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As primary rotator cuff repairs (RCR) are being performed more often, the prevalence of failed primary repairs within the population is increasing and will continue to increase, leading to a subsequent increase in the necessity for revision repairs [1, 2]. Revision rotator cuff repair presents a challenge to the surgeon due to both paucity and inadequacy of current literature as well as the technically challenging nature of the revision repair. The goal of this chapter is not only to present the current literature but to provide the reader with a conceptual basis with which to approach the re-torn rotator cuff.

Is it possible to identify a conceptual basis that would support the granting of an exclusive right over digitised versions within the EU legal framework? This chapter proceeds to argue that the utilitarian doctrine of intellectual property law (and the incentive theory in particular), provides a conceptual basis that can justify the granting of exclusive rights over digitised versions. The discussion will focus upon the incentive theory as it has been developed in relation to copyright law. This is because copyright law provides the closest analogy for an exclusive right over a digitised version of a rare document, in the sense that both concern themselves with the protection of cultural content and informational goods. The discussion also explores the ability of the social planning theory of copyright law, to be a normative influence in the formulation of the proposed exclusive right.

This paper presents the terminology containing several relevant concepts used in intercultural user interface design as well as the results of an analytic study of literature in the area of culture-centered human-computer interaction (HCI) design. Their meaning and application context is analyzed and implications are discussed. Some reviewed examples of related work helped to clarify the issues and to establish a conceptual basis to elucidate the different research approaches in the area of intercultural user interface design.

The Genesys code generation framework is a reference implementation of the ideas that constitute the Genesys approach presented in this book. As mentioned in Sect. 3, the jABC framework and its underlying XMDD approach form the technical and conceptual basis for this implementation. At the same time, jABC is also an appropriate domain for applying the Genesys framework in case studies (see Chap. 5).

This Chapter develops the basis for undertaking assessment of environmental functions of forests, very important in the context problems like climate change, biodiversity loss and land degradation, which have national as well as global dimensions. The problem seems not so much to be a question of technology or establishing a global level database, but a lack of capacity to understand fully various dimensions of the global problems and lack of capacity in many tropical countries to collect and analyse information. To this end, a conceptual basis is presented of various system components and main variables associated with the environment benefits of forests. Finally, an illustrative example is provided of the approach for assessment and evaluation of soil run- off in two watersheds of India.

Here we give a short general introduction to the experimental study of strongly interacting matter. After briefly noting applications in cosmology and astrophysics, we turn to the use of high energy nuclear collisions as a tool for such an endeavor. Following a discussion of the conceptual basis, we present the parton basis of high energy nuclear collisions and its limitation through saturation.

Time is not definable in terms of other concepts. On the other hand, it is generally accepted that Augustine was right in claiming that we as human beings have a tacit knowledge of what time is. But how can this tacit knowledge be explored and discussed, if time as such cannot be defined? This paper suggests that temporal logic, and in particular the hybrid logic corresponding to A.N. Prior's 3rd grade of tense-logical involvement, may be useful as a precise conceptual basis of a common language for the formal discussion of time. The paper offers a general investigation of this suggestion illuminating the conceptual potential and also some of the open questions within the study of temporal logic. It is argued that the endeavour of the logic of time can be seen as the study of some important manifestations and structures of our tacit knowledge of time.

It is now a little over a hundred years that the conceptual basis of thermostatics has been laid. Clausius introduced the entropy concept and obtained the laws of thermostatics for fluids which are in internal equilibrium. Not much later, i.e. 94 years ago, Gibbs completed the formal mathematical structure of thermostatics and developed the minimum and maximum principles and the stability conditions for fluids. There came many applications of thermostatics, of which chemical reactions, blackbody radiation and the thermostatics of surface tension may be mentioned.

Navigating through the ever-changing information space is becoming increasingly difficult. Social navigation support is a technique for guiding users to interesting and relevant information by leveraging the browsing behavior of past users. Effect of social navigation support on users' information seeking behavior has been studied mostly from conceptual basis or under natural experiments. In the current work, we have designed and conducted a controlled experiment to investigate the effect of social navigation support through a multifaceted method. This paper reports on the design of the study and the result of log data, subjective evaluation, and eye movement data analysis.

Developing a distributed information sharing solution (DISS) for mobile environments is a challenging task if requirements on functionality, availability, consistency, scalability, robustness, performance and adaptability are to be taken into account. A combination of different concepts and mechanisms must be applied, and functionality representing high implementation costs must be avoided. In the MIDAS project a conceptual basis for such a solution has been developed and implemented. The paper describes this work, and how its functional and quality properties have been verified in a simulation environment.

We have developed a space-time model to analyze and simulate the land use changes from 1985 to 2004 in the Savassi neighbourhood, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. The study area represents an important commercial reference to the city of Belo Horizonte, although it currently needs a new model for revitalization of its economic sector. We analysed two periods: 1985 to 1996, the rising of a burgeoning street commerce in the region, and 1996-2004, the decline of this commerce and intense transformation of Savassi into a service zone. The conceptual basis for the development of the spatial simulation model was the technique of cellular automata, implemented on the software DINAMICA. Results from simulations for the 1996-2004 period approached the historical spatial patterns of change and projections to 2020 demonstrated the trend of this neighbourhood, continuing its trans-formation into a major service zone, thus concentrating commercial establishments into a few shopping malls. Therefore, the utilization of this land use simulation model showed its potential as a tool for urban planning, aiming to foresee urbanistic implications due to land use dynamics.

The implementation of an operational regional growth model like the one proposed in this book requires a solid theoretical and conceptual basis which clarifies the choices made between the alternative perspectives – demand driven vs. supply- driven, endogenous vs. exogenous, top-down vs. bottom-up, aggregate macroeconomic vs. micro territorial and micro behavioural – presently available for the explanation of regional growth patterns.

In this lecture we discuss some recent work on the effects which gravitinos may play in cosmology. Of particular interest is the nonthermal generation of gravitinos after inflation. We explain the super-Higgs effect in cosmology which gives a conceptual basis for the understanding of the production of helicity ±1/2 gravitino.

Recently, with the advances in mobile technology and emerging mobile applications, moving objects databases have become the focus of much research. A number of models have been proposed to handle the continuously changing geometries and positions of moving objects. While most of these models focus on managing the historical and current motion of moving objects, only a few of them have been proposed to deal with their future movements. Due to the complexity of handling the uncertainty aspect associated with future movements, these models are often restricted to a specific type of constrained movement and tailored to a certain application domain by integrating specific prediction techniques. These predictions are often based only on the past and current movements and neglect external domain-specific information which may significantly affect the future movements of moving objects. In this paper, we emphasize the separation of moving object models and prediction methods and propose a universal abstract model for future movements of moving objects. This abstract model serves as a conceptual basis for all future movement models as well as poses object requirements for the output of all prediction methods.

We show that classic PRE is also a maximum flow problem, thereby revealing the missing link between classic and speculative PRE, and more importantly, establishing a common high-level conceptual basis for this important compiler optimisation. To demonstrate this, we formulate a new, simple unidirectional bit-vector algorithm for classic PRE based only on the well-known concepts of availability and anticipatability. Designed to find a unique minimum cut in a flow network derived from a CFG, which is proved simply but rigorously, our algorithm is simple and intuitive, and its optimality is self-evident. This conceptual simplicity also translates into efficiency, as validated by experiments.

L2C - Learning to Collaborate – is an ongoing research project addressing the design of effective immersive simulation-based learning experiences supporting the development of collaboration competencies both at the individual and organisational level. The key characteristic of such advanced learning tools consists in the integration of psychological, motivational, cognitive, organizational, cultural and technological factors affecting the success of collaboration into the modeling of a set of virtual characters with whom learners can interact dynamically within a challenging and realistic collaboration scenario (SmallWorld Simulations). This paper provides an overview of the project, the conceptual basis, key design principles and expected pedagogical impact of this new type of immersive simulation-based learning experiences.

Physical and biogeochemical ocean dynamics can be intermittent and highly variable, and involve interactions on multiple scales. In general, the oceanic fields, processes and interactions that matter thus vary in time and space. For efficient forecasting, the structures and parameters of models must evolve and respond dynamically to new data injected into the executing prediction system. The conceptual basis of this adaptive modeling and corresponding computational scheme is the subject of this presentation. Specifically, we discuss the process of adaptive modeling for coupled physical and biogeochemical ocean models. The adaptivity is introduced within an interdisciplinary prediction system. Model-data misfits and data assimilation schemes are used to provide feedback from measurements to applications and modify the runtime behavior of the prediction system. Illustrative examples in Massachusetts Bay and Monterey Bay are presented to highlight ongoing progress.

In the preceding chapters we have tried to develop the conceptual basis of quantum mechanics. In addition, various exercises have demonstrated how quantum theory can be used to solve real physical problems. Of course, these problems represent only a small fraction of the many applications of quantum mechanics; numerous experimental results involving physics and chemistry can be explained successfully by adopting this theory. Up to now, no prediction made by quantum mechanics has been disproved experimentally. In spite of this success, conceptual problems of the theory exist; in fact, there have been many attempts to interpret quantum mechanics in a new way or even to replace it by another theory based on a more obvious conceptual and philosophical foundation.

This paper presents results regarding the performance of multidimensional scaling (MDS) when used to create three-dimensional navigation maps. MDS aims at reducing high-dimensional space into low-dimensional landscapes. Combined with browsers which are capable of visualizing three-dimensional object information by applying the conceptual basis of Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML), MDS opens new possibilities for cognitive receptive navigation. Web3D, a prototype implementation using MDS, reveals the potential of this idea.

Computer science currently lacks a widely applicable definition for the concept of a medium. Most existing definitions are implicit and treat data types, such as video streams, text, and digital audio, as examples of media. This viewpoint does a poor job of discriminating between many pairs of media, such as 2D static graphics and 2D animation, which share the same set of data types. Furthermore, this viewpoint is not suitable as a conceptual basis for software services that can be configured to serve many different media.

Demand is increasing for quality of life measures available for cross-national comparison or aggregation of data across cultures. It is important, therefore, to ensure that an instrument developed in one culture is valid in another. To illustrate an approach to validation, we present a case study of the development of a cross-cultural, quality of life measure specific to genital herpes. The achievement of cross-cultural comparability requires attention to the following issues: 1) the content of the questionnaire and its conceptual basis, 2) the method of translation, and 3) the testing and comparison of reliability, validity, responsiveness, and effect size within each country or culture. In addition to methodological problems, practical considerations include communication difficulties among investigators and the additional expenses involved. Recruiting comparable samples of persons in different countries is also a major challenge to cross-cultural validation. Overcoming these problems will require a higher level of cooperation and coordination between countries. Such studies are lengthy and expensive, requiring commitment of resources and time for the development of valid, reliable, and responsive cross-cultural quality of life measures.

In recent years technical developments have enhanced our ability to detect and quantify biological changes that occur at the molecular, cellular, and physiological levels following exposure to chemicals in the environment. Although strategies for research and evaluation of these responses are being developed in various fields of study (e.g., environmental toxicology, chemical risk assessment, and epidemiology), continued open-minded discussions concerning the basis for and limitations in the use of these biological responses are essential if a coherent framework for their application as ecotoxicological tools is to be created. The following account addresses (1) the concept of biomarker responses, (2) considerations in the use of biomarkers, and (3) potential future uses of biomarkers.

In Chapter 7 we discussed, at some length, the concept of ignorance. Now, fore-warned of the limits of our possibilities for understanding, we can turn to modelling. While in Chapter 6 we dealt mainly with short- and medium-run aspects, in this chapter we return to the long-run development of economic activity. The conceptual basis for this long-run analysis was laid in Chapters 2 to 5. We concentrate on the temporal development of the physical limits, i.e. of the Boundary Conditions (Cl), defined in Section 6.2.1.

It is not necessary to persuade the reader that graphs are one of the basic mathematical objects with which the present book is concerned. Chap. 2 gave a general conceptual basis for the use of graphs for representing the topology of a molecule. In Chap. 3 we got acquainted with a variety of types of molecular graphs. The present chapter will, finally, provide a precise mathematical characterization of a graph. We shall list here a number of additional graph-theoretical definitions and mention a few basic properties of graphs.

The study of the surface-catalyzed decomposition of molecules on single crystal surfaces is one of the major themes in surface chemistry today. This theme, combined with the study of the chemical structure of surface species, forms a driving force for the development of a systematic understanding of surface chemistry. Such a systematic picture of molecules and processes at surfaces will ultimately yield a predictive and a conceptual basis of understanding which may be extended beyond the realm of model systems.

An office is a socio-technical system which exhibits a great variety of aspects of different nature. Essential components not only include the office functions and their informational interrelationships but also technical and human resources, aims and rules etc. An office is characterized among others by partly autonomous distributed tasks, by the discretion in performing tasks, by incomplete and ambiguous data, and by its ongoing structural and behavioural evolution. Because of this high complexity, the design or analysis of offices must be based on simplifying models, each one representing the office under a particular perspective. To relate these models to each other, a common conceptual basis is needed. This contribution presents an approach to office modelling on the basis of General Net Theory. It discusses possibilities to represent the most crucial components and properties of offices, aiming at the development of more and more comprehensive models.

This chapter discusses Roundsman’s approach to evaluating alternatives (step four of Fig. 1-1). Sections 5.1 through 5.9 present the conceptual basis of this step, a multiattribute model of choice and explanation. Section 5.10 describes the implementation of that model in Roundsman. The final section outlines key features of the model and summarizes its implementation in the Roundsman system.