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This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of a spiritual care program (SCP), on the body image and resilience of second-degree burn patients in Iran. In this semi-experimental study, 60 patients with second-degree burns were selected in the Tehran Mottahari Burns Hospital, Iran in 2022. These patients were divided through random allocation into two intervention and control groups. The patients of both groups filled out Beck's self-esteem Test (BSCT) and Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) before, immediately, and 3 months after the intervention. In the intervention group, SCP was performed for eight sessions over two weeks. Firstly, the 4D Model of Spiritual Health and Well-Being was examined, then two one-hour sessions were held with each patient about each dimension, with a total of four dimensions including eight sessions, in which these dimensions were examined and discussed. There was no difference in the score of body image (P = 0.326) and resilience (P = 0.597) before intervention in the control and intervention groups. However, the mean of body image score in the intervention group immediately (109.56 ± 4.86) and 3 months after (109.16 ± 6.06) the intervention was significant, respectively. Also, the mean of resilience score in the intervention group was significant immediately (85.86 ± 6.78) and 3 months after the intervention (85.73 ± 6.27). It is suggested for healthcare providers to use the SCP s to reduce the recovery time of burned patients and reduce complications and treatment costs., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

This study aims to compare three popular machine learning (ML) algorithms including random forest (RF), boosting regression tree (BRT), and multinomial logistic regression (MnLR) for spatial prediction of groundwater quality classes and mapping it for salinity hazard. Three hundred eighty-six groundwater samples were collected from an agriculturally intensive area in Fars Province, Iran, and nine hydro-chemical parameters were defined and interpreted. Variance inflation factor and Pearson's correlations were used to check collinearity between variables. Thereinafter, the performance of ML models was evaluated by statistical indices, namely, overall accuracy (OA) and Kappa index obtained from the confusion matrix. The results showed that the RF model was more accurate than other models with the slight difference. Moreover, the analysis of relative importance also indicated that sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and pH have the most impact parameters in explaining groundwater quality classes, respectively. In this research, applied ML algorithms along with the hydro-chemical parameters affecting the quality of ground water can lead to produce spatial distribution maps with high accuracy for managing irrigation practice., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)

Spiritual sensitivity (SS) is defined as attention to the available spiritual values in a conflicting situation and awareness of one's roles and responsibilities in that situation. It helps differentiate between the right and the wrong and leads to sound practice. This study explored the concept of SS from the perspectives of healthcare providers in Iran. This qualitative study was carried out in 2017-2019 using conventional content analysis. Twenty-two physicians, faculty members with clinical work experience, and healthcare providers were purposefully recruited. Data were collected using unstructured interviews and were analyzed using conventional content analysis. Participants' experiences of the concept of SS were grouped into three main themes, namely sense of value, spiritual growth and morale boosting, and SS as a motivator for purposeful service delivery. The findings of the present study will help healthcare managers develop programs for improving healthcare providers' spiritual sensitivity and also will help healthcare providers develop spirituality-based holistic care plans., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Families are considered as primary sources of care for individuals suffering from mental disorders. However, one of the major stresses in families is the infliction of a family member with mental illnesses causing dysfunction in health dimensions or generally their quality of life. Currently, most experts believe that religion can affect physical health and other aspects of human life. So, the aim of this study was to investigate "the relationship between care burden and religious beliefs among family caregivers of mentally ill patients." This cross-sectional study was carried out in Iran on 152 families with mentally ill patients who were hospitalized in psychiatric wards. The sampling method was nonprobability and consecutive sampling method. The data collection instruments included a demographic characteristic questionnaire, Religious Beliefs, and Zarit Care Burden Questionnaires. The mean score for care burden was 30.99 (SD = 16.45). 5.9% of the participants reported a low level, and 39.5% experienced a moderate level of care burden. Moreover, the mean score for religious beliefs was 115.5 (SD = 13.49), and majority of the participants (70.4%) were endowed with strong religious beliefs. There were no significant associations between care burden and intensity of religious beliefs among the study samples (P = 0.483). Considering the results of this study indicating experience of moderate-to-high levels of care burden in families with mentally ill patients, it is recommended to consider such families and their religious beliefs as contributing factors in coping with challenges of mental disorders.

Living with multiple sclerosis (MS) often needs attention combined with receiving the holistic care. Attention to spiritual care dimension is one of the most important aspects of care for these patients. This study aims at exploring and explaining dimensions of spiritual care for MS patients in care system of Iran. This study is conducted to explore the concept of spiritual care in care system of Iran during 2015-2016. Purposive sampling is done on 25 participants through unstructured interviews and observation of obtained data through conventional content analysis approach. Four themes of participants' experiences in spiritual care include restoration of identity essence and nature; disease as a factor for nearness to God; giving meaning to life; and disease as a facilitator for self-purification. Clear understanding of spiritual care dimensions and promoting knowledge in MS nurses as the caregivers play important roles in achieving the goals of health among patients in different cultures and religions. Given the results of this study, the themes such as the restoration of identity essence and nature, the disease as a factor for nearness to God, giving meaning to life and the disease as a facilitator for self-purification play important roles in explaining the concept of spiritual care in patients with MS. Therefore, the MS nurses and other health professionals need to effectively and successfully integrate the concept of spiritual care with their professional performance by deep understanding of this concept and try to provide holistic care to respond to MS patients' intertwined needs.