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This study evaluated the feasibility of using the iPod Touch as an alternative low-vision magnifier by comparing its usability issues, subjective ratings, and preferences with those of two existing low-vision magnifiers (SmartView Pocket and Amigo). Thirty participants (30-91 years) performed magnification adjustment tasks and reading tasks using three devices and rated the devices based on ease of use, ease of understanding, and satisfaction. The results show 60% of the participants preferred the pinch zoom gesture and 66% preferred the scrolling one-finger gesture on the iPod Touch. This high user preference data indicate participants' acceptability of finger gestures, which suggests new opportunities for the adoption of new technology for low-vision video magnifiers. The gesture interfaces may be a promising method for magnification and navigation for low-vision users.

Increasingly, users are accessing the e-commerce website by mobile device. Users are performing complicated tasks when they are shopping on line, like searching, comparing and adding products to cart. Due to the vast application on PC and limited size of the screen of the mobile device, it is common to present web page in scrolling format, especially on the SRP (Search Result Page) of mobile Commerce Site. Although a large body of work have done to investigate the impact of the scrolling and paging on the words reading, comprehension and even recall, the results of these studies have few implications for the SRP of e-commerce web site. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of interaction style (paging or scrolling) on the SRP of mobile commerce web site. We examine execution times for within SRP searching tasks varying interaction styles (scrolling and pagination). Meanwhile, error rate of recall task was recorded to indicate the influence of interaction style on the working memory.

It is physiologically known that the vestibular system and the autonomic nervous system interact with each other. The motion sickness can affect both these systems, and severity of the motion sickness is expected to be measured by dysfunction of the equilibrium system. We have proposed a new index, sparse density (SPD), of stationary stabilograms for detecting the metamorphism in the (temporally averaged) potential function of stochastic differential equations, which occurs when a human attempts to maintain an upright posture. It is known that a mathematical model of the body sway can be developed by a stochastic process. The authors have succeeded in finding the nonlinearity in the potential function. Subjects in a standing position were stimulated by a movie scrolling from left to right on a liquid crystal display (LCD) in measurement 1 and a stereoscopic video clip on an LCD in measurement 2. As a result, the dynamics of the body sway in the presence of the stimulus as well as in its absence were considered to be stochastic. The metamorphism in the potential function during exposure to blurred images and a stereoscopic video clip could be detected by using the SPD.

Web-based graphical user interfaces (GUIs) are mostly not tailored for small devices with touchscreens, such as smartphones. There is little scientific evidence on the conditions where additional taps for navigation are better or scrolling. Therefore, we conducted a user study in which we evaluated different ways of tailoring a GUI for a smartphone. Each participant performed the same task with two different layouts of the same GUI. We collected quantitative data through measuring task completion time and error rates, as well as qualitative data through subjective questionnaires. The main result is that minimizing the number of taps is important on a smartphone. Users performed significantly better when they could scroll (vertically), instead of tapping on widget elements (tabs). This preference was also reflected in their subjective opinions.

Part 1: Long and Short Papers; International audience; This paper presents two studies investigating the use of novel modalities for bimanual vertical scrolling on tablet devices. Several bimanual interaction techniques are presented, using a combination of physical dial, touch and pressure input, which split the control of scrolling speed and scrolling direction across two hands. The new interaction techniques are compared to equivalent unimanual techniques in a controlled linear targeting task. The results suggest that participants can select targets significantly faster and with a lower subjective workload using the bimanual techniques.

This study aim was to compare the computer exposure and forearm musculoskeletal symptoms among three computer use groups by an external logger. 30 participants were recruited in this study and divided into three groups: 10 computer-document (CD) processors, 10 computer-aided design (CAD) draftsmen, and 10 online gamers. Computer use of each participant was recorded for 10 consecutive days. Questionnaire survey was conducted to collect musculoskeletal complaints in participants’ upper limbs right after data collection period. Quantitative parameters computed using recorded data were daily keystrokes, mouse clicks, wheel scrolling counts, mouse movement and dragged distance. Experimental results showed that the online gamers had the significantly higher keyboard activities than typical keyboard users, CD processors. Also, it had the higher mouse activities than the typical mouse users, CAD draftsmen. However, musculoskeletal complaint in their upper limbs was not greater than that of CD processors and CAD draftsmen. There existed a complicate relationship between cumulative hazards and computer uses. Experimental results indicated that computer use duration alone could not accurately represent the workloads of various computer tasks. Adequate tools are needed for quantifying user computer exposure and providing detailed information for various computer tasks.

The SmoothScroll control is a multi-scale, multi-layer slider for the navigation in large one-dimensional datasets such as time series data. Presenting multiple data layers at gradually varying scales provides both detail and context information and allows for both fine-grained and coarse navigation and scrolling at different granularities. Visual data aggregation allows for multi-level navigation while the clear visual relation of the data layers aids the user in retaining a sense of both the current detail position and the immediate and global context. We describe SmoothScroll as well as related controls and discuss its application with the help of several usage examples.

In this paper, we present our vision and some initial experiments on how to anticipate significance, similarity or polarity of various types of (preferably implicit) user feedback and how to form individual user preference for recommendation. Throughout the corporate web, we can observe the same patterns or actions in user behavior (e.g. page-view, amount of scrolling, rating or purchasing). Recorded user behavior --- user feedback --- is often used as base for personalized recommendation, but the connection between the feedback and user preference is often unclear or noisy.Our goal is to analyze user behavior in order to understand its relation to the user preference. We report on some initial experiments on a real-world e-commerce application. We describe our new models and methods how to combine various feedback types and how to learn user preferences.

This paper presents a new approach for controlling mouse movement and implementing mouse functions using a real-time camera. Most existing approaches involve changing mouse parts such as adding more but-tons or changing the position of the tracking ball. In-stead, we propose to change the hardware design. Our method is to use a camera, image comparison technology and motion detection technology to control mouse movement and implement its functions (right click, left click, scrolling and double click).

The goal of this study was to determine the level at which touch screen latency becomes annoying for common tablet tasks. Two types of touch screen latency were manipulated for three applications: Web page browsing, photo viewing, and ebook reading. Initial latency conditions involved an initial delay in the screen’s visual response to touch inputs but with no delay after the beginning of a touch input. Continuous latency involved continuous delay for the duration of a touch input. Both types were tested from 80 to 780 ms. Touch inputs included resizing with multitouch input, panning, scrolling, zooming, and page turning. Results showed a statistically significant main effect for application, but differences were small. Continuous and initial latency showed little difference in ratings except with ebook reading. Trend graphs show levels of user ratings by latency duration.

This paper is concerned with design of a hybrid billboard with scrolling printed images and remotely updatable light emitting diodes matrix display for advertisement purposes. The images showing the advertisements are printed on a backlit sheet that is rolled on both left and right ends of the sheet. Thus, rolling a sheet on one direction allows translational moves of the image that is being shown to the viewer. The system is combined with the LED matrix display that shows the message of the products that is currently being displayed in the rotating image part. This message could be modified wirelessly anytime in a very short time by using a user interface program that is operated from distance in the office of the advertisement company.

One of the most common resources for assistance to users while dealing with programming languages is online help, which is topic-oriented, procedural or reference information delivered through online software. This research paper reports observations about organizational factors with online helps for programming languages. These observations are viz. Organized Index of Content, Hyperlinks, Grouping of Items, Use of Tables / Charts / figures, Scrolling Effect, Cascading Effect, Multilingual Support and Help in Video Format. They are compiled based on authors’ experience, discussions with active users and literature study about online helps. The users with programming languages can be classified as tool users, programmers, developers and architects. We find that organized index, hyperlinks, grouping of items and use of tables / charts / figures are important for all users with programming languages. These organizational factors directly affect the usability of online helps with programming languages. They should be considered by designers / developers of such online helps so that their users are encouraged in efficient usage and referencing while dealing with products / systems like programming languages.

Mobile internet browsing usually involves a lot of horizontal and vertical scrolling, which makes web browsing time-consuming and in addition to this user may be interested in a section of a webpage, which may not fit to the mobile screen. This requires more scrolling in both dimensions. In this paper, we propose to address this problem by re-arranging the geometric sequence of the blocks from a large webpage while maintaining their semantics. Our proposed system, Web-adaptor, reduces unnecessary information by allowing its users to see the most relevant blocks of the page and provides the target contents. The Web-adaptor assigns profit to each object of the webpage according to the user preferences. It also assigns a weight to each object of the block by analyzing the object’s elements. It uses greedy algorithm to select the profitable blocks, and delivers them to handheld devices. The proposed solution improves web content accessibility and delivers the target contents to the users.

myCOMAND case study explores the vision of an interactive user interface (UI) in the vehicle providing access to a large variety of information items aggregated from Web services It was created for gaining insights into applicability of personalization and recommendation approaches for the visual ranking and grouping of items, composed as interactive UI layout components (e.g carousels, lists) Quick access to preferred and important items can support less distracting interaction with a large web-based content collections and smaller screen size Content gets aggregated on the server and then synchronized to an onboard module Ranking for each data item is annotated based on a user profiles with a fuzzy preferences and a shared taxonomy on content categories Preference values are implicitly learned from user interaction, but can be set explicitly by the user too A circular UI component for browsing Internet radio stations is described, which dynamically groups items into categories during scrolling Items are ranked according to the user's preferences and item novelty A visual overview mode helps to quickly review the structure of large content collections.

We presentate a pc software to give disabled persons the possibility of writing texts without mouse and keyboard. Single letters and words are presented, scrolling over the screen. The suggested words are chosen from a self-learning database by frequency of their use. Although different kinds of binary input signals can be used, we focused on blink detection for choosing letters and words. Algorithms based on Haar Cascades are used for finding the eyes. We aim on low-cost realisation, therefore a state-of-the-art Windows based computer and a commercially available webcam is used. As an alternative input device we used a acceleration sensor for motion detection. We could successfully demonstrate quick text writing with different test persons.

In 2006, on the occasion of the 800-year anniversary of the Saxonian capital Dresden a web presentation of selected maps and historical vedute stored in the Saxonian State- and University Library – Sachsische Landesbibliothek, Staats- und Universitatsbibliothek (SLUB) in Dresden, Germany, was initiated. Since then this digital map collection named “Kartenforum Sachsen” (“Map Forum Saxony”) has been significantly extended.This map forum represents an information portal of both the Saxon and foreign libraries, museums and archives managed by the Deutsche Fotothek (German Photothek) of SLUB. Currently it offers roughly 5,300 of the most important historical cartographic media (maps and vedute) of all involved collections. The digitising needs highest resolution requirements. The article describes the analog/digital conversion of the originals, data processing (by means of Zoomify), its zooming and scrolling possibilities. The further extension of the “map forum” is currently on the way until 2011 within the scope a project funded by the German Research Council (DFG). E. a. it is planned to realise the map-based searching for larger maps and map series by means of an open standard interface (Google Maps API).

What is the relationship between memorization of information and the behavior used to retrieve that information? Searching for photos stored on a media is a common activity. Chances are that it is easier to find some types of photos than others. To determine the reason for this, we conducted a user study to clarify the mechanisms people use to retrieve information. We found that the operational patterns differed with the degree of memorization and the types of target photos. In particular, we found that the overall relative positions of target contents and/or the order of the arrangement affect memorization. The difference in operational patterns can be interpreted as a difference in retrieval strategies. These findings should contribute to the field of computer-human interactions, enabling the mechanisms used to retrieve information to be better understood. This understanding should lead to interfaces that can dynamically and appropriately assess user intentions and situations.

We present an empirical study which aims at assessing the effects of dynamic 3D visualizations of randomly ordered photo collections on visual search effectiveness, efficiency and comfort. 20 participants performed visual search tasks in collections of about 1000 colour photos using 2 perspective views of a vertical cylinder: thumbnails were displayed on its lateral surface either on the inside (IV) or on the outside (OV). Scrolling IV suggests locomotion in an immersive virtual space while scrolling OV suggests manipulation of a 3D virtual object. Perspective distortions in OV "channel" gaze towards the centre of the screen while IV permits of freer gaze movements. A majority of participants (12) performed noticeably better with one view (IV or OV) than with the other. Animation and perspective distortions influenced visual exploration strategies (16 participants). Preferences, which varied across participants, were mainly motivated by individual visual capabili-ties; the influence of interaction metaphors was marginal. Qualitative analyses of participants' behaviours suggest that IV has the potential to support spatial memory. These results indicate that adaptable perspective views may facilitate and improve visual search in unstructured picture collections.

For many motor disabled persons, using scanning systems remains the only means of communication. The main disadvantage of this system is the slow pace of communication. A way to raise the pace for the selection of messages consists in optimizing the basic scrolling time. The purpose of this pape ris to describe a method making it possible to adjust this time in an automatic and adaptive way.

The communication itself is considered as a multimodal interactive process binding speech with other modalities. In this contribution some results of the project MobilTel (Mobile Multimodal Telecommunications System) are presented. It has provided a research framework resulting in a development of mobile terminal (PDA) based multimodal interface, enabling user to obtain information from internet by multimodal way through wireless telecommunication network. The MobilTel communicator is a speech centric multimodal system with speech interaction capabilities in Slovak language supplemented with graphical modalities. The graphical modalities are pen - touch screen interaction, keyboard, and display on which the information is more user friendly presented, and provides hyperlink and scrolling menu availability. The architecture of the MobilTel communicator and methods of interaction between PDA and MobilTel communicator are described. The graphical examples of services that enable users to obtain information about weather or information about train connection are also presented.

Auto-scrolling is useful when the reader wishes to move the text continuously to where the reader's eyes are fixated on the visual display without having to press the control button on the scrolling device all the time. In this paper, we conducted an experiment to study the effects of scroll speed in text error search tasks. The study considered three experimental factors, scroll speed, error type, and article length. Reading performance and fatigue were measured with the error search accuracy and subjective evaluation. The result indicates that scrolling at a high speed would cause a decrease in error identification, affecting the quality of reading

When people collaborate remotely, the WWW is part of the shared resources they use together. However, web pages do not offer support for collaborative interaction such as viewing or influencing another user’s browsing session – additional software needs to be installed for these features. In this paper, we present UsaProxy 2, an HTTP proxy that allows the same web page or application to be viewed and used in two browsers at the same time, without client-side software installation. This includes a visualisation of the remote user’s mouse pointer, scrolling, keyboard input, following links to other pages and more. Our open-source proxy modifies HTML pages before delivering them to the browsers. The added JavaScript code provides session monitoring and shared browsing facilities. We conducted an experimental evaluation which shows that our approach works for different scenarios, such as shopping online and exchanging ideas on what to buy. The user study showed that our approach is accepted and liked by users. Combined with audio or text chat communication, it provides a very useful tool for informal, ad-hoc collaboration.

Reading the contents ofWeb page with a small-screen device, such as a PDA or cell-phone, is still far from being a pleasant experience. Owing to the device limitations, current mobile browsers cannot handle all HTML tags, such as tables, for instance. Thus, most mobile browsers provide a linearized version of the source HTML page, leading to a large amount of scrolling, not to mention the difficulty in finding the desired content. The main contribution of this work is to propose an architecture for adapting web page on small-screen devices. Among the features that our architecture offers, we can cite on-the-fly Web page adaptation and customization according to the user and device characteristics; text summarization; page blocks identification and content mapping to easy the task of locating user interests.

A web browser of a limited size has difficulty in expressing on a screen information about goods like an Internet shopping mall. Page scrolling is used to overcome such a limitation in expression. For a web page using page scrolling, it is impossible to use click-stream based analysis in analyzing interest for each area by page scrolling. In this study, a web-using mining system is presented, designed, and implemented using page scrolling to track the position of the scroll bar and movements of the window cursor regularly within a window browser for real-time transfer to a mining server and to analyze user's interest by using information received from the analysis of the visual perception area of the web page.

In this keynote talk, the author will describe concepts and technologies for next-generation search engines and browsers for searching and browsing contents beyond media types and places. Currently, digital content are represented by different media such as text, images, video etc. Also, digital content are created, stored and used on a variety of places (devices) such as independent digital archives, World Wide Web, TV HDD/DVD recorders, personal PCs, digital appliances and mobile devices. The viewing styles of these content are different. That is, WWW pages are accessed and viewed in an active manner such as a conventional Web browser (reading, scrolling and clicking interface). On the other hand, TV content are accessed and viewed in a passive manner. As for searching these "ambient multimedia contents", currently, many commercial search engines cover only WWW content and personal PC contents, called "desktop search". First, the author describes research issues necessary for searching “ambient multimedia contents”. The main research issues are (1) cross-media search, (2) ranking methods for contents without hyperlinks, and (3) integration of search results. As for cross-media search, the author describes query-free search, complementary-information retrieval, and cross-media meta-search. Second, the author describes ways of browsing “ambient multimedia content”. The main topics of the second part are new browsers by media conversion of digital content, concurrent and comparative browsers for multiple contents. For example, the proposed browsers have an ability to automatically convert Web content into TV content, and vice versa. The last part of the talk is concerned with mining metadata owned by search engines and its usage for computing the "trustness" of the searched results.

When scrolling through a list on a small display, such as that on a cell phone, the "focus" is the currently highlighted item that would be selected were the user to stop scrolling and choose select. When scrolling through a list that is longer than the number of items that may be displayed simultaneously, the focus position becomes stationary and the items scroll under it. An experiment is reported which varies this stationary focus position in a five item display. It was either: the last item in window (end stop scheme), the next to last (view forward one item) or the centre (view forward two items). The centre position allowed significantly faster scrolling than the other two positions.

We propose a “Zooming Cross-Media” concept that uses zooming to achieve both changes in the level of detail and transitions between media, for contents containing varied media. Examples are text, images, video, and sound. As part of the concept, we propose a zooming description language (ZDL) based on XML. Unlike existing zooming interfaces, ZDL codes the zooming operation and behavior on the content side. Because ZDL adopts XML coding, we can locate “zooming” as the third interface in the Web document environment after “scrolling” and “anchor clicking.” The zooming operation and behavior is independently coded from the content structure in ZDL. With ZDL, it is possible to (1) control the zooming of each “zoom object” making up the contents, (2) control the degree of zooming by introducing a “zoom rate” parameter, and (3) relate objects mutually and specify zooming propagation between related objects.

We present an approach for facilitating user interaction on mobile devices, focusing on camera-enabled mobile phones. A user interacts with an application by moving their device. An on-board camera is used to capture incoming video and the scrolling direction and magnitude are estimated using a feature-based tracking algorithm. The direction is used as the scroll direction in the application, and the magnitude is used to set the zoom level. The camera is treated as a pointing device and zoom level control in applications. Our approach generates mouse events, so any application that is mouse-driven can make use of this technique.

In this paper we evaluate techniques for browsing photographs on small displays. We present two new interaction techniques that replace conventional scrolling and zooming controls. Via a single user action, scrolling and zooming are inter-dependently controlled with AutoZoom and independently controlled with GestureZoom. Both techniques were evaluated in a large-scale, 72-subject usability experiment alongside a conventional thumbnail grid image browser. Performance with the new techniques was at least as good as that with the standard thumbnail grid, even though none of the subjects had prior experience with such systems. In a number of cases – such as finding small groups of photos or when seeking for images containing small details – the new techniques were significantly faster than the conventional approach. In addition, AutoZoom and GestureZoom supported significantly more accurate identification of subsets of photographs. Subjects also reported lower levels of physical and cognitive effort and frustration with the new techniques in comparison to the thumbnail grid browser.

Handheld devices, like PDAs and mobile phones, are increasingly used to access information on the Web. However, because most Web pages are designed for desktop PC screens whereas these devices have small screens, only a small region of a page is visible at a time. Reading and finding information is therefore difficult and requires extensive amount of scrolling, both horizontally and vertically. One way to address this problem is an overview plus detail approach to the design. We describe SearchMobil, a working system that supports the user in viewing and searching the Web with a PDA. It is based on our SmartView technology that performs content and layout analysis of Web pages and thus provides foundations for SearchMobil features. We present the results of a user study that shows the utility of the SearchMobil approach and provides further insight in challenges and opportunities that the mobile Web presents.

Conventional web browsing displays a web page inside of a window. In conventional web browsing, following a link replaces the previous document entirely, and the readers tend to lose the context. We have developed a system inlineLink, which applies an in-line, expansion-link method to web browsing. This in-line expansion inserts the linked document after the link anchor text. The inlineLink provides navigation mechanisms such as automatic animated scrolling, zooming, and index jumping in order to reduce the scrolling tasks while handling longer, inlined documents. We have adopted Dynamic HTML to implement the inline expansion functions. Casual users can try them on conventional web browsers. The results of our experiment prove the advantages of inlineLink in both click counts and mouse movement.

Browsing large web pages on small screens is still very inconvenient due to their limited display sizes. A straightforward solution is eliminating the annoying horizontal scrolling requirement, i.e. present all the contents into a single narrow column, usually named one-column view. It is implemented by deleting the layout that will cause horizontal scrolling. However, after deleting the layout structure, some structural information becomes unreadable, like data tables. In this paper, we propose an approach to improve web browsing on small devices by classifying HTML tables into data tables and layout tables. For data tables, we try to preserve the original structural information in the final presentation. Therefore, the browsing experience can be improved for the one-column view. Experimental results show that our approach can achieve a satisfactory performance.

The paper reports on a usability evaluation of a full-screen magnifier. The evaluation was conducted with seven registered blind users in half-hour comprehension-based sessions using the 'thinking aloud protocol'. The goals of the study were to determine whether joystick control of a screen magnifier was useful. The users found joystick control intuitive and easy to use. The feature with the strongest support was automatically scrolling through the text; the most significant usability problem was over-sensitivity of the joystick in certain modes.

The development of 1-s rotation spiral computed tomography (CT), soon followed by subsecond spiral CT (0.75 s) and, more recently, multislice CT (MSCT), represent far more than the ability to acquire more individual scans in a shorter period of time or the ability to complete a scan of a patient in a single breath hold [1, 2]. Rather, the development of these scanners provides, for the first time, true volume data sets which represent the potential for an entirely new paradigm in medical imaging. That is, the ability to scan a chest or abdomen with narrow collimation, in a single breath hold, optimized for contrast enhancement provides an entirely new possibility of our ability to image the patient. This new paradigm is not simply that the use of film is not ideal and that computer-based viewing (PACS network) with a trackball is needed. Rather, it emphasizes that scrolling through a data set with a trackball is also unsatisfactory as the image data set grows from 60 to 100 to 200 to 500 to 1000 images per patient study. Even if a trackball became easier to use and the PACS system more user friendly, a truth would soon emerge. That is that the information seen on axial CT alone is in fact very limited for some applications and totally unsatisfactory for many other applications. While axial images are fine to detect a tumor in the liver, the axial mode might not be ideal in defining the relationship of the tumor to the portal vein, or whether the tumor is resectable for potential cure Axial images surely are limited for analyzing vascular images, such as a CT angiogram of the aorta, celiac axis, or carotid artery. This limitation is obvious to the radiologist but even more obvious to the referring physician, such as a vascular surgeon, an oncologic surgeon, or a trauma surgeon.

In this paper, a game library for Concurrent Clean is described, specially designed for parallax scrolling platform games. Our goal is to make game programming easier by letting the programmer specify what a game should do, rather than program how it works. By integrating this library with tools for designing bitmaps and levels, it is possible to create complete games in only a fraction of the time it would take to write such games from scratch. At the moment, the library is only available for the Windows platform, but it should not be too difficult to port the low-level functions to other platforms. This may eventually provide an easy way to create games that run on several platforms.

Radiology-workstation scrolling methods are used to roam through individual large images and to move sequentially through the images in a multiple-slice exam. Both one-dimensional scrolling — used to move through a CT exam — and two-dimensional scrolling — used to roam around a large radiograph — are essential for radiology workstation navigation. The UNC FilmPlane radiology workstation project has designed and/or evaluated a number of scrolling methods applicable to radiology workstations; the FilmPlane metaphor, in which the user navigates over a pictorial index of all the images in the patient’s folder, has proven to be an effective means for users to comprehend and access related medical images in a patient’s image folder. Both slider bars and “next/previous” buttons have their advantages and disadvantages for one-dimensional scrolling. The diamond and the arrow cursors described in the text are, in our opinion, among the more effective two-dimensional scrolling methods that use only the mouse and keyboard typically found on modern workstations. Arrow keys, trackerballs, and joysticks are possibilities if they are available, and if the workstation interaction is carefully designed with their integration in mind.