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We demonstrate how earlier approaches to model the impact that corporate social responsibility (CSR) has on investment inefficiency are likely to be incorrect and propose use of the stochastic frontier methodology to model this relationship. Weapply the approach to a sample of European listed companies, providing robust evidence that CSR performance is negatively associated with investment inefficiency. This result is consistent with the claim that high CSR firms are characterized by lowinformation asymmetry and high stakeholder solidarity, which may represent a source of competitive advantage, helping to decrease investment inefficiency.

The concept of “Transculturality”, used often in this volume, seems to carry a promise of bridging cultural differences in groups. In order to investigate whether this could be so, I want to add my thoughts on the causation of culture to the debate. I will argue in this piece that everyday interactions between people have shaped human cultures over time and are still doing so. I will also indicate briefly how this happens, by presenting basic relational drivers of individuals, elementary models of sociality across individuals and groups, and emergent patterns in groups and society. Then, I will consider the concept of transculturality from this theoretical perspective. We are cultural social animals; can we also be transcultural, what would that mean, and what would that require?

Remote sensing is a tool based on acquiring images of objects at a distance. The distance to the object is a determining factor, conditioning the strength of the analysis, and it can be reduced with lower flights and longer flight missions. Still, there is a physical limit depending on the type of platform used. In this way, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) allow images to be obtained with a higher spatial resolution, as they can fly only a few metres above the ground. Therefore, they have become a very useful platform as they have democratised field imaging technology, offering greater versatility in obtaining spectral information due to their small size and significantly reduced costs compared to traditional aerial platforms. In this way, several authors have conducted comparative studies on the suitability of different platforms for remote sensing data collection in viticulture; however, there is a lack of information about the image processing workflows. In the framework of the FlexiGroBots project, methodologies for analysing the spatial variability of different factors affecting the crop are being explored, and the automation of processes is a key factor that has proven their applicability. In this article, the suitability of carrying out two different workflows for image processing is analysed: i) a manual workflow, which involves specific steps with human intervention and considers software traditionally used by pilots and remote sensing technicians, and ii) an automated workflow in Python, which allows image processing to be carried out with little or no human intervention.

This book constitutes the proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Internet of Things, ICIOT 2022, held in Honolulu, USA, as part of SCF 2022, during December 10-14, 2022.The 9 full papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 17 submissions.The conference Internet of Things (ICIOT 2022) covers state-of-the-art technologies and best practices of Internet of Things, as well as emerging standards and research topics which would define the future of Internet of Things.

“How does culture, in combination with cues, settings and affiliation, influence response-phase behaviour and time and total evacuation time?”. A questionnaire and an agent-based model for a case study of a library evacuation in Czech Republic, Poland, Turkey and the UK have been developed to answer this question. Our questionnaire, conducted among 442 respondents (N = 105 from Czech Republic, N = 106 from Poland, N = 106 from Turkey and N = 125 from the United Kingdom), shows significant differences in the number of performed response tasks per culture - whereby Turkish respondents perform the most response tasks and British the least - and the results were directly implemented in our agent-based model. Simulation results show: (1) these differences - in combination with emergent effects for task choice and agent interactions - directly translate into the average response and evacuation times being highest for Turkey, followed by Poland, Czech Republic, and the UK, (2) cues, setting and affiliation influence response and evacuation time - such as being informed by staff giving a negative correlation and evacuating in groups a positive correlation with response time -, while the magnitude of these effects differ per culture. Our results suggest that faster response times might be related to dimensions of national culture, such as weak uncertainty avoidance and high individualism.

The history of the Pisque watershed in the Ecuadorian Andes is one of local livelihoods and resources being disrupted by external actors: Incas in Pre-Columbian times, Spaniards during the era of Conquest and Colonisation, and, during the Republic, white-mestizo elites followed by international businesses. Local communities have suffered from, rebelled against, and adapted to adverse, ever-changing socioeconomic, environmental, and political conditions. We trace this history from a political–ecological standpoint, applying the Echelons of Rights Analysis framework and the hydrosocial territory concept to examine conflicts over resources, norms, authorities, and discourses related to irrigation water. The centuries-old saga of battles over water in Pisque helps us understand the latest chapter in the story: the onset of rose agribusinesses, inheritors of the privileges of colonial haciendas. The recent arrival (ca. ten years ago) of small locally managed greenhouses adds complexity to the “food vs. flowers” dichotomy. It also makes it difficult to predict the effects on local attitudes to food security, water justice, and sovereignty.

International audience; Implementing the European Green Deal requires a consistent food systems’ policy that involves not only targeting the supply side but also conducting extensive changes in diets at the consumer level. Reducing meat consumption is an obvious strategy to put the European food system on track to meet the Green Deal’s goals. This cannot be achieved by focusing solely on consumer choice and individual responsibility. Stronger governance is required to reduce the scale of meat consumption to sustainable levels. Such governance needs to be informed by a holistic definition of “sustainable meat consumption”, designed to ensure that important sustainability priorities are not neglected, and to account for all emissions associated with EU consumption, regardless of where production takes place. This article presents a conceptual framework to define “sustainable meat consumption” based on the concept of consumption corridors (CCs). A CC is the space between a minimum (the floor) and maximum (the ceiling) consumption level, which allows everybody to satisfy their needs without compromising others’ ability to meet their own. Embedded in a powerful set of principles (recognizing universal needs; tackling both over and under-consumption; framing food as a common good; promoting public participation; and addressing environmental justice and planetary sustainability), CCs are attuned to the Green Deal’s ambition to “leave no one behind”, in the EU and beyond. CCs provide a demand-side solution encompassing a more equitable alternative to discuss what is actually a “fair share” of the world’s limited resources when it comes to meat consumption.

Many actors have a stake in and different definitions of bioeconomy. Even though sustainability is very prominent in many definitions, bioeconomy is not inherently sustainable. However, bioeconomy can contribute to the three pillars of sustainability: economic development, social development, and environmental protection. To assess bioeconomy’s contribution to sustainable development, the first step is to measure its size and most important impacts. The economic literature on sustainable development has established sustaining human wellbeing as the target value, whereby one strand analyses the current generations’ well-being and another strand the intergenerational well-being. Kenneth J. Arrow et al.‘s contribution of the year 2012 considers the welfare of all future generations in the calculation of the current generations’ well-being. They define intergenerational well-being as the discounted flow of current and future generations’ well-being, and use a discount rate and the term felicity, which both have been criticized. Furthermore, it may be criticized that, here, felicity is based on the consumption of capital assets. Any felicity that is not based on consumption, for example, the value of “doing nothing, " is not included. This leads us to the question of whether we should quantify such aspects for a measure, which tries to capture comprehensive wealth. The question for the bioeconomy must be whether nowadays’ definition of bioeconomy is useful in promoting sustainable development. If sustainability is the main target, progress toward it should be measured to allow policymakers a fair assessment. This is not an easy task and comes with new issues and decisions that must be made, including ethical ones.

Scaling of innovations is a key requirement for addressing societal challenges in sectors such as agriculture, but research for development programs struggles to make innovations go to scale. There is a gap between new complexity-aware scientific theories and perspectives on innovation and practical approaches that can improve strategic and operational decision-making in research for development interventions that aim to scale innovations. To bridge this gap, Scaling Readiness was developed. Scaling Readiness is an approach that encourages critical reflection on how ready innovations are for scaling in a particular context for achieving a particular goal and what appropriate actions could accelerate or enhance scaling to realize development outcomes. Scaling Readiness provides decision support for (1) characterizing the innovation and innovation system; (2) diagnosing the current readiness and use of innovations; (3) developing strategies to overcome bottlenecks for scaling; (4) facilitating multi-stakeholder negotiation and agreement; and (5) navigating the implementation process. This chapter explains how Scaling Readiness was used in the CGIAR Research Program on Roots, Tubers and Bananas (RTB) and describes how Scaling Readiness informed the design and management of the RTB Scaling Fund, an instrument for identifying and nurturing scaling-ready innovations. We introduce the key principles and concepts of Scaling Readiness and provide a case study of how Scaling Readiness was applied for scaling a cassava flash dryer innovation in different countries in Africa and Central America. The chapter concludes with a reflection and recommendations for the further improvement and use of Scaling Readiness.

This chapter explores the Etosha ancestral land claim by the Hai||om San. It exposes the limitations of litigation. Not only socio-political difference among the claimants hampers the litigation process. The chapter elaborates that the legal and political space in which the case unfolds, did not create a level playing field for the claiming Haiǁom to seek to exercise their rights. The legal arena In Namibia is constituted by multiple legal norms and values. Statutory law operates next to customary laws and rights. The Etosha ruling, however, makes clear that legal positivism as manifested in statutory law and common law remains the predominant legal and political interpretative framework in Namibia. Other acceptable legal remedies that are available to indigenous peoples under both Namibian constitutional law and international law are ignored.

Dynamic programming (DP) and specifically Markov Decision Problems (MDP) are often seen in inventory control as a theoretical path towards optimal policies, which are (often) not tractable due to the curse of dimensionality. A careful bounding of decision and state space and use of resources may provide the optimal policy for realistic instances despite the dimensionality of the problem. We will illustrate this process for an omni-channel inventory control model where the first dimension problem is to keep track of the outstanding ordered quantities and the second dimension is to keep track of items sold online that can be returned.

Funder: Wageningen University International Research and Education Fund, Funder: CGIAR Research Program on Roots, Tubers and Banana, Potato late blight remains a threat to food security and livelihood of millions of people in Ethiopia. Despite a rapid dispersal of the disease pathogen and farmers’ interdependency in managing it, the literature on agricultural extension and communication tends to frame the disease and its management as a problem of the individual farmer. This study appreciates late blight as a collective action problem whose management requires a corresponding re-configuration in information sharing and communicative practices. We employ a framed field game experiment with a mixed quantitative and qualitative method to explore how and to what extent different types and combinations of communicative interventions affect collective action in the management of the disease among farmers in Ethiopia. Interestingly, our quantitative findings revealed that the provision of technical information about interdependency involved in the management of the disease and social monitoring information about the management practices of other farmers negatively affected collective action. However, collective action performance significantly improved when farmers were given the opportunity to interactively communicate about their management strategies. Further qualitative investigation sheds light on how farmers used and made sense of the different communicative interventions to inform and adjust their individual decisions, coordinate collective strategies, pressure free-riders, and develop a shared identity. It is concluded that interventions that mainly promote the provision of technical and social information can be counterproductive in managing collective action problems such as late blight unless it is complemented with interactive communication and deliberation processes.

In this introduction we describe how the world has changed for animals in the Anthropocene—the current age, in which human activities have influenced the planet on a scale never seen before. In this era, we find many different types of animals in our midst: some—in particular livestock—are both victims of and unwittingly complicit in causing the Anthropocene. Others are forced to respond to new environmental conditions. Think of animals that due to climate change can no longer survive in their native habitats or wild animals that in response to habitat loss and fragmentation are forced to live in urban areas. Some animals are being domesticated or in contrast de-domesticated, and yet others are going extinct or in contrast are being resurrected. These changing conditions have led to new tensions between humans and other animals. How can we shape our relationships with all these different animals in a rapidly changing world in such a way that both animal welfare and species diversity are not further affected? We describe how animal ethics is changing in these trying times and illustrate the impacts of Anthropocene conditions on animals by zooming in on one country where many problems, such as biodiversity loss and landscape degradation, converge, the Netherlands. We conclude by giving an overview of the different chapters in this volume, which are organised into five parts: animal agents, domesticated animals, urban animals, wild animals and animal artefacts.

Complex systems produce recognizable self-organized patterns across time. This conceptual paper consists of a systematic reflection on what kinds of archetypical patterns systems can show, and in what kinds of cases these patterns could occur. Agent-based models are used to exemplify each pattern. We present a classification of the breadth of typical patterns that agent-based models can show when one runs them. The patterns fall into three categories: resource use, contagion, and output patterns. These are pattern archetypes; most real-world systems, and also most models, could and will show combinations of the patterns. In real systems, the patterns will occur as phases and building blocks of developments. These are patterns frequently occurring in real-world systems. The classification is the first of its kind. It provides a way of thinking and a language to non-mathematicians. This classification should be beneficial to those researchers who are familiar with a real-world pattern in their discipline of interest, and try to get a grasp of pattern causation. It can also serve in education, for giving students from a variety of disciplines an idea of the possibilities of agent-based models.

An agent-based model SNACKMOMS was created to understand the implications and consequences of interventions that may change the dietary habits of children. It targets the giving of snacks to children aged 2–7 by their mother and how the snacking pattern is modified by the examples set at children parties. The model acknowledges individual-level, group-level and cultural-level variables. Dynamics of conformity at parties depending on social status are taken into account in Dutch, Indonesian and Italian culture, backed up by survey and interview data. The main model output is healthy versus unhealthy snacking, and it shows how this might change as a function of the mothers’ characteristics and of external intervention. Results suggest differences in the effectiveness of the intervention across countries whether interventions target children’s preferences versus mothers’ health orientation. This indicates that the same approach might not be equally effective across societies.

The Southeastern Anatolia Project (Güneydoğu Anadolu Projesi, GAP) was launched as a massive package of water and land resources development project in 1977. Over time, the project was redefined as a multisectoral, integrated, and sustainable regional and human development project. This chapter seeks to make a critical appraisal of GAP on the basis of its formal objectives. To this end, the chapter explores GAP-induced changes and challenges specifically in the (i) infrastructural and economic and (ii) sociocultural dimensions of the project. Our main conclusion is that the state’s claim about the project’s success is not supported by the state’s own data.

Circular economy (CE) is a concept that has gained considerable attention in recent years, particularly in the domain of Industrial Ecology. CE requires products to be easily repaired, refurbished, remanufactured, and eventually recycled. The transition to a CE creates distinct material flows that have to be managed in an efficient and sustainable manner. Existing studies on CE tend to focus on product design, material use, and the market potential of CE products with little attention paid to the logistics challenges associated with such developments. From a logistics perspective, CE can be seen as the integrated management of forward and reverse flows of products in a supply chain. In the operations and supply chain management literature, a large body of knowledge on how to operationalize closed-loop supply chains (CLSCs) already exists and is a starting point for understanding logistics in the CE context. As with traditional forward supply chain network design, CLSC and CE supply chains also require decisions on the role of facilities, their location, their capacity allocation, and their demand and supply allocation. The CE concept does however introduce new challenges especially as circular business innovations converge to increased servitization and to more collaborative and open business models. The transition towards circular business models requires businesses to position themselves according to three key strategic decision-making problems, namely, (1) the extent to which the logistics network is centralized, (2) the extent to which the product is servitized, and (3) the extent to which logistics services are coordinated. This chapter presents a theoretical overview of the three trade-offs and what their potential implications are.

International audience; The purpose of this paper is to present the investigation of common requirements and needs of users across a diverse set of precision agriculture and livestock farming use cases that was based on a series of interviews with experts and farmers. The requirements were based on nine interviews that were conducted in order to identify common requirements and challenges in terms of data collection and management, Big Data technologies, High Performance Computing infrastructure and decision making. The common requirements that derived from the interviews and user requirement analysis per use case can serve as basis for identifying functional and non-functional requirements of a technological solution of high re-usability, interoperability, adaptability and overall efficiency in terms of addressing common needs for precision agriculture and livestock farming.

Space systems have to deal with massive spatio-temporal Earth and Space observation data collected by space-borne and ground-based sensors. Despite the data latency in communications, data is collected at enormous rates, and a sophisticated network of ground stations is set up to collect and archive telemetry data. The data that is received at the ground segment can be made available to the end-users. Beyond archiving data, the available data provides opportunities for data analytics that can support the decision-making process or provide new insight for the target requirements. Unfortunately, for practitioners, it is not easy to identify the potential and challenges for data analytics in the space domain. In this paper, we reflect on and synthesize the findings of existing literature and provide an integrated overview for setting up and applying data analytics in the space systems context. To this end, we first present the process as adopted in space systems, and describe the data science and machine learning processes. Finally, we identify the key questions that can be mapped to data analytics problems.

To what extent fish can experience suffering and enjoyment is not just an empirical question, but one that also calls for ethical reflection. This is firstly, because animal welfare research is value laden and secondly, because the empirical evidence requires a normative framework in order to become action guiding in practices involving fish, such as aquaculture. In this chapter, we describe the role of ethics and different ethical theories that have been applied in animal ethics and that are relevant for discussions on fish welfare. We particularly focus on utilitarian, rights based, relational, and virtue ethical animal ethics theories. We furthermore argue that fish welfare is a term that combines moral norms and biological concepts. After all, when we implement fish welfare measures we have already made certain normative choices. We illustrate the integration between ethics and science in seven steps, from implementing fish welfare at the farm level, to weighing welfare against other values, defining and measuring welfare, to the questions of why welfare is morally relevant and what this means for the moral status of fish. We then consider the question of whether fish should be attributed to moral status and hence whether their welfare should be taken into account in our moral deliberations. However, not all moral concerns regarding our treatment of fish can be addressed by focussing on welfare. We discuss a number of concerns beyond welfare that need to be taken into consideration in a moral discussion on how to relate to fish: does the killing of fish constitute a moral harm? and how should we morally evaluate the process of domesticating fish in aquaculture? The chapter concludes by pointing out a number of moral issues in four practices involving fish: aquaculture, wild fisheries, experimentation, and recreation.

In the EU, the number of voluntary food schemes has grown rampantly over the past 20 years. From a consumer perspective, what was initially praised as a solution to the information asymmetry problem of credence goods soon became a problem of itself: consumers do not know what the various food scheme labels mean, and especially whether and how they are subject to compliance control (self-declaration, certification, and accreditation). In this contribution, we argue that it is necessary to examine how messages about compliance control are communicated to the consumer on pack and how they affect consumers, and show that on pack communication of food scheme labels offers significant opportunities for influencing consumer perceptions. Consequently, food businesses are under a legal duty not to mislead consumers and to ensure that information is sufficiently clear, including elements indicating the control a scheme is subject to.

Historically, whenever tuna was hauled ashore, the sounds of battle were never far away. ‘Tuna Wars’ tells the untold story of the power struggles emerging around tuna, from the distant past to your present-day dinner table. In the ancient past, the giant tuna was the first fish to become the basis of a large-scale industry and a ‘global’ trade that created fortunes: Hannibal was able to finance his elephant campaign on Rome thanks to tuna. From the Middle Ages on, a tuna fishing monopoly on Spain’s southern coast allowed the nobility to completely dominate the area and even lead the ‘invincible’ Armada. When the markets for tuna increased exponentially thanks to technical advances, tuna eventually became a billion-dollar business and one of the most-consumed fish species worldwide. But this massive expansion came at a price. An 18th century monk in Madrid was the first to warn that tuna fisheries needed to be run sustainably for the sake of future generations. And the issue of sustainability would go on to become a game-changer in the modern tuna wars, characterized by new alliances and partnerships, hybrid warfare and commercial power struggles. In addition to accompanying you through the history of tuna and sharing insights into fisheries science and approaches to sustainably managing fisheries, Tuna Wars offers practical guidance on choosing sustainably fished tuna. In short, it will tell you everything you ever wanted to know about tuna, but were afraid to ask.

Most industrial optimization problems are sparse and can be formulated as block-separable mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) problems, defined by linking low-dimensional sub-problems by (linear) coupling constraints. Decomposition methods solve a block-separable MINLP by alternately solving master problems and sub-problems. In practice, decomposition methods are sometimes the only possibility to compute high-quality solutions of large-scale optimization problems. However, efficient implementations may require expert knowledge and problem-specific features. Recently, there is renewed interest in making these methods accessible to general users by developing generic decomposition frameworks and modelling support. The focus of this chapter is on so-called multi-tree decomposition methods, which iteratively approximate the feasible area without using a single (global) branch-and-bound tree, i.e. branch-and-bound is only used for solving sub-problems. After an introduction, we describe first outer approximation (OA) decomposition methods, including the adaptive, multivariate partitioning (AMP) and the novel decomposition-based outer approximation (DECOA) algorithm . This is followed by a description of multi-tree methods using a reduced master problem for solving large-scale industrial optimization problems. The first method to be described applies parallel column generation (CG) and iterative fixing for solving nonconvex transport optimization problems with several hundred millions of variables and constraints. The second method is based on a novel approach combining CG and compact outer approximation. The last methodology to be discussed is the general Benders decomposition method for globally solving large nonconvex stochastic programs using a reduced mixed-integer programming (MIP) master problem.

In this chapter, we explore Xenophon’s philosophy of management and identify nine dimensions of business management, as well as the competencies (the knowledge, skills, and virtues) that good management requires. The scientific contribution of this chapter does not only consist in the fact that this is the first publications in which Xenophon’s philosophy of management is systematically analyzed. Historical analysis can also help to question the self-evidence of our contemporary conceptualization of management. Xenophon’s philosophy of management enables us to criticize the contemporary focus on profit maximization and to articulate an intrinsic relation between business and society; to criticize the contemporary disconnectedness of business management and to develop a broader set of individual competencies and know-how that is required for business managers; to criticize the contemporary focus on management and control; and to rehabilitate the role of business management as ability and capacity that involves know-how, actual engagement, and virtuous competencies. Finally, this concept of management challenges contemporary conceptualizations of the differences between private and public management in political philosophical debates.

Die Landwirtschaft in Deutschland, Europa und weltweit befindet sich in einem dramatischen Umbruchprozess. Einerseits bieten Liberalisierung und Marktöffnung, neue technologische Entwicklungen, die wachsende Weltbevölkerung und neue Kundenwünsche vielen landwirtschaftlichen Betrieben neue Möglichkeiten. Andererseits stehen viele Landwirtinnen und Landwirte in internationaler Konkurrenz, sind zum betrieblichen Wachstum mit hohem Investitionsrisiko gezwungen, sind Teil strikt regulierter Wertschöpfungsketten und müssen steigenden gesellschaftlichen Ansprüchen genügen. Zugleich machen sich viele Menschen Sorgen, dass die Prozesse der Rationalisierung und Modernisierung der landwirtschaftlichen Produktion auf Kosten von Natur-, Umwelt- und Tierschutz gehen. Auf vielen Ebenen wird daher bereits nach einer neuen Verständigung darüber gesucht, was die Gesellschaft von der Landwirtschaft erwartet, und welche Unterstützung die Landwirtinnen und Landwirte im Gegenzug dafür erwarten dürfen. Vor diesem Hintergrund entwickelt das vorliegende Open Access-Buch eine wissenschaftlich fundierte Kritik der Umweltauswirkungen der Landwirtschaft und der politischen Logik der Agrarpolitik. Es präsentiert ein neues Leitbild mit konkreten Indikatoren sowie alternative strategische Handlungsoptionen. Die umfassende Analyse wird zu einem Vorschlag für eine neue Architektur der europäischen Agrarpolitik gebündelt, die eine breite Diskussion um einen Neuen Gesellschaftsvertrag für die Landwirtschaft in Deutschland und Europa anstoßen soll.

This paper explores the relationship between business experience in cross-sector partnerships (CSPs) and the co-creation of what we refer to as 'dynamic capabilities for stakeholder orientation,' consisting of the four dimensions of (1) sensing, (2) interacting with, (3) learning from and (4) changing based on stakeholders. We argue that the co-creation of dynamic capabilities for stakeholder orientation is crucial for CSPs to create societal impact, as stakeholder-oriented organizations are more suited to deal with "wicked problems," i.e., problems that are large, messy, and complex (Rittel and Webber, Policy Sciences 4:155-169, 1973; Waddock, Paper presented at the 3rd international symposium on cross sector social interactions, 2012). By means of a grounded theory approach of inductive research, we collected and interpreted data on four global agri-food companies which have heterogeneous experience in participating in CSPs. The results of this paper highlight that only companies' capability of interacting with stakeholders continually increases, while their capabilities of sensing, learning from, and changing based on stakeholders first increase and then decrease as companies gain more experience in CSP participation. To a large extent, this can be attributed to the development of corporate strategies on sustainability after a few years of CSP participation, which entails a shift from a reactive to a proactive attitude towards sustainability issues and which may decrease the need or motivation for stakeholder orientation. These findings open up important issues for discussion and for future research on the impact of CSPs in a context of wicked problems.

This book provides critical perspectives on contemporary collaborative consumption, a recent societal phenomenon shaking up previously fixed socio-economic categories such as the producer and the consumer. The contributors discuss the role of trust and reciprocity in collaborative consumption through seven case studies. The chapters advance debates on the contradictions of positioning collaborative consumption as possible solutions for a more sustainable development and exacerbating new forms of inequalities and injustice. The book contributes a nuanced appraisal of social and economic activity for reflecting socio-technological changes in contemporary societies.

The question that is addressed in this chapter is whether food fraud can be mitigated using principles, next to or instead of rules. In many ways, principles may be preferred, as they reduce the regulatory burdens and avoid formal compliance while at the same time violating the purpose of food information rules. Food fraud implicates not only a violation of substantive product and/or food processing norms, but also an information violation. With principles fraudulent behaviour can be obstructed, especially what we have depicted as ‘fraud-by-effect’: formal compliance while at the same time misleading the consumer. The adoption of the ‘substance over form’-principle, well-known in financial accounting law and practice, can enrich the tool bag of instruments to protect the consumer.

Supply chains consist of a network of people, activities, resources and organizational systems that coordinate to move a product or services from one point to another. A typical supply chain network contains multiple different actors that have different needs and operate under different business conditions. The complex and lengthy structure of agri-food supply chains for instance makes it difficult for analysts to identify and model the appropriate business processes. Several process reference models have been provided for describing process models, but these tend to omit explicit guidance for configuring supply chain business processes particularly in the agri-food supply chains. Hence, this paper applies and adapt the SCOR model levels to demonstrate an approach for supporting configuration of supply chain business processes dedicated for supply chains. We illustrate the approach for an industrial case of a cocoa supply chain. The approach was also applied to define and model the level 4 processes which is out of scope of the SCOR model and scarce in literature for many sectors including our illustrated case.

The recent decade has seen unprecedented societal challenges. Since the beginning of the economic and social crisis in the global North a decade ago, consumers have started rethinking their everyday lives. Consumers have not only become more mindful in their spending habits, but also more ingenious in living on a limited budget.

The Internet of Things (IoT ) is the internetworking of people and physical devices often called “things” that enable the collection and exchange of data. The number of connections between people and things, as well as the volume of data that is generated by the “things,” is dramatically increasing. In this context, various kinds of data are generated by multiple heterogeneous devices, which operate in different ways and used by different applications with different aims. To realize the distributed execution of IoT systems over multiple resources, different requirements and quality factors must be satisfied. Traditionally, to reduce the effort for developing distributed systems , middleware architectures have been introduced that provide common services such as name and directory services, discovery, data exchange, synchronization, and transaction services, etc. To address the needs and integration of IoT systems, the adoption of middleware seems to be a feasible solution. The Data Distribution Service (DDS) is a middleware that is directly related to data-intensive systems and explicitly considers the quality of service. It is a standard data-centric publish-subscribe programming model and specification for distributed systems that has been applied for the development of high-performance distributed systems such as in the defense, finance, automotive, and simulation domains. In this chapter, we explore and propose the adoption of DDS as a middleware platform for IoT systems. For this, we first describe the requirements for IoT systems and present the IoT reference architecture. Subsequently, we provide a DDS-based architecture for IoT systems based on the Views and Beyond Approach.

Developing Internet of Things (IoT) systems is not trivial and needs to be performed systematically to derive an IoT system that meets the required functional and non-functional concerns. Since IoT is applied to different heterogeneous domains usually a one-size-fits-all method is less feasible. For some cases a lightweight method with a few method artefacts are sufficient while in other cases a detailed set of method artefacts over the whole lifecycle might be required. So far, a few IoT system development methods (SDM) have been provided that include the steps necessary for guiding the development of IoT systems but these do not explicitly consider the situational needs for the required IoT method. In this paper we propose a situational method engineering (SME) approach for developing a method base that includes a broad set of method fragments which can be reused to develop customized methods. We illustrate the development of the method base using the existing IoT methods that have been proposed in the literature so far. Further we show how the method base can be used to develop methods for two different cases.

In this conceptual paper, the traditional conceptualization of sustainable entrepreneurship is challenged because of a fundamental tension between processes involved in sustainable development and processes involved in entrepreneurship: the concept of sustainable business models contains a paradox, because sustainability involves the reduction of information asymmetries, whereas entrepreneurship involves enhanced and secured levels of information asymmetries. We therefore propose a new and integrated theory of sustainable entrepreneurship that overcomes this paradox. The basic argument is that environmental problems have to be conceptualized as wicked problems or sustainability-related ecosystem failures. Because all actors involved in the entrepreneurial process are characterized by their epistemic insufficiency regarding the solving of these problems, the role of information in the sustainable entrepreneurial process changes. On the one hand, the reduction of information asymmetries primarily aims to enable actors to become critical of sustainable entrepreneurs’ actual business models. On the other hand, the epistemic insufficiency of sustainable entrepreneurs guarantees that information asymmetries remain as a source of new sustainable business opportunities. Three further characteristics of sustainable entrepreneurs are distinguished: sustainability and entrepreneurship-related risk-taking; sustainability and entrepreneurship-related self-efficacy; and the development of satisficing and open-ended solutions, together with multiple stakeholders.

Current political discussions on the relationship of technical standards to the Transatlantic, Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) concern the question whether TTIP can provide a transatlantic level playing field for technical standards, and whether this will negatively affect technical standards in the European Union (EU) and the United States (US). This piece will instead take a different view on technical standards in TTIP. It will switch the perspective to an individual one, namely to the question who decides on standards. It follows the hypothesis that steering principles on mutual recognition and harmonization of technical standards largely depend on who will be given the power to decide on conformity and level of technical standards in the TTIP. As a basis for such an institutional analysis, this piece will evaluate the leaked documents from the TTIP negotiations. The analysis follows the framework for legal institutional analysis identified in the introduction to this book. The introduction highlights that, as legal applications of regime theory and organisation theory, the acts of autonomy and power by institutions are the real subjects of legal investigation of institutionalisation. This largely reflects an approach to institutionalism voiced by Neil Komesar in the 1990ies. As a result, I will identify and map the respective decision-makers and will illustrate the potential impact of these choices on technical standard-setting.

This chapter provides several explanations for consumer risk perception. For frequently repeated behavior that is seemingly under their own control, consumers tend to be overly optimistic. This occurs in spite of the general tendency of consumers to be risk averse. Specific dimensions of different products or situations trigger psychometric factors, most notably dread and uncertainty that increase, or reduce risk perception. Cultural theories look for differences in risk perception caused by difference between consumer groups and how this result in interpretation of risk information. Besides these takes on risk perception, it is now commonly accepted that risk perception is at least in part based on emotions, that there is some relation between risk and benefit perception, that media attention influences perceived risks, and that perceived lack of knowledge influence risk seeking behavior. These approaches influence risk perception through potential categorical rejection of risky products, through weighing of risk against benefits and other product properties. Risk perception influences behavior as part of an elaborate evaluation or as trigger of an automatic behavior.

The expectations with regard to competence-based education (CBE) are high; students would be more motivated to finish their educational programmes and experience less transition problems when entering the labour market. Looking at evaluations of the implementation of competence-based qualifications profiles at country level, it becomes clear that it is not sufficient to solely determine whether competence-based qualification profiles are implemented to be able to generate answers regarding the effectiveness of CBE. In this chapter, it is emphasised that it is necessary to take the design of the curriculum, teaching, learning and assessment into account when trying to answer questions regarding the effectiveness of CBE. Four steps are necessary for designing effective CBE: (1) defining summative competence-based assessment programmes (CBAs), (2) identifying related practical learning situations (including supportive knowledge and skills), (3) formulating relevant personal learning questions and (4) composing corresponding learning activities and materials and putting these together in a personalised learning environment. Implementing CBE is a complex process and includes the coherent application of CBE principles in teaching, learning and assessment activities and alignment of these activities. This chapter describes models and principles to design competence-based vocational and professional education in practice. It goes into the role of vocational core problems in competence-based qualification profiles, and describes steps in the process of designing competence-based learning arrangements. The chapter concludes with the description of a series of authentic and inspiring learning environments as examples of competence-based vocational and professional education.

In order to strengthen RI in the private sector, it is imperative to understand how companies organise this process, where it takes place (throughout the entire company or on specific levels), and what considerations and motivations are central in the innovation process. In this chapter, the questions of whether and where normative considerations play a role in the innovation process, and whether dimensions of RI are present in the innovation process, are addressed. In order answer these research questions, a theoretical framework is developed based on Jones’s theory of ethical decision making and Cooper’s stagegate model of innovation management. In order to answer the research questions, a specific case of innovations that contribute to public health is explored, namely, that of food companies that participate in a Front-of-Pack (FoP) logo for healthier food.As the use of healthy food logos does not necessarily have a positive impact on sales and profits (Jansen LAM, De Vos S, Blok V. Motives of retailers for healthy food innovation and communication about healthy food choices. Conference paper at the MVI conference, 25–26 August 2015, The Hague, 2015), it is expected that in the decision-making process, as part of their innovation process, companies make several trade-offs between economic, technical and moral factors (Jahromi MJ, Manteghi N, Procedia Technol 1:490–495, 2012). As the social-ethical values at stake in corporate innovation processes have remained to a large extent unexplored in research on innovation management, the aim of this chapter is to identify the motivations and barriers for companies embracing and continuing a FoP logo for healthier food, and to assess whether ethical considerations play a role in this innovation process. From the findings in this research, it will become clear that although the studied companies participated in a programme for healthy food and thus are responsive to the needs of society, and although the companies feel (partially) responsible for public health, ethical considerations do not play a central role in the operational innovation process. Instead, technical and economic considerations seem to prevail in the operational innovation process. Furthermore, none of the procedural dimensions of RI seems to be present at this level in the innovation trajectory. It is argued that this may be an indication that the ethical decision-making process for RI is not located at the level of the operational innovation process itself, but is something that might be located on a higher strategic level in the company. It is at this level that the moral decision is taken to adopt the FoP logo and to engage in the RI process. The findings cast a new light on the discourse on RI in general, and in the private sector in particular.

Part 2: Production Management in Food Supply Chains; International audience; Conventional approaches to logistics for food retail continue to be challenged by the rapid growth of on-line food retail. At the same time, ‘last mile’ logistics optimization for on-line retail also face challenges as changing consumer expectations, habits and purchasing patterns intersect with the increasing density of urban environments. Numerous considerations are already in play around servicing of last mile logistics for on-line food retail including whether it is home delivery or pick-up; delivery is attended or not; and, whether the service is managed in-house or out-sourced to third party providers. Selecting the appropriate distribution and delivery channel is challenging with choices intimately related to the variety and price of products offered for sale (premium or discount) as well as the delivery times promoted to prospective customers. Beyond these pragmatic considerations, are also changing consumer expectations and preferences, innovations in new technology, provenance & traceability, seasonality and emerging reverse logistics issues linked to ‘green’ carbon miles considerations. This paper systematically explores these issues emerging in online food retail logistics.

Branch and bound (BnB) Global Optimization algorithms can be used to find the global optimum (minimum) of a multiextremal function over the unit hypercube and unit simplex with a guaranteed accuracy. Subdivision strategies can take the information of the evaluated points into account leading to irregular shaped subsets. This study focuses on the passive generation of spatial subdivisions aiming at evaluating points on a predefined grid. The efficiency measure is in terms of the complete tree size, or worst case BnB scenario, with a termination criterion on the subset size. Longest edge bisection is used as a benchmark. It is shown that taking the grid for a given termination tolerance into account, other general partitions exist that improve the BnB upper bound on the number of evaluated points and subsets.

It is quite uncommon in The Netherlands to publish in Dutch so most publications about salutogenesis are in English. However, we identified 19 publications written in Dutch. These are publications in the field of development psychology, workplace health, mental health, medicine, care for people with disabilities, and musical and art therapy. In the Dutch language literature, salutogenesis is mainly conceptualized in terms of the sense of coherence, and one of its elements: meaningfulness. Generalized resistance resources are hardly mentioned. Most often salutogenesis was applied in a conceptual way (12 studies), but we also found seven studies with empirical research.

While the concept of Responsible Innovation is increasingly common among researchers and policy makers, it is still unknown what it means in a business context. This study aims to identify which aspects of Responsible Innovation are conceptually similar and dissimilar from social- and sustainable innovation. Our conceptual analysis is based on literature reviews of responsible-, social-, and sustainable innovation. The insights obtained are used for conceptualising Responsible Innovation in a business context. The main conclusion is that Responsible Innovation differs from social- and sustainable innovation as it: (1) also considers possible detrimental implications of innovation, (2) includes a mechanism for responding to uncertainties associated with innovation and (3) achieves a democratic governance of the innovation. However, achieving the latter will not be realistic in a business context. The results of this study are relevant for researchers, managers and policy makers who are interested in responsible innovation in the business context.

This state-of-the-art collection of papers on the theory of Cournotian competition focuses on two main subjects: oligopolistic Cournot competition and contests. The contributors present various applications of the Cournotian Equilibrium Theory, addressing topics such as equilibrium existence and uniqueness, equilibrium structure, dynamic processes, coalitional behavior and welfare. Special emphasis is placed on the aggregative nature of the games that are relevant to such theory. This contributed volume was written to celebrate the 80th birthday of Prof. Koji Okuguchi, a pioneer in oligopoly theory.

The savannah forests in Adamaoua, Cameroon, are home to traditional, forest-based beekeepers, subsistence farmers and pastoralists. This sparsely populated region is economically marginal and little developed, with lower than national average incomes. Forest apiculture is important here: honey, beeswax and propolis contribute on average to 68% of household income and have high food, medicinal and cultural value. Bees are also critical pollinators of crops and trees. Practised by 48% of the population in Djerem Division, apiculture is a route out of poverty only for a few larger-scale beekeepers, but provides a safety net and income diversification for the majority of the 12,000 beekeepers in the region. This savannah ecosystem has been historically subject to climatic changes. Unusual and increasing climatic variations add to human and forest vulnerability by affecting flowering seasons, pests and apiculture production. Land tenure is traditionally regulated, and the government, the formal landowner of public domain forest, is practically non-existent. Increasing apiculture product commercialization, mineral finds, dams and growing migration are transforming local perceptions of forest and land tenure and adding to already insecure livelihoods. The results of research (2004–2010) on how these beekeepers use the forest, their vulnerabilities and responses indicate that individual and group solutions are being bricolaged to secure livelihoods, adapt and mitigate changes. This includes formalization, collective action, product value-adding, tentative customary tenure changes and innovative new chain and market arrangements. Apiculture professionalization and product diversification are increasing the value of forest beekeeping and of revenues for men and women.