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Abstract Biomass has become a key contender in the race to find sustainable energy options, as we move toward a more environmentally friendly future. This extensive assessment explores the potential of biomass to transform the global energy landscape. We have examined different conversion technologies, including thermal technologies such as combustion and gasification, as well as biochemical technologies such as anaerobic digestion and biofuel production, and we delved into the renewable nature of biomass, which is derived from organic sources such as agricultural residues, forestry waste, and special energy crops. We highlight the adaptability of biomass for the production of energy, heat, and biofuels. Furthermore, we evaluated the socioeconomic and environmental impacts of biomass use, including greenhouse gas emissions, land use, and community effects. To increase the potential of biomass as a renewable energy source, it is essential to understand how these three factors interact. To maximize energy production while curtailing environmental problems, this review examines obstacles, ongoing research, and recent developments in effective biomass-based energy systems. Graphical Abstract