerce to promote resource efficiency (Fig. 42).

There is an increasing number of Semantic Web knowledge bases (KBs) available on the Web, created in academia and industry alike. In this paper, we address the problem of lack of structure in these KBs due to their schema-free nature required for open environments such as the Web. Relation cardinality is an important structural aspect of data that has not received enough attention in the context of KBs. We propose a definition for relation cardinality bounds that can be used to unveil the structure that KBs data naturally exhibit. Information about relation cardinalities such as a person can have two parents and zero or more children, or a book should have one author at least, or a country should have more than two cities can be useful for data users and knowledge engineers when writing queries and reusing or engineering KB systems. Such cardinalities can be declared using OWL and RDF constraint languages as constraints on the usage of properties in the domain of knowledge; however, their declaration is optional and consistency with the instance data is not ensured. We first address the problem of mining relation cardinality bounds by proposing an algorithm that normalises and filters the data to ensure the accuracy and robustness of the mined cardinality bounds. Then we show how these bounds can be used to assess two relevant data quality dimensions: consistency and completeness. Finally, we report that relation cardinality bounds can also be used to expose structural characteristics of a KB by mapping the bounds into a constraint language to declare the actual shape of data.

Kurzlich stand ich in Boston vor einem Denkmal, das einen stolz ins Weite schauenden Mann in altertumlicher Kleidung zeigte. Darunter stand: „Samuel Adams (1722–1803). A Patriot. He Organized the Revolution and Signed the Declaration of Independence.“

Growing public concern about environmental issues are contributing to the pressure on governments, businesses, groups and individuals to find solutions that move towards a more sustainable relationship with the planet. A key element in achieving the goals of sustainability is education. The decade 2005–2014 was declared the United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development (UNDEFSD) in recognition of this close relationship between education and sustainability. Although this declaration focussed considerable attention on the concept of Education for Sustainability (EfS), discussions about the nature of the relationship between education and sustainability began before this declaration and are likely to continue long after 2014. Despite the close link between sustainability and tourism, there has been little systematic attention paid to education for sustainability in tourism. Two exceptions to this are the BEST Education Network and the Tourism Education Futures Initiative. This chapter introduces and provides an overview of EfS, links it to sustainability in tourism, reports on the outcomes of the BEST Education Network Think Tank in 2011, and provides a framework for understanding EfS in Tourism.

Once again, a prominent member of public life in Germany has been the brunt of serious accusations of anti-Semitism, and is now likely to be ostracised both in Germany and abroad. This time, it is Gunter Grass who with his brief political declaration on the foreign and military policy of Israel has been greeted with fury and condemnation from almost all sides and rejection elsewhere, while attracting support only from the margins of the political establishment. However, there are some sharp critics of the declaration by Grass who defend the author against the accusation of being anti-Semitic in general. And as always in such cases there are mumblings in the hidden corners of society that it is not permitted in Germany to say anything critics about Jews or Israel without immediately being battered by the political and moral bludgeon of the ruling German political class and being branded a social pariah. And so the most prudent reaction was to say nothing on the subject of Israel and the Jews, since unlike Gunter Grass, not everyone can afford to break their silence on this subject and present their political declaration in the form of a poem, with the special protection of artistic expression. However, the German chattering classes are once more in full agreement with Grass; only the outsiders of the Easter March movement had the courage to say so in public.

Preamble The sharing of genomic and health-related data for biomedical research is of key importance in ensuring continued progress in our understanding of human health and wellbeing. The challenges raised by international, collaborative research require a principled but nevertheless practical Framework that brings together regulators, funders, patient groups, information technologists, industry, publishers, and research consortia to share principles about data exchange. Such a Framework will facilitate responsible research conduct. This Framework is developed under the auspices of the Global Alliance for Genomics and Health. Its mission is to accelerate progress in human health by helping to establish a common Framework of harmonized approaches to enable effective and responsible sharing of genomic and clinical data and to catalyze data sharing projects that drive and demonstrate the value of data sharing. This Framework provides guidance for the responsible sharing of human genomic and health-related data, including personal health data and other types of data that may have predictive power in relation to health. In particular, it highlights, and is guided by, Article 27 of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Article 27 guarantees the rights of every individual in the world “to share in scientific advancement and its benefits” (including to freely engage in responsible scientific inquiry), and at the same time “to the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from any scientific...production of which [a person] is the author”. (As set out in Appendix 1, many other international conventions and national laws, regulations, codes and policies also guide responsible data sharing behavior). This Framework is guided by the human rights of privacy, non-discrimination and procedural fairness. At the same time, it considers all human rights principles relevant, complementary and interrelated, founded as they are on respect for human dignity. Since science proceeds only

The chapter argues that since there is no conclusive evidence for a causal relationship between the issuance of compulsory licences (CL) for medicines and any fall in innovation or foreign direct investment (FDI) inflow, various other factors like predictability and market potential need to be taken into account for understanding the after-effects of a grant of CL. The chapter examines the trends in CLs after the Doha Declaration and carves out a case for adhering to transparent procedures for imparting some predictability to the process in order to mitigate losses from possible repercussions.

The Committee on the Rights of the Child is severely constrained in terms of the conditions under which it can consider inter-State communications given the stipulations of Article 12 of the OP3-CRC which requires states to make an opt-in declaration recognizing the competence of the Committee to receive and consider inter-State communications

Land is a mandatory factor for production. The method of land disposal is particularly crucial in high-density populated areas. In Hong Kong, the land supply was once constrained by a quota of 50 ha per year under the Joint Declaration. This quota was removed after the return of Hong Kong to mainland China. The Asian Financial Crisis and the implementation of the 85,000 housing policy led to a significant drop in the demand for land. The Lands Department then announced the new land disposal policy, which included a land application system. This policy allows the developer to play a much more active role in the land acquisition process. This chapter mainly focuses on the land market in Hong Kong before and after the introduction of the land application system.

The RAISE Specification Language (RSL) is a wide-spectrum specification language having a very complex semantics. This paper defines an institution for an imperative subset RSL I of RSL such that this subset can be given a much simpler semantics in terms of that institution. The subset allows model-oriented type definitions, declaration of state variables, axiomatic specification of values (including functions), and explicit function definitions. Functions may be imperative. The semantics of an RSL I specification is defined to be the loose semantics of a theory presentation consisting of a signature Σ and a set of sentences E that can easily be derived from the specification.

After the Second World War, a number of international human rights or humanitarian norms addressed the limitation and even the abolition of the death penalty, which has given considerable momentum to the progress of its abolition. As the ‘cornerstone of contemporary human rights law’, the UDHR, adopted on 10 December 1948, expressly provided for ‘the right to life’ in Article 3 without an explicit limitation. Similarly, Article 1 of the American Declaration on the Rights and Duties of Man, adopted on 4 May 1948, and the African Charter of Human and People’s Rights, adopted in 1981, stipulated such an unqualified provision.

Advanced features involve both persistence and data structures. Schema migration deals with changes of classes and their relations when storing data to disk. Extensible property allows one to add class members without changing the class declaration. We also discuss multi-user access to persistent data, ASLR and storing objects in flash memories and smart phones.

Though the academics have not reached a consensus about the definition of the term, human rights, based on human’s natural and social attributes, are regarded as a measure of value of social progress and civilization. Confucian philosophy as a typical representative of the eastern wisdom contains sufficient ideas of human rights, which have made outstanding contributions to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), which serves as a foundation for international human rights regime. These historical contributions were made by the efforts of the Chinese representative, P. C. Chang, who successfully got Ren (conscience or benevolence) included in the first article of the UDHR. The nature of human rights in China can be described to be developmental, systematic, and protective. These features show us that the research in this area is a significant and promising one.

The Conference recalls that, in accordance with well settled case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union, the Treaties and the law adopted by the Union on the basis of the Treaties 11,12 have primacy over the law of Member States, 13–19 under the conditions laid down by the said case law 20–27 .

Based on the RBAC (Role Based Access Control) pattern, we are going to present the SAP R/3 role based authorization mode. According to it, a user can dispose of a number of roles, which grants to him/her the authorization to access certain resources from the system. In this respect, we will create the development objects required to grant to the user the possibility to access the records from a database, and we will use, in Web Dynpro ABAP, the declaration AUTHORITY-CHECK to verify the current user’s authorization.

There exists today a considerable output of declarations of rights in terms both of quantity and territorial extension. Along with general declarations of rights, the most relevant in recent times being the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (Nice, 2000), there has been a proliferation of declarations of a sectorial type, amongst others, the Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights (Oviedo, 2005) or the International Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (New York, 2006), which join a long list of others regarding the widest possible variety of subjects (childhood, gender, mental health, amongst others). On a territorial level, to the classic declarations of rights contained in the Constitutions have been added not only those with an international or European scope but also those of a regional or internal nature, within a federal or autonomous State, creating a multilevel system of guarantee of rights. This phenomenon of heterogeneity of rights and guarantees has been offset by an increasingly intense homogenisation of the contents of rights, via their interpretation by international courts, especially the European Court for Human Rights, and the constitutional courts. Further contributing to this confluence is an element of emulation amongst the advocates of declarations of rights. In short, globalisation cohabits with decentralisation and equality with difference. In this context, the new Statutes of some Autonomous Communities challenged a specific declaration of rights for the territory in question, and the question posed is both legal and political, with regard not only to the possibility of its existence and its constitutional compatibility but also to its appropriateness insofar as it may be a factor of confrontation and inequality between citizens instead of an instrument of integration.

A little more than a decade ago, the European Council adopted the Laeken Declaration. It raised, rather rhetorically, the question: “Does Europe not, now that it is finally unified, have a leading role to play in a new world order, that of a power able both to play a stabilising role worldwide and to point the way ahead for many countries and peoples?”. “Europe” will be able to live up to this leadership role today and in the future only if its political architecture, i.e. the European Union (EU), features the requisite weight among other global players.

In computer science and mathematics education, universities often observe high failure rates among students if they are taught in a traditional, lecture-centric manner. Interactive engagement teaching methods are more successful but in order to develop suitable teaching materials, lecturers must be aware of potential conceptual difficulties of a domain in advance, for example, by analysing the data of student-submitted work from previous sessions. In computer science education, the data collected from computer-based assessment tools provides a possible source for analysing conceptual difficulties students encounter. The data can be analysed with data mining techniques and in particular with FCA as discussed in this paper.

The original decision to establish the Tripartite Free Trade Area (T-FTA) was taken on 22 October 2008, at a Summit in Kampala of the Heads of State and Government of the 26 member states of the Common Market for East and Southern Africa (COMESA), the East African Community (EAC), and the Southern African Development Community (SADC). This gathering agreed to establish a joint regional trade arrangement consisting of member states of these three Regional Economic Communities (RECs). It took several years before negotiations could start, which happened in June 2011 in Johannesburg, with the adoption of a Declaration and a set of Negotiating Principles.

Constraint-based processes require a set of rules that limit their behavior to certain boundaries. Declarative languages are better suited to modeling these processes precisely because they facilitate the declaration of little or no business rules.These languages define the activities that must be performed to produce the expected results but not define exactly how these activities should be performed. The present paper proposes a new approach to deal with constraint-based processes. The proposed approach is based on supervisory control theory, a formal foundation for building controllers for discrete-event systems.The controller proposed in this paper monitors and restricts execution sequences of tasks such that constraints are always obeyed. We demonstrate that our approach can be used as a declarative language for constraint-based processes.

In concluding the Uruguay Round Trade Negotiations in 1994, the drafters of the Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organisation (the WTO Agreement) instructed the WTO to “cooperate, as appropriate, with the International Monetary Fund and with the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and its affiliated agencies” with a view to achieving greater coherence in global economic policymaking, which constitutes one of the five core functions of the WTO. In pursuit of this objective, the ministers also adopted the Declaration on the Contribution of the World Trade Organisation to Achieving Greater Coherence in Global Economic Policymaking (Coherence Declaration). In accordance with this Coherence Declaration, the Director General of the WTO is invited to “review with the Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund and the President of the World Bank, the implications of the WTO’s responsibilities for its cooperation with the Bretton Woods institutions, as well as the forms such cooperation might take, with a view to achieving greater coherence in global economic policymaking”. The final result was two formal agreements: one concluded between the WTO and the International Monetary Fund (the IMF) and the other concluded between the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the International Development Association (the World Bank).

Over the more than three decades starting with the 1990s, at least 6,000 robberies and violent attacks against merchant vessels have been reported to the International Maritime Bureau (IMB) of the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC). Pirates and armed robbers prey upon merchant ships with impunity in many of the world’s waters. In 2010 alone, 1,181 persons were reported taken hostage, 37 were injured, and 8 were killed. During the same year, 196 ships were boarded, 107 were fired upon, and 53 were hijacked. In 2011, 802 were taken hostage, 42 injured, and 8 were killed; 176 ships were boarded, 113 ships fired upon, and 45 were hijacked. In 2012, 585 people were taken hostage, 28 were injured, and 6 were killed; while 174 ships were boarded, 28 were fired upon, and 28 were hijacked.

The Lisbon Treaty’s reforms of the constitutional basis of the common commercial policy fundamentally changed the institutional balance in this policy area. One of the most important shifts as far as democratic legitimacy is concerned is the greater role of the European Parliament (EP). The increased significance of the parliament has even been called the most important change in the Lisbon Treaty. The present contribution examines the new responsibilities and functions of the EP in detail, with the central question being whether and to what extent these reforms have led to an improvement in the democratic legitimacy of the common commercial policy and a reduction in the democracy deficit. The shift in institutional balance when it comes to common commercial policy may be interesting in its own right from an interdisciplinary social science perspective. However, the results of the EU reform process reached by the Lisbon Treaty, must be primarily assessed according to whether they have contributed towards an improvement in the transparency, efficiency and democratic legitimation of the Union. These aims which were set down by the European Council in the Laeken Declaration are the “raison d’etre” of the Lisbon Treaty.

On 10 December 1948, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted in Resolution 217 (III) of the United Nations General Assembly. The prior history of this declaration had already been marked by considerable controversy. Essentially, there was a clash between the liberal and the real-socialist understanding of human rights; and the concern of several Islamic states, mainly with regard to reservations on Article 18 of the Declaration, which embodied the right of every person to freedom of conscience and religion, including the freedom “to change [one’s] religion or belief”.

In 2007 the United Nations adopted the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, which was in the making for over twenty years. This chapter appears in a book co-edited by the author, in which the story is told about this accomplishment by many of the original participants. The chapter deals with the challenge of how to make the Declaration work in the future (This text was first published as: “Making the Declaration Work!”, in: Charters, Claire; Stavenhagen, Rodolfo (Eds.): Making the Declaration Work, The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (Copenhagen, IWGIA [International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs]): 352–371. Permission to republish this text was granted on 18 July 2012 by Ms. Lola Garcia-Alix, Executive Director, IWGIA, Copenhagen, Denmark).

The subject of this little talk is the author of a novel entitled Flowers in the Mirror (镜花缘). His name is Li Ju-chen (李汝珍); and according to my calculation he was probably born about 1760 and died about 1830. He was a native of Peking: in 1782 his elder brother Li Ju-huang became an official in Haichou in the province of Kiangsu, and the family moved to Haichou where our author came in close contact with a number of southern scholars who apparently had much influence over his literary and intellectual development. The famous scholar Ling Ting-kan (1757–1809) was then residing in Haichou, and became his teacher in literature and phonetics. As far as we know, Li Ju-chen spent at least 23 years in the province of Kiangsu. It is not certain whether he and his family ever returned to Peking in later years.

For a long time, there have been attempts to introduce rules on international competition law in the multilateral trade system. However, in 2003, these attempts were stalled although the Doha declaration of 2001 had been favourable towards these attempts. It has become evident that there is a large disagreement as to the definition of international competition law and its actual function. Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs) are assuming an important subsidiary role in order to make up for the deficiencies of the multilateral trade system and they provide continuous impulses for the multilateral system to improve. In this contribution, it shall be examined up to what extent this holds true for the provisions on competition. More and more RTAs now contain rules on this subject. It shall be shown that these rules are not suited for a direct transfer to the multilateral level. Nonetheless, the regional level offers an important field for further research on the role competition law assumes in worldwide liberalisation attempts. These insights are highly important for any further endeavour to create a multilateral framework of rules in this field.

The IMS Learning Design specification is a widely known language that allows modelling of, amongst other learning designs, collaboration scripts in e-learning. Yet, it has been criticized for a number of shortcomings and specifically its lack of support for comprehensive adaptation features. We propose concrete extensions to the specification, which address a wide range of problems and omissions. The most important areas of modifications and amendments include: explicit representation of groups and corresponding collaboration contexts, as well as of artefacts as results of joint work; flexible integration of communication and collaboration services; a revamped script organization and sequencing model; a previously missing run-time model, with support for event- and exception- handling. The above are complemented by a wide range of adaptive interventions that can affect the script’s progress at run-time, tailor it to changing circumstances, and support learners. Last but not least, sophisticated scenarios are made possible through support for non-traditional collaboration script elements: the possibility to represent human involvement in adaptation decisions, ‘transactional’ action processing, loops and branches for controlling action execution, and the declaration of re-usable action sequences and complex expressions. Further to the proposed changes, examples are provided that highlight the novel possibilities afforded by these changes for advanced collaboration scripts.

Environmental goods and services (EGS) negotiations under the WTO framework authorized under Doha Round Ministerial Declaration of 2001 [paragraph 31 (iii)], have been going on for about a decade but showed little progress toward any practicable action in reducing tariff and non-tariff barriers (see deliberations under the Committee on Trade and Environment Special Sessions under the WTO). Let us also note that there has been no mention of the words climate change in the Declaration. As a result, the mandate regarding EGS negotiations is founded on a narrow focus of objectives and means of achieving the same. The outcome of the negotiations may turn out to be too little too late. In contrast to the proclaimed triple win objectives (trade, environmental, and economic) proclaimed under the WTO charter of negotiations, the output thus far has been dismal on all those three fronts; meeting the imperatives of climate change adaptation (CCA) remains a far cry. Missed opportunities in trade and economic expansion, gainful employment creation, and addressing various challenges of climate change convey the message that the global community needs to gear up toward time-bound efficient decision-making. The role and limitations of current approaches in availing EGS toward CCA, and ways to move forward are summarized below.

The importance of culture in development strategies was underscored with the adoption of the Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity (UDCD) by the UNESCO General Conference on Cultural Diversity in November 2001 and endorsed by the United Nations General Assembly in 2002. Article 6 UDCD stated that, “Freedom of expression, media pluralism, multilingualism, equal access to art and to scientific and technological knowledge, including in digital form, and the possibility for all cultures to have access to the means of expression and dissemination are the guarantees of cultural diversity”. The UDCD was an important milestone in a process, which later on resulted in the negotiation and adoption of the CCD.

War is not what it used to be. Since the late twentieth century there has been a discontinuity in the very nature of war, a fact that the rhetoric of a ‘war on terror’ following the attacks on the World Trade Center on 11 September 2001 failed catastrophically to acknowledge. It is hard to avoid the suspicion that this ‘war on terror’ was one for which political leaders were determined to find conventional battlegrounds – in Afghanistan and Iraq – only to discover that the battle refused stubbornly to materialize, because that is no longer what armed conflict is about. Typically, there is not in any meaningful sense a declaration of war to kick things off, nor a peace treaty to conclude them. Formal armed forces are peripheral; so are formal leaders. Armies may be mobilized not to fight war but (allegedly) to keep peace – or, in Afghanistan and Iraq, to do both at once. According to strategic analyst Anthony Cordesman, “One of the lessons of modern war is that war can no longer be called war.”

This paper presents an analysis of the bioethics Declarations agreed by all member countries of UNESCO with reference to neurosciences. The texts, the 1997 Universal Declaration on the Human Genome and Human Rights, and the 2005 Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights, provide a number of useful points for countries considering policy for use of knowledge of neurosciences, and in the education of society of the issues that arise from our increased understanding of neurosciences.

Among the Lisbon Treaty’s reform steps the reconfiguration of the Union’s external representation assumes a central role. It is often referred to as one of the Treaty’s most prominent achievements which allows Europe to move beyond institutional introspection and concentrate on ‘reinforcing the European identity and its independence in order to promote peace, security and progress in Europe and in the world’.It remains to be tested whether the new institutional architecture permits the Union to translate the Treaty’s grand declaration into specific policy actions. Definite answers may so far not yet have been given. Our legal analysis may, however, shed light on the role of the political and security committee, thereby identifying both the executive character of the Union’s foreign policy powers and their continued intergovernmentalism.

Various regulatory and tax factors make it essential for investors to carefully design their repatriation strategies. This chapter provides seven steps in the process of declaration and repatriation of dividends.

The paper presents the results of an exercise that considers the principles of the Agile Manifesto and of the Declaration of Interdependence, and evaluate how much their implementation is compatible with a high target profile in a Spice Assessment.

Liehr and Storck open with an introduction on how reputation can be measured in general. The paper stresses out the range of methods existing for both media evaluation and stakeholder research. The authors systematically list which cognitions the various methods are able to provide. The closing presentation of the “Barcelona Declaration of Measurement Principles” introduces the reader to the state-of-the-art of PR measurement.

The view has however been forwarded that under the principles of the Bonn Declaration, retaliatory action in the nature of self preservation by third States against an offending State are subjectively assessed, and that action taken should be commensurate with the gravity of the infringement of the provisions of the Declaration. Be that as it may, the Bonn Declaration was a clear demonstration that positive action can be taken against the threat of interference with international civil aviation if there is international cooperation. The signatories to the Bonn Declaration were the largest manufacturers of aircraft and their airlines covered more than half the world’s scheduled passenger kilometres. They obviated the insurmountable difficulty of obtaining all the signatures of the ICAO contracting States while amply demonstrating that agreements of this nature are effective tools against the terrorist.

Due to increased international awareness of the importance of fisheries subsidies, this issue has made its way into WTO negotiations and at a series of Ministerial Conferences in the past decade.222 At first, the arguments among the WTO Members were on whether the existing SCM Agreement was sufficient for regulating fisheries subsidies or whether there was a need for new fisheries subsidies regulations within the WTO framework. The mandates of the Doha Ministerial Declaration and of the Hong Kong Ministerial Declaration firmly established that there was a need for new fisheries subsidies regulations. At first the debate was on whether the structure of fisheries subsidies regulations should be based on a topdown or bottom-up approach. The discussions then moved increasingly towards a more detailed scrutiny of the sub-categories of fisheries subsidies and more concrete legal texts. This Chapter examines the negotiations at different stages from the Uruguay Round Negotiations to the most recent status to understand the reasoning and positions of different Members.

Good morning ladies and gentlemen. The first good news is I have no slides. Thesecond good news is that I am also moderating a session somewhere else at the sametime. So I have to be as brief as possible. You’ll all be happy about that. I wanted todo this nevertheless for two or three reasons: the first reason is – some of you mayremember – that last year at ITB we actually organized with ITB a whole session onthe climate change issue. And the bottom line of that session was a commitment ofthe WTO to work with ITB, to work with everybody in a continuing path that wehave been embarking on since 2003 with the World Meteological Organization andlatterly with the World Economic Forum. We call this the Davos Declaration Processand the whole point is that there aren’t any leaders on this issue and it’s a reality.It’s an evolving reality but it is only evolving in one direction. If we don’t fix theissue by 2050, our children won’t have any issue to fix. And if we don’t fix it in away that commits to start now because as Nick Stirns said: The longer we wait themore it costs. But the reality is that the longer we wait the more difficult it is to fix.And that’s why the meeting in Copenhagen at the end of year and the meeting beforethat for the private sector are so important to give us a new platform to moveforward on this whole issue of climate neutrality which Carbon Management is acritical part of. It doesn’t matter what the numbers are, at least at this stage, thatcome out at Copenhagen at the end of the year. What matters are some fundamentals.There is a system movement and the UN system as a whole is an important partof that in tourism now because the WTO has a seat at the table. The UN is leading ortrying to lead a road map towards climate neutrality by 2050 to put a date out there.They have to fix something everybody rich and poor will some kind of deal whichlooks after the poor particularly and make sure that at to the extent possibly economykeeps tuning along in the right way. And we have to make sure that whatever isdone it embraces everybody. There is nobody who is going to be out of this dealwhether it ’s a special interest whether it’s airlines because of difficult situationseverybody has to be in this deal.

“Europe’s wealth lies in the knowledge and ability of its people.” This sentence, from the 2007 Berlin Declaration to mark the 50th anniversary of the signing of the Treaties of Rome, not only highlighted the need for a European innovation policy, it also illustrated that globalization, open-access journals, and the Internet have ushered in a new era in the history of science. From the early 18th century, the major cycles in the history of science were shaped by France, then Germany, the United Kingdom, and finally the United States. However, individual centers in the East and West or entire regions such as Europe are increasingly becoming today’s pioneers. Consistent business innovation strategies – supported by a prudent innovation policy – are the key requirements for exploiting Europe’s wealth and strategically leveraging her people’s talents. Innovations in the 21st century are the result of complex conditions and dynamic processes. This requires adequate innovation management that focuses systematically on adding value. This rationalization and systematization of creativity and the spirit of invention is not contradictory. This is what Thomas Edison meant when he said genius is one percent inspiration and 99 percent perspiration.

Licht, sagt man, hat kein Herz. Es zeigt das vorher Verdunkelte nun ganz unvollkommen. Wer aber stark ist, versteht das Licht und weis dankbar fur sich, was zu tun ist. Wer das Licht versteht, muss achten, sein Herz zu behalten.

MADAM was designed by the Centre for Tropical Marine Ecology (ZMT) in Bremen to establish a German research focus on “Ecology of Tropical Coastal Regions” aiming at improving the scientific basis for the protection and utilization of tropical coastal ecosystems. It was based on partnership with scientific institutions in Brazil. The development of the MADAM Project as a wide scope and long-term approach in environmental research was an early response of Brazil and Germany to worldwide disintegration of natural fragile ecosystems in the tropics. It was developed in the light of the Rio Declaration, Agenda 21, of the United Nations Conference for Environment and Development 1992, which promoted a worldwide policy for sustainable development and cooperation and drew attention to the ecological functions of threatened ecosystems like the mangroves. MADAM started in 1995 as a bilateral integrated long-term research project on mangrove dynamics and management. Financial support ended after 10 years in 2005, but the successful scientific cooperation is still ongoing.

Below is the first published declaration of the goals of the ICMCC Foundation as well as an introduction to the ICMCC 2005 event, of which this article was the introduction to the proceedings.

The use of control orders is a tool adopted under counter-terrorism legislation in the United Kingdom and Australia which has the potential to engage a number of rights, the rights to liberty and fair hearing in particular. As discussed in the preceding chapter, the indefinite detention regime under Part 4 of the Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001 (UK) was declared by the House of Lords to be incompatible with the rights to liberty and non-discrimination in 2004. Responding to that declaration, the indefinite detention provisions in the Act were repealed under section 16(2)(a) of the Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005 (PTA). The PTA at the same time established a regime for the making of control orders imposing obligations on persons for “purposes connected with protecting members of the public from a risk of terrorism”. By the end of the same year in which control orders were introduced in the United Kingdom, Australia established the same mechanism under Division 104 of the Criminal Code Act 1995.

The Inter-American human rights system has several bodies dedicated to the promotion and protection of human rights (i.e., the Inter-American Children's Institute). The focus of this discussion is, however, on the following two independent organs of the Organization of American States (OAS) namely: The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights The Inter-American Court of Human Rights The Organization of American States (OAS). Before discussing the Inter-American Human Rights System, it is necessary to describe briefly the Organization of American States (OAS). The OAS was established in 1948 at the Ninth International Conference of American States in Bogota, Colombia. All 35 independent countries of the Americas have ratified the OAS Charter and belong to the OAS (though Cuba's government has been excluded from participation in the OAS since 1962 even though the State is still a member). Since then there have been amendments to the OAS Charter by way of the 1967 Protocol of Buenos Aires and the 1985 Protocol of Cartagena de India. The Ninth International Conference accepted the international instrument known as the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man in 1948 which preceded the Universal Declaration of Human Rights by several months. The American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man (aside from the section dealing with duties) sets out various civil and political rights of the individual while that individual is under the jurisdiction of a member State of the OAS. These rights exist as per the Declaration irrespective of whether or not that individual is, or is not a national of the State in question at the time. While the Declaration was originally viewed by the OAS member States as a non-binding instrument, it is today regarded by the OAS as a legally binding international treaty for the OAS member States. A number of resolutions were taken at the Ninth International Conference which ultimately led to Conventions that extended certain further rights to various groups such as workers and women.

The current contribution will elaborate on the manner in which the Declaration of the International Labour Organization (ILO) on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work1 (hereinafter the 1998 Declaration) functions as an instrument of governance for the purpose of promotion and persuasion. The purpose of this activity is to improve the observance by States of certain principles contained in the 1998 Declaration. At the outset one should stress that this governance technique is a trade mark of the ILO as a whole and not only of the 1998 Declaration. The basic premise of the ILO is to rely on cooperation and dialogue rather than sanctions in its efforts to realize its goals. Public promotion and moral persuasion involve mobilizing peer pressure and shaming through the threat, or act, of exposing breaches of international labour standards to the international community. Technical assistance, which constitutes a particular concretisation of promotion and persuasion, ranges from advising on legislative reform and training of government officials to strengthening the capacity of governments, workers organisations and employers organisations for realizing international labour standards. The ILO does not have the means or the mandate to engage in governance techniques such as black-listing or the imposition of financial sanctions, as may be the case with, for example, the United Nations Security Council. Instead, its governance techniques are more comparable to those of many human rights supervisory bodies within the United Nations system. All of these systems rely on reporting, dialogue and technical assistance as a mechanism for enforc-ing certain international obligations and none of them possess any coercive powers.

On the occasion of the VW Group Supplier Awards in 2005, Mr. Garcia Sanz, Member of the Board of Management of Volkswagen AG responsible for procurement, honored the award winning suppliers, saying: “Partnership is a key element of our long-term strategy. In these turbulent times, the Volkswagen Group Award recognizes successful cooperation” (BNET 2005). This declaration made us curious, how Volkswagen Group manages supplier relationships. The case study at hand stems from interviews with experts in procurement at Volkswagen Group, Wolfsburg, Germany, in August 2008. Given our model approach, we were particularly interested in the management of buyer-supplier relationships, the contracts employed and the handling of quality issues. In the following, we will document Volkswagen Group’s current approach to Supplier Relationship Management including the different models for supplier management.