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With content analysis method, this paper analyzed information of 2,276 festivals and 630 exhibitions from November 2006 to June 2008 in China, which was collected from consecutive subscription of Google Gmails that contained massage about Chinese festivals information. Regarding festivals and exhibitions as two different independent populations, the industrial features were compared, such as the index of seasonal concentration, the time duration, the index of industry concentration, and the influencing scale. Results of this paper show that in terms of temporal distribution the festivals were more dispersed among different seasons, and festivals lasted for a longer time than exhibitions. In terms of influencing scale, both of the scales of festivals and exhibitions showed a feature of “two head is large, the intermediate part is small” (the proportion of regional festivals and exhibitions are lower than that of national and local ones). In terms of industry distributing festivals were more concentrated than exhibitions.

Social network has become a global phenomenon which attracts a wide range of population from all around the world of different ages, and cultures. People are using online social networks for several purposes like sharing information, chatting with friends, sharing photos and commenting. However, the analysis of users' behavior in social networks received little attention. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze user behavior in terms of users' activities in social network sites by adopting eye tracking techniques. Four main measurements were examined which includes the first place user looks, time spent on areas of interest, main activities and completion time. Results from eye tracking analysis based on the first place user looks and on the time duration have indicated that wallpost recorded most users' attention. Results have shown that the main activity was reading friends' status on the wall posts area. The findings provide support for the effort to understand and to model user behavior using eye tracking technique.

This paper proposes a loss-free time-slot allocation (LTA) algorithm working on Optical Burst Switching (OBS) for ring and mesh hybrid networks. It preserves the number of time-slots for each source node, so that it avoids contention among time-slots fundamentally just by sacrificing acceptable delay at source nodes. In order to manipulate time-slots efficiently, it is suggested that an OBS superframe, which is a cyclic time duration. In addition, we propose a flow control scheme aiding the LTA algorithm, adjusting the number of time-slots allocated for source nodes so as to prevent loss of data bursts from buffer overflow of source nodes. Simulation results show that the LTA algorithm achieves zero blocking rate with acceptable queueing delay at moderate traffic loads. Moreover, the proposed flow control scheme supporting the LTA algorithm maintains a target upper-bound of queueing delay, and thus packet loss caused by buffer overflow is inhabited.

A new and powerful source of information concerning the Italian Labor Market is represented by C.OBB datasets, which record the kind of job contract (with its successive modifications) of all the workers in many Italian Provinces. By means of this information and focusing on the Province of Cremona, we analyze the mobility of employees among different kinds of job contracts (and unemployment also): in particular, from contracts characterized by modest packages of securities toward more structured working relations, ending with Unlimited Time Duration Contracts. The statistical tool used for this analysis is Continuous Time Mover- Stayer Model. Our analysis reveals low mobility from Limited Time Duration to Unlimited Time Duration contracts. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013.

This paper introduces a superstable state-space representation suitable for modeling short-duration wave propagation dynamics in large domain. The true system dimensions and the number of output nodes can be extremely large, yet one is only interested in the propagation dynamics during a relatively short time duration. The superstable model can be interpreted as a finite-time version of the standard state-space model that is equivalent to the unit pulse response model. The state-space format of the model allows to user to take advantage of extensive state-space based tools that are widely available for simulation, model reduction, dynamic inversion, Kalman filtering, etc. The practical utility of the new representation is demonstrated in modeling the acoustic propagation of a sound source in a complex city center environment.

This chapter examines the evidence on the association between time to treatment and perforation rates. Time to treatment is divided into two components; patient time, which is the time from symptom onset to presentation to healthcare system and system time which includes time delays between presentation and definitive treatment. While patient time is associated with increased perforation rates and worse outcomes, poor effects of system delays are less consistently shown, likely because total time duration between symptom onset and treatment is not taken into account, timing has not been accurately documented, and possibly due to different disease processes for perforated and non-perforated appendicitis. The impact of increased use of CT for the diagnosis of appendicitis on delay and perforation rates is discussed.

Considering the aging population, the prevention of falls will become increasingly importance. One of the causes of an elderly people fall is the incrimination of a body sway. Therefore we thought about stimuli to receptor to decrease body sway. The purpose of this study is to suppress a body sway by giving planta pedis stimuli by single frequency vibration. Our developed equipment can give vibration stimuli to planta pedis on three points from 50 to 400Hz. The vibration stimuli points are heel, the root of big toe and the root of a little toe. The intensity of stimuli is set to 90% of the smallest stimuli intensity that the subject can feel it. In other words a subject does not feel vibration. The frequency of stimuli is 200Hz, 225Hz, 250Hz, 275Hz, 300Hz. We judged the effect of vibration stimuli by time duration of one-leg standing without vision and the trajectory of body sway. The results showed that the time duration extended and the trajectory of body sway decreased. Most effective frequency was 225Hz. Our conclusion is that the vibration stimuli to planta pedis are useful for fall prevention of elderly people.

Considering the aging population, the prevention of falls will become increasingly importance. One of the causes of an elderly people fall is the increase of the center of gravity deflection. Therefore we thought about stimuli to vibration receptor. The purpose of this study is to suppress the center of gravity deflection by giving planta pedis stimuli by single frequency vibration. We made a simple vibration stimulator which can give 225Hz vibration stimuli to planta pedis on three points. This frequency was decided by our prior study. The vibration stimuli points are heel, the root of big toe and the root of a little toe. The intensity of stimuli is set to 90% of the smallest stimuli intensity that the subject can feel it. We evaluated the effect of vibration stimuli by time duration of one-leg standing with closed eyes and the locus of the center of gravity deflection. The results showed that the time duration extended and the trajectory of the center of gravity deflection decreased even in only one point stimulation. Most effective point was the root of big toe. Our result is that the vibration stimuli to planta pedis are useful for fall prevention of elderly people.

Recent sensor technologies have enabled the capture of users' behavior data. Given the large amount of data currently available from sensor-equipped environments, it is important to attempt characterization of the sensor data for automatically modeling users in a ubiquitous and mobile computing environment. As described herein, we propose a method that predicts a customer model using features based on customers' behavior in a shop. We capture the customers' behavior using various sensors in the form of the time duration and the sequence between blocks in the shop. Based on behavior data from the sensors, we design features that characterize the behavior pattern of a customer in the shop. We employ those features using a machine learning approach to predict customer attributes such as age, gender, occupation, and interest. Our results show that our designed behavior-based features perform with F -values of 70---90% for prediction. We also discuss the potential applications of our method in user modeling.

Foot problems in leprosy subjects are of major concern. Quantitative assessment of corrective foot drops surgery in detecting effectiveness of recovery after surgery overtime having prime importance. This paper quantifies and distinguishes between the foot pressure images of leprotic subject for preoperative as well as different duration of postoperative and of normal foot. Detailed analysis is performed on walking foot pressure distribution image in the frequency domain. Power ratio (PR) (ratio of power in higher spatial frequency components to the total power in the power spectrum) is used to distinguish between the foot pressure image pattern in preoperative and postoperative over different time duration. Statistical Analysis involving calculation of ‘p’ using Welch ANOVA test followed by post Dunnett’s test and Kruskal-Wallis test has been carried out on mean PR to understand the progress of recovery after surgery from preoperative state and with normal state in all the foot sole areas. It is observed that the postoperative stages are the one with increase sensitive feet and decrease PR. These results could help in early detection of recovery and/or defect of surgery, and thereby help orthopedic surgeons for early corrective action for preserving or restoring normal foot function.

This paper presents ReflectiveSigns, i.e. digital signage (public electronic displays) that automatically learns the audience preferences for certain content in different contexts and presents content accordingly. Initially, content (videos, images and news) are presented in a random manner. Using cameras installed on the signs, the system observes the audience and detects if someone is watching the content (via face detection). The anonymous view time duration is then stored in a central database, together with date, time and sign location. When scheduling content, the signs calculate the expected view time for each content type depending on sign location and time using a Naive Bayes classifier. Content is then selected randomly, with the probability for each content weighted by the expected view time. The system has been deployed for two months on four digital signs in a university setting using semi-realistic content & content types. We present a first evaluation of this approach that concentrates on major effects and results from interviews with 15 users.

A privacy auditing framework for Hippocratic databases accepts an administrator formulated audit expression and returns all suspicious user queries that satisfy the given constraints in that audit expression. Such an expression should be expressive, precise, unambiguous and flexible to describe various characteristics of a privacy violation such as target data (sensitive data subject to disclosure review), suspicion notion, authorized privacy policy parameters through which the violation is possible, and time duration of the privacy violation. Earlier proposed audit expression models for the auditing are not flexible and do not specify suspicion notion with in the audit expression for the auditing of past user accesses. We propose a unified model for an audit expression which can specify earlier proposed audit expressions along with different suspicion notions. The model includes (i) a suspicion notion model which unifies earlier proposed suspicion notions, and (ii) mechanisms to specify data versions.

In this paper we introduce a formal model for reasoning about resource sensitive timed component connectors. We extended the constraint automata model, which is used as the semantic model for the exogenous channelbased coordination language Reo, through integrating both resource and time information. This model allows to specify both the interactions that take time to be performed and timeouts. Moreover, the model reflects resource issues, such as bandwidth or allocated memory, that may affect the time needed for interactions when specifying the timed behavior of connectors. The time duration that an interaction takes is represented by a function on the available resources. In addition to the formalism, we also discuss compositional reasoning and present two notions of simulation to relate different connectors from functional and resourcesensitive temporal perspectives respectively.

In this paper, we describe an audio fingerprinting-based commercial monitoring system for TV broadcasting. The goal of the commercial monitoring is to identify commercials being broadcasted and find out the time duration. If there are similar commercials in the fingerprint database, we sometimes have trouble in determining which commercial has been broadcasted. To solve this problem, we propose the partial distance comparison method which identifies commercials and discriminates them from background music. Experimental results show that the proposed method improves commercial-identification performance by discriminating different versions of the same commercial.

The clinical community has long shown interest in the concept of extracting as many motor unit action potentials (MUAPs) as possible from an intramuscular electromyographic (EMG) signal. Adrian and Bronk (1929) developed the first concentric needle electrode to identify both shape and firing rate of the MUAPs. Subsequent manual approaches of graphically measuring and quantifying the EMG signal evolved into computer-based techniques directed at identifying individual action potentials and discharge times by shape discrimination. The Precision Decomposition technique described in this chapter recovers all the usable information available in the EMG signal. The information can be conveniently grouped into two categories: morphology and control properties. Morphology describes the parameters of the MUAP shape such as the peak-to-peak amplitude, the time duration, the number of phases, and the area. These parameters are provided by the recovered Concentric and Macro MUAP. The morphology of the MUAP describes features that are related to the anatomical and physiological properties of the muscle fibers. These are the parameters which the clinician is accustomed to evaluating during a standard clinical EMG examination. The control properties of the motor units dictate the firing characteristics of the motor units. Therefore, the firing characteristics provide a description of how the motor units are controlled by the central nervous system and to some extent the peripheral nervous system. Clinically, they quantify upper motoneuron diseases.

In many planning tasks the planning specialist sooner or later is confronted with the necessity of presenting his/her design to the future user and altering the design if necessary. In the ideal case the iterative planning process should be carried out interactively with the user to essential reduce the duration of each step in the iterative planning spiral. Further advantages of such a general cooperation between planer and user in a design would be the reduction of costs which nearly is inseperable from the shortening of the time duration. In addition, there is the possiblity to more quickly evaluate various varients of the design.

A new algorithm of implementing the cell mapping analysis for optimal control of dynamic systems is proposed. Cells in state space are re-arranged around the target set; a unique discriminate principle is developed to make the most engineering problems be treated in a simple rule; allowable control set can be given according to the specified condition; the possible number of time duration can be as many as it required, constrains can be also treated without much cost on the computation.