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In this chapter we present the most important problems connected with the design of experiments using Youden squares with split units. In fact we consider two types of designs. The first is connected with different arrangements of subplot treatments on the units of Youden squares. The second is connected with the design of experiments when one or more treatments arranged in Youden squares are control or standard treatments. We characterize some of these designs with respect to general balance property and with respect to design efficiency factors.

Though conventional hydraulic disc brake has better braking steadiness, it also has poor braking efficiency factor. As a fact, the conventional hydraulic disc brake has no large-scale application to heavy duty vehicle. A novel wedge disc brake is presented in this paper, which not only has the special characteristic of self-reinforcement, but also has better braking steadiness just like conventional disc brake. Firstly, the self-reinforcement principle of this kind of wedge disc brake is analyzed and concluded. The reasonable angle of wedge block is calculated and chosen according to the demand of self-reinforcement and unexpected self-lock phenomena. Based on that, the braking efficiency factor is derived from the wedge angle and the friction coefficient between the wedge block and brake disc. After that, the mechanical structure of designed wedge disc brake is presented, then some material strength of the components are revised. In order to validate this designed novel wedge disc brake, a AMESim vehicle model with Simulink wedge disc brake model are built. Several items such as the effect of self-reinforcement and reset of wedge block are simulated. Simulation results show that this novel wedge disc brake can generate the same brake force only at nearly one third multiple hydraulic pressure of conventional disc brake.

An improved solution of the temperature distribution of interplanetary ice grains is presented using the refractive index measured at 100° K. The efficiency factors for absorption are obtained from Mie theory and the calculation is carried out for micronic and submicronic grains at 50, 100 and 150° K; corresponding lifetimes are given.

This papers analyses the choice, combination and optimization of maintenance measures in the maintenance of oil and gas pipelines, initially proposes 4 factors system that influence effect of maintenance on pipelines, which includes person factor, fieldwork difficult degree, fieldwork management and environment condition, establishes hierarchy model of maintenance measures, introduces fuzzy analytical hierarchy process based on triangular fuzzy number, and compares the effects of different maintenance measures in order to determine the weight under single factor condition and composite matter-element of maintenance measures. On the basis of the above analysis, the paper proposes 4 methods of maintenance projects fund distribution based on different weight of efficiency factor of maintenance measures under the condition of limited charge. Using the fuzzy-gray-element theory combining fuzzy mathematics, gray theory and matter-element analysis, the paper analyses maintenance measure fund distribution based on different weight of efficiency factor of maintenance measures with fuzzy-gray-element correlation decision-making analysis, and conclusively determines optimization of maintenance project according to criteria of maximized correlative degree.

It is estimated that more than two thirds of electricity used by industry is utilised by electric motors, mainly induction squirrel cage motors, the real working horse of every industrial plant. These motors gained their primary position due to their excellent properties. These are: extreme simplicity of construction, high exploitation reliability, reasonable purchase price (equal to the energy cost consumed during the first two - three months of their usage) and relatively high efficiency when compared to the driven machines and apparatuses.

A new model for coalescence and breakage of liquid-liquid dispersion is presented. The main features are: (i) the introduction of an efficiency factor which controls the time rate of the various processes affecting the size distribution function of droplets, (ii) a new effect — that we call volume scattering — which is consistent with the experimentally observed circumstance of the existence of a top size limit for droplets depending on the general dynamical conditions. The model is proved to be mathematically and physically correct by proving existence and uniqueness of a regular solution to the Cauchy problem.

One particular application of DNP (1,2) between solvent protons and the electron of a free radical is its use for NMR earth field magnetometers (3), whose sensitivity increases with the DNP Factor (DPF). This factor is proportional to the so-called leakage factor f; f = 1 - T1/T10 where T1, T10, are the nuclear relaxation times of the radical solution and of the pure solvent respectively. More than just leakage phenomena, f expresses the efficiency of the Abragam-Overhauser electron-proton coupling, and then we prefer to call it the “Efficiency Factor”. In this paper, we describe an experimental determination of this factor and its interpretation in terms of DNP, for several M/1000 radical solutions; perdeuterated 2,2,6,6 tetramethyl-4-pipe- ridone 15N-oxide in CH3OH, CH3OD, CD3OH.

The method of multifrequency laser sensing for remotely determining the microphysical parameters of atmospheric aerosols considered in this chapter is an application of the general theory of optical sounding of polydispersed aerosol systems. Solutions of the corresponding inverse problems of light scattering by polydispersed systems are given here within the framework of a single scattering approximation.

Optical methods for investigating aerosol formations in the atmosphere are in fact indirect methods and therefore their use in practice is, as a rule, connected with the solution of systems of functional equations. These are, first of all, the transfer equations for optical signals propagating through the scattering atmosphere, and, secondly, the relationships between optical characteristics and microphysical parameters of the aerosol systems. These relations lead, as a rule, to integral equations of the first kind in studies of microstructures of atmospheric aerosols by the methods of optical sounding. The equations are one-dimensional if sphericity of the particles is assumed.