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Akbulut, Suleyman/0000-0002-1497-3562 WOS: 000458305800010 The pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is a pathogen of conifer forest trees. This pest is characterized by the sudden death of infected pine trees. In this study, pathogenicity tests of six native Bursaphelenchus species (B. mucronatus, B. sexdentati, B. anamurius, B. vallesianus, B. andrassyi and B. hellenicus) on three pine species (Pinus pinaster, P. nigra and P. sylvestris) using two inoculum doses under natural conditions were conducted. For each treatment, 8 trees of each species were inoculated. For each tree species 8 trees were used as control groups. Inoculated trees were monitored for a year after inoculation. Monthly oleoresin flow measurements were carried out and external symptoms (foliage coloration) observed. Nematode inoculated trees did not die at the end of the study. The amount of oleoresin flow differed significantly among tree species. Inoculated Bursaphelenchus species did not cause any significant difference in the oleoresin flow between inoculated and uninoculated trees. We concluded that Bursaphelenchus species used in this study were not pathogenic to pine trees growing under natural forest stand conditions. Duzce UniversityDuzce University [2015.02.02.338] This study is supported by Duzce University, Research Fund Project Number 2015.02.02.338. The authors greatly acknowledged the assistance and permission of General Directorate of Forestry, Bolu Regional Directorate of Forestry. The authors thank to Abdulmutalip Ozturk and Eyup Ozturk for their help during field studies. The authors also kindly thank Dr. W. T. Stamps (University of Missouri-Columbia, USA) for his review of the manuscript.

WOS: 000351528200008 Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is a serious threat to the European conifer forests. In Turkey, four Bursaphelenchus species (B. mucronatus, B. sexdentati, B. anamurius and B. vallesianus) were isolated from wilted pine trees. To determine the effects of Bursaphelenchus species on the wilting of pine trees, a pathogenicity study was conducted comparing greenhouse and outdoor conditions. Three-year-old seedlings of Pinus nigra, P. sylvestris and P. pinaster were used for inoculation tests. Approximately 1000 (+/- 100) nematodes of all life stages in 0.5 ml distilled water were inoculated into each seedling. The first wilting symptoms were observed in the fifth week. Mortalities occurred between the 5th and 13th weeks of the study. B. mucronatus was the most pathogenic nematode species. The most susceptible seedling species was P. pinaster, and P. nigra was the most resistant species. The mean number of wilted seedlings differed significantly among nematode species and seedling species but not between greenhouse and outdoor conditions. Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK)Turkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) [107O088]; General Forestry Directorate of TurkeyMinistry of Forestry & Water Affairs - Turkey This research was supported by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK, Project No. 107O088). The authors thank Dr. W. Terrell Stamps (University of Missouri-Columbia, USA) for his help with statistical analysis. We also thank the General Forestry Directorate of Turkey for field support.

WOS: 000255143100009 Insect reproduction may be affected by a number of factors including seasonal changes in larval or adult nutrition. The effect of season on the reproductive potential of Monochamus galloprovincialis (Olivier) females reared in Pinus sylvestris L. (Scots pine) logs was investigated by constructing fertility tables for each log that differed only in the season they were cut. Population parameters were compared among three seasonal cohorts. The intrinsic rate of increase and most of the associated population parameters of beetles that emerged from logs cut during spring were higher than for beetles emerged from summer and autumn logs. Slight differences were found between summer and autumn cohorts. We suggest that seasonal differences in the nutritional quality of logs caused differences in M. galloprovincialis survival and reproductive potential.

International Symposium on Pine Wilt Disease - A Worldwide Threat to Forest Ecosystems -- JUL 10-14, 2006 -- Lisbon, PORTUGAL Vieira, Paulo/0000-0001-5627-2628; Mota, Manuel/0000-0002-4145-5031 WOS: 000261329600005 The pinewood nematode (PWN), is the causal agent of pine wilt disease, and constitute one of the most important pathogens of conifer forests. In 1999, this nematode was found and identified for the first time in Portugal and in Europe. The detection of this quarantine pest in Portugal has prompted the need to know more about the distribution of Bursaphelenchus spp. in coniferous trees in Europe in order to describe the geographic range of the species and to act quickly in case of the nematode's unwanted introduction into other European regions. Pine forest has a wide distribution in Turkey, which increases the number of susceptible host trees for the PWN. Because of these reasons, some regions of Turkey were surveyed for the presence of the nematode. Three different species of Bursaphelenchus were found, however, B. xylophilus was not detected. The detection of B. mucronarus, very similar to B. xylophilus biologically and morphologically, is very important. The presence of this species indicates that B. xylophilus could spread easily into the conifer forests of Turkey. Biological characteristics of M. galloprovincialis were compared with M. carolinensis, the North American insect vector, and some of them were found to be similar. Gulbenkian Fdn